Bout final de mon macro: Je ne peut pas vous dire, quelle est la raison exacte, pourquoi cela ne fonctionne pas sur un Mac. Tout fonctionne parfaitement sur mon Mac.
Traducteur • Excel-Translator
I have developed a macro in English on a Swedish Mac. The macro runs on a a Mac used in France with Excel in French. All the Subroutines work very well… but one. However, and this is the real question, if I mark any of these cells and press RETURN manually, that is it recognizes the formula and prints ,45!!! Je ne peux vous donc pour le moment que conseiller de poser la question sur MS Answers ou bien sur TechNet. Excel en ligne utilise cette information pour choisir la langue. Vous pouvez essayer de changer la configuration de votre navigateur. Pour mon compte OneDrive, ceci est possible tout en bas de la page, ou on peut choisir une langue.
Remplacer les points-virgules par des virgules. If the situation does not involve a person governed by public law, then it will be governed by "Private Law". There are a thousand exceptions, but this is the starting and basic and fondamental principle. Two essential remarks, bearing a system of values, explaining that the systems of Civil Law and Common Law are in fact confronting each other.
The two bodies of rules and institutions are not of equal strength because one of the categories is "closed", corresponding to one criterion the "public person" , while the other is open: Public Law is a closed category; on the contrary, Private law becomes "active" as soon as there is no public person a "private person" who or which must define himself or itself as a "non-public person". One can consider this articulation between Public Law and Private Law in two ways, radically opposed.
It may express a mark of inferiority in disfavour of private law: On the contrary, Public Law is the mark of the State , of Public Order, of Sovereignty , of public power, of the general will, in the interstices of which individuals slip in to act and satisfy their small particular interests. On the contrary, Private Law can be considered as the expression of the "common law": As an exception and because they have elected people to do so, the rulers whom they control , by exception, enact norms that constrain them.
But this is an exception, since repression - public law and criminal law, which has the same status in this respect - is only a tribute to the freedom of persons, since this freedom remains wholly in the form of the private enterprise on the market. It is then measured that the articulation between Public and Private Law profoundly reflects a philosophy and a political position. If it is considered that Regulation is the underlying order by which the Sovereign allows the deployment of his subjects who also benefit from a long-term policy constructed by the autonomous and measured political will, then Public Law in Is the master, the Regulation Law expressing a renewed search for efficiency , this but only this.
If we believe that Regulation is whereby economic rationality manages to protect persons and companies from risks and to compensate for market failures , a market whose liberal principle remains the ideal, then Private Law is the core, whith contract and private property as basis tools.
France and the Latin countries adhere rather to this metaphysics of values which entrusts to the Public Authorities and the State the legitimacy and the power to express the general interest by Public Law, Regulators and Constitutional Courts, expressing it on a technical form renewed by the Regulatory tools: The legal systems whose history draws on British history put more trust in the person of the entrepreneur and conceive of Regulation Law as an efficient outsourcing of functions to administrations that are efficient, informed and impartial.
Certainly, in the technical daily of the Law of Regulation and following the different sectors , Public and Private Law mix up: But the fundamental conception of systems rooted in the history of the people and practice marry. In the silence of regulations and the more they are gossiping and the more the judge must interpret them, which amounts to a "silence" , what sense to give to the system? The absence of a firm and shared definition of what is the Law of Regulation does not facilitate practice.
Hesitations in translations from one language to another increase confusion.
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For the time being, there is a tendency to refer to Public Law in the sectors where whe take precedence over public operators' monopolies, such as telecommunications , energy , railways, air and postal services, and to refer to Private Law in the sectors which have long been the subject of competition between operators, namely banking , finance and insurance. It should be recognized that the criterion of distinction has little economic rationale.
The notion of risk would be a clearer and more manageable criterion. But it would then lead to a greater challenge to the distinction between Public and Private Law.
Traducteur
Because the Law of Regulation, impregnated with Economy and Economic Analysis of Law, has sometimes little basis of legal tradition, it put in question of this summa divisio. If this were to be the case, it would be the totality of the legal systems which would be upset, especially in its judicial organization, since the judicial civil and commercial system is so distinctly distinguished that of "ordinary" persons, that of "common law and the administrative judge the "natural judge" of the State.
It is then realized that the Law of Regulation challenges the whole Law, especially in the Latin countries and the Civil Law systems. Pour une Europe de la Compliance. The liberal professions such as lawyers, doctors or accountants are organized into professional bodies and consider that they can not be reduced to mere companies operating in markets because the service they offer includes a human and moral dimension, translated by ethics, under the supervision of their internal professional organization, particularly through ex ante their power to adopt their own standards of behavior, and in ex pos t, the disciplinary power of their professional order.
In the perspective of regulation, the liberal professions are, on the contrary, the ones most pertinento organize self-regulation in a globalized economy from the moment they give rise to a credible surveillance system and thus deserve the confidence of customers and public regulators. Sirey, , p. Legally, the State is a public law subject defined by territory, people and institutions. It acts in the international space and emits norms. Politically, it has the legitimacy required to express the will of the social body and to exercise the violence of which it deprives the other subjects of law.
It is often recognizable by its power: These three powers, declining or being challenged by private, international and more satisfying mechanisms, some predicted the disappearance of the State, to deplore it or to dance on its corpse. With such a background, in current theories of Regulation , primarily constructed by economic thought and at first sight one might say that the State is above all the enemy. And this for two main reasons. The first is theoretical and of a negative nature.
