What an attractive woman! She's very pretty but she has no appeal. She's back there with some friends. Don't back up; there's a tree behind you. She stayed behind with some friends. This'll delay my trip a long time. I have to set my watch back; it's very fast. My watch loses ten minutes a day.
I think we're getting behind in this work. The backwardness of that country's well known. The bullet pierced his arm. I've crossed the Atlantic several times. A truck stopped crosswise in the middle of the road. He doesn't dare to tell me. What a horrible thing! An automobile ran over him. If you want to do a good job, don't rush through it. We can't tolerate such an outrage. Three pedestrians were victims of an accident. So much noise rattles me. He was stunned and didn't know what to answer.
We can still get there on time. Even now it wouldn't be possible. He hasn't come yet. Even if he doesn't come we'll have to begin. Though I wasn't born in the country, I know it very well. He left the class because he was feeling sick. Is there enough room in the car for everybody? Which is cheaper, the bus or the street car? He couldn't maintain his authority. They reported it to the authorities. The car moved very slowly.
We're not making any progress in our work. The floods ruined the crops. He agreed to what they said. He's a very promising young man. He gets ahead of everybody in his work. He shamed his whole family by his conduct. After he said it, he was ashamed. The mechanic repaired the damage without delay. The shipment was damaged by the rain. We have to notify the police. I'm warning you for the last time.
They revived the fire by putting on more wood. Why don't you keep your eyes open? Step lively; it's very late. Wake up; you're half asleep. I want to help him carry the packages. Don't smoke on an empty stomach. Let's take that chance. He likes games of chance. He chose them at random. This would embarrass anyone. When I told him that he was very much embarrassed. The enemy suffered many casualties. There was a general fall in prices.
He dropped out of the club. For lack of payment they dropped him from the subscription list. Let's go down the stairs slowly. Bring the suitcase down from my room. Will you help me take the suitcases down from the rack? They saw us as they were getting off the train. He bent over to tie his shoe. I want a low table. He's shorter than his brother. They were speaking in a low voice. Let's put the basses on the left.
The temperature's fallen below zero. The superintendent lives on the ground floor. What's my bank balance this month?
Don't rock in the chair; it's going to break. Three shots were heard. He had three bullet wounds in his chest. They're giving tickets free. He tried to get her on the phone without success. Can I cash my check in this bank? All the benches are taken. The skirt had three red bands. He wore a red sash across his chest. That band gives me a headache. A gang of thieves works these parts. Please bathe the children. I'm going to take a bath.
It's very pretty and besides it's cheap. They sell things very cheap in this store. There's a sale today in that department store. He eats too much. What he did was an outrage. I like her an awful lot. How many times have you made the trip by boat? We need an iron bar. The spectators cheered the players on.
He dicho que te calles. I told you to shut up! Do you have enough money? She's a rather pretty woman. There wasn't enough food for all. The suit's made of very rough material. Please beat the eggs. He defeated his enemy. They haven't unpacked their trunks yet. He doesn't appreciate favors. The profits were very high.
He doesn't know the difference between good and evil. He spoke very well. The beer's very cold. He has a great deal of property. He's rich rather than poor. All right or Correct. Pay close attention to what I tell you. Have you bought the tickets? Give me the money in fives and tens. You have to put a screen in front of the door. I wish I'd bought a white dress!
There are white people, Indians, and Negroes in this city. They hit the target. Leave this sheet blank. They hit the mark three times. The soldiers had target practice in the morning. He didn't open his mouth all afternoon. The subway entrance is on the corner. The child's sleeping on his stomach. He was lying on his back on the beach. What an embarrassing situation that was! What sultry weather we're having! What a shameful action! Blow the horn so that car'll let us pass. I'm out of breath. Give me that iron ball. We bought some tennis balls. There was a crowd of people at the entrance of the theater.
She carried a silk purse. I need a paper bag to put it in. I don't know what the quotations are on the exchange today. They used a pump to take out the water. The bomb destroyed three houses. It struck like a bombshell! Where is there a filling station? Se puso una bomba. He got drunk [ Am ]. Three bulbs have burned out. Thank you for your kindness. Please wait a moment. He was lying on the bed. Be careful, don't throw away those papers. Look how that ball bounces. I want a can of tomatoes. When he heard it he jumped.
The theater was jammed. Be careful, it's a fierce bull. He got very mad. I don't like this paper; it's too shiny. He gave her a diamond bracelet. Let's drink to your health! I said it as a joke. He takes everything lightly. He's abrupt in his way of speaking. That's a very good car. It was a good opportunity. I'm not feeling very well. Bueno, nos veremos a las cinco. All right, we'll meet at five. He gave it to me willingly. They made a terrible racket.
He went out with a bundle of clothes in his hand. He has a swelling on his head. As soon as he saw what he had to do, he ducked out. They were making fun of him. Put these letters in the mail box. He's a perfect gentleman. Here's your bill, sir. She wears her hair loose. Nothing else will fit in the trunk.
The piano won't go through that door. There's no doubt that he's English. That child has a very large head. He was the leader of the movement. You have to use your brains in this work. He plunged into the water head first. Business is in a mess. He never loses his head. Ese proyecto no tiene pies ni cabeza. There's no rhyme or reason to that plan. From end to end. We can't leave any loose ends.
They passed the Cape of Good Hope. He has corporal's stripes. They put an end to the conversation. I know the story from beginning to end. They carried out the plan right away. Take this junk out of here. Every day he says something different. Every one paid for his own meal.
He asks me for it every time he sees me.
A heavy rain fell. He dropped to his knees. The suit's becoming to him. His birthday falls on Sunday. He was taken sick a few days ago. I didn't realize it until much later. She fell down the stairs. Be careful, don't drop the tray. He was lame after the fall. The opposition of the House caused the fall of the government. He gave her a box.
He put a lot of money in the savings bank. They keep their jewelry in the safe. Look and see how much the cash register rings up. We have to see how much cash we have on hand.
I'm going to buy a pack of cigarettes. They've lost the key to the drawer. They received a box of books.
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She turned him down. They flunked him in geometry. He got a cramp while he was swimming. The dagger penetrated to his heart. I got home drenched. He pulled his hat down to his eyes. Let's figure out the cost of the trip. Please heat the water. They warmed themselves in the sun. He's had a fever for the past few days. Is this good material? Be careful, the soup's very hot. Why are you so quiet? He kept quiet while we were talking.
He kept the truth from us. You're talking too much. Se callaron de repente. All of a sudden they stopped talking. What street do you live on? I had no choice but to throw him out. When his business failed he was left penniless. We're in a blind alley. There was a calm after the storm. He takes his time when he works. These pills will ease the pain. He didn't calm down until much later. I don't like the heat. It's very warm today. Everything he's saying is slander. What size shoe do you wear? I'm going to chock the wheels so the car won't move.
Please make my bed. He's been confined to bed for the past three months. What kind of a camera do you have? They were talking together like old pals. The maid hasn't made up the room yet. Ask the waitress for the menu. I want to reserve a first-class stateroom.
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He hasn't changed a bit since I saw him. Can you change a ten-peso bill for me? Has there been any change in policy? Do you have any change? What's the rate of exchange on the dollar today? I'll give you this book in exchange for the other one. He's very fond of walking. You have to move cautiously in this matter. Is the road all right to drive on? I don't know how to go about getting it. They started out the following day. He was in his shirt sleeves. The soldiers will soon return to camp. I didn't hear how many times the clock struck.
We lived in the country for many years. She found her first gray hair. She has a lot of gray hair. We passed through the Panama Canal. The boat was approaching the English Channel. They brought us a basket of fruit. There are tennis courts in this park. What's the latest song hit? Give me a light for my cigarette. They decided to exchange prisoners. This man's very tiresome. It's a very tiring job.
She gets tired quickly. He's always harping on the same string.
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I want to learn that song. The tenor sang very well tonight. I'll have to tell it to him straight from the shoulder. How much do I owe you? He's a singing teacher. I like folk songs. Stand the book on edge. A lot of sugar cane is grown in Cuba. He carried a cane. They have to fix the water pipe; it's clogged. He bought a double-barreled shotgun. Have you seen the Grand Canyon? He wears a Spanish cape. The door needs another coat of paint. Poor people, they're on the downgrade! This tank has a capacity of thirty liters. He's a very capable business man.
I'd like to talk to the foreman. It's a room large enough for a library. He's not capable of such a low trick. I've been told that he's a very competent person. The company has a capital of a million dollars. They took a trip to the capital. I've read only the first three chapters. Don't pay any attention to her whims. She has a very pretty face. I don't understand the words on the face of the coin. He told him right to his face. He had to face the music. He's a man of very good character. Everything she does shows she has character. You have to put more coal in the stove.
They were splitting their sides. He doesn't have enough money to travel. This mule can't carry a heavier load. It's a cargo ship. They're taking the freight out of the car. They loaded the truck. The battery has to be charged. The cavalry charged the enemy. I'm charging this amount to your bill. He was very affectionate with his parents. My best regards to your family. I usually eat meat once a day. This cold weather gives me goose flesh. Do you want beef or pork? I need a leather briefcase. The correspondence is kept in several files. I like horse races. They live on Third Avenue.
He's preparing for a diplomatic career. He wrote it hurriedly. He sprinted to catch up to them. The highways in this country are excellent. There was a mule cart on the road. We're going home by car. I'm going to mail this letter. He received a registered letter. Let's play cards a while. She was carrying a large leather bag under her arm. He took his wallet out of his pocket. Will that briefcase hold many books? What time does the mailman come?
Will you be at home this afternoon? Are you married or single? This is the priest who married them. These colors don't match well. He'll be married next Sunday. He married a very young girl. Have you got something to crack these nuts? This orange has a thick rind. Where do I throw these eggshells? You're getting to be an old crab. The soldiers were wearing steel helmets. The ship's hull is damaged.
Though you rack your brains over it, you won't solve it. You very nearly guessed it. There have been several cases of infantile paralysis. I'm going to tell you about a strange incident. In such a case, notify his family. Anyway, we'll see each other tomorrow. He doesn't obey his parents. Don't pay any attention to what he tells you. He has brown hair. He speaks a pure Spanish. He's a real Spaniard. What a coincidence meeting you here! Do you know him, by any chance? He's a professor at the National University. The two are not in the same category.
His rank isn't high enough for that position. He's a man of importance. The family fortune has increased a great deal. The river carries a huge volume of water. He was one of the leaders of the revolution. What was the cause of his delay? It was one of the famous cases of his time. She's caused me a lot of trouble. You have to be careful in business. There's a lot of big game in that forest. The reporters were hunting for news. He transferred his whole estate to his son. He wouldn't give in. That strong light blinds me. My boss has a grudge against me.
They celebrated his birthday with a big party. They all applauded his success. I'm certainly glad to see you. He was the most famous writer of his day. He's a very zealous worker. He's very jealous of his wife. Where did you eat last night? We had fish for supper last night. Mail has to go through censorship. This article has to go through the censor's office.
You can't blame her for what she did. There were a hundred people in the hall. People died by the hundreds. He's on sentry duty. We live in the center of the city. There was a dance at our club. This belt fits me too tightly. Confine yourself to the facts. Don't hug the inside of the curve.
I have to brush my hat. These boards haven't been planed right. Where can I buy a brush? The station's near the hotel. It's about eleven o'clock. Is there a good restaurant somewhere near here? They live in a house close to ours. They fenced in the property with wire. I'm going to buy a box of matches. The temperature's forty below. Please close the door. Add a few words before I seal the letter. There's a very good view from that hill. I'm certain he's coming. Do you need a doctor's certificate?
I'm going to register these letters. Let's drink a few glasses of beer. The noise hasn't stopped all day. Yesterday they fired seven employees. He always tells vulgar jokes. He makes fun of everybody. He's always in something underhanded. Stop joking; it's a serious matter. The roof's covered with sheet metal. You have to change the lock on the door.
She has beautiful rosy cheeks. I don't like botched jobs. He speaks broken Spanish. We played a joke on him by leaving him the bill. We were very disappointed in that girl. He lives in a very small room. She has three kids. From the window you can see the smokestacks of the factory. They climbed up on the roof to clean the chimney. They sat by the fireplace. I have a pebble in my shoe. The maid'll take it to your house. Are these cups porcelain? Give me a dozen oranges. I got it right by accident.
Watch out for the sparks that are flying out of the fireplace. He's not at all stupid. When I told him that, he got furious. When he saw his father, he didn't even say a word. The two cars crashed. They often clashed over their political beliefs. I'm surprised to hear you say that. He turned on the faucet and a jet of water came out. They built an asylum for the blind. He went into that business blindly. The sky was filled with airplanes. He appeared out of a clear sky. He makes five per cent on what he sells. Is it true he's coming tomorrow? Some people like it.
Certainly not, I don't agree with you. How many digits does that number have? The letter was written in code. She presented him with a box of Havana cigars. They laid the foundation of the house. I like American movies very much. It's a new movie theater. She wore a ribbon tied around her hair. It's the best film of the year.
She has a small waist. That child has to be restrained. I'm going to buy a leather belt. This year the circus has ten elephants. This paper has a large circulation. I don't know the traffic regulations here. I've received a circular from the bank. It was almost impossible to get around on that street. That news got around. We were seated in a circle. We ate together at the club. Did you keep your appointment? It's a quotation from Don Quixote. We haven't been called to the meeting yet. The dentist gave me an appointment for seven o'clock.
In my article, I referred to your book a great deal. What country are you a citizen of? The missionaries civilized the natives. The clearness of the explanation satisfied him. It's as clear as crystal. His hair's thin at the temples. It's a very clear day. She's wearing a light blue suit. The explanation is clear. He was a leader of the working class. I have only two classes this year. That classroom's too small. I have to give a class tomorrow at eight. Last night we attended a concert of classical music. Have you read the Latin classics? They haven't sorted the mail yet. There's a very beautiful cloister in that church.
I need a hammer to nail the boards. Be careful where you stick the pin. Some varieties add progressive or habitual aspects. Most Nahuatl varieties have a number of ways to alter the valency of a verb. Classical Nahuatl had a passive voice also sometimes defined as an impersonal voice [90] , but this is not found in most modern varieties.
However the applicative and causative voices are found in many modern dialects. The following verbal form has two verbal roots and is inflected for causative voice and both a direct and indirect object:. Some Nahuatl varieties, notably Classical Nahuatl, can inflect the verb to show the direction of the verbal action going away from or towards the speaker. Some also have specific inflectional categories showing purpose and direction and such complex notions as "to go in order to" or "to come in order to", "go, do and return", "do while going", "do while coming", "do upon arrival", or "go around doing".
Classical Nahuatl and many modern dialects have grammaticalised ways to express politeness towards addressees or even towards people or things that are being mentioned, by using special verb forms and special "honorific suffixes". Many varieties of Nahuatl have productive reduplication. By reduplicating the first syllable of a root a new word is formed. In nouns this is often used to form plurals, e. Some linguists have argued that Nahuatl displays the properties of a non-configurational language , meaning that word order in Nahuatl is basically free.
It is prolifically a pro-drop language: In most varieties independent pronouns are used only for emphasis. It allows certain kinds of syntactically discontinuous expressions