The advocates of the theory of regulation deny the State the political qualities set out above. The State would not be a "person" but rather a group of individuals, civil servants, elected officials and other concrete human beings, expressing nothing but their particular interests, coming into conflict with other interests , and using their powers to serve the former rather than the latter as everyone else. The Regulation theory, adjoining the theory of the agency , is then aimed at controlling public agents and elected representatives in whom there is no reason to trust a priori.
The second reason is practical and positive. The State would not be a "person" but an organization. Here we find the same perspective as for the concept of enterprise , which classical lawyers conceive as a person or a group of people, while economists who conceive of the world through the market represent it as an organization. The state as an organization should be " efficient " or even "optimal". It is then the pragmatic function of the Regulation Law. When it is governed by traditional law, entangled by that it would be an almost religious illusions of the general interest, or even the social contract, it is suboptimal.
The Regulation purpose is about making it more effective. To this end, as an organization, the State is divided into independent regulatory agencies or independent administrative authorities that manage the subjects as close as possible, which is fortunate in reducing the asymmetry of information and in reviving trust in a direct link. The unitary, distant and arrogant State is abandoned for a flexible and pragmatic conception of a strategic state without capital Competition law adopts this conception of the State, which it posed from the beginning that it was an economic operator like any other.
Successive crises , whether sanitary or financial, have produced a pendulum effect. Now, the notions of general interest or common goods are credited of an autonomous value, and the necessity of surpassing immediate interests and of finding persons to bear superior interests or to take charge of the interests of others, even a non-immediate one, emerged. Thus, the State or the public authority, reappears in the globalization. The Compliance Law or the Corporal Social Responsibility of the crucial companies are converging towards a consideration of the State, which can not be reduced to a pure and simple organization receptacle of externalities.
The notion of "Common Goods" refers to a political conception insofar as it concerns objectively commercial goods such as cultural goods or medical services, but which the community is going to demand that everyone should have access to it even though the individual does not have the ability to pay the exact price.
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It is then the taxpayer - present or future - or the social partners who bear the cost, or even some companies, through the corporal social social responsibility mechanism. This protection of Common Goods can be done by the State in the name of the interest of the social group for which it is responsible and whose it expresses the will, particularly through the notion of the general interest. In this now restricted framework which is the State, this reference runs counter to the principle of competition. This is particularly clear in Europe , which is based on a Union built on an autonomous and integrated legal order in the Member States in which competition continues to have a principled value and benefits from the hierarchy of norms.
The evolution of European Law has balanced the principle of competition with other principles, such as the management of systemic risks , for example health , financial or environmental risks and the creation of the banking union shows that the principle of competition is no longer an apex in the European system.
Indeed and traditionally, public services give people access to common goods, such as education, health or culture. Paradoxically, even though Law is not set up on a global scale , it is at this level that the legal notion of "common goods" has developed.
When one refers to goods that are called "global goods", one then seeks goods that are common to humanity, such as oceans or civilizations.
It is at once the heart of Nature and the heart of Human Being, which plunges into the past and the future. Paradoxically, the concept of "global goods" is still more political in substance, but because of a lack of global political governance, effective protection is difficult, as their political consecration can only be effective nationally or simply declaratory internationally.
That is why this balance is at present only at national level, which refers to the difficulty of regulating globalization. Thus, the "common goods" legally exist more under their black face: The notion of "global evils" constitutes a sort of mirror of Common Goods. It is then observed that countries that develop legal discourse to regulate global evils and global goods thus deploy global unilateral national Law.
This is the case in the United States, notably in financial regulatory Law or more broadly through the new Compliance Law, which is being born. Companies have a role to play, particularly through Codes of Conduct and Corporate Social Responsibility.
Lire le Discour s. May 10, Publications. Think Compliance by these three characters. See the other books published in this collection presentation in French , directed by Marie-Anne Frison-Roche presentation in English. The Company, the Regulator and the Judge are three key figures for the construction of an emerging Law of Compliance.
An important risk lies in a confusion of their respective roles, the company becoming a regulator, the regulator becoming a board of a place that goes to the conquest of others, the judge standing back.
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It is appropriate that each plays his role and that their respective function is not distorted. If this confusion is avoided, then the points of contact can multiply and one observes it. But as soon as everyone remains in their place, we can go further than these points of contact and if they agreed, the three characters can reach common goals. This is all the more legitimate since the Law of Compliance, as the Law of Regulation, is teleological in nature, which makes these branches of law profoundly political. These common goals are technical, such as risk prevention. They can be more political and higher, if there is a shared will, without ever one of the characters being captured by another: The designation of this common goal to the Company, the Regulator and the Judge can be expressed in one word: Le Droit est-il un atout ou un handicap pour nos entreprises et nos territoires?
Cela se comprend puisqu'il faut bien des modes d'emploi. Puis il prend une perspective. Non pas parce qu'il est un bel esprit, qui aime les perspective. Quel est le but du "RGPD". Elle tient en une seule chose. May 30, Initial publication: Is the French legal system an asset or a handicap for the competitiveness of our companies and our territory? Consult the presentation in French of the conference cycle Et je me suis dit: Get our newsletters Subscribe.
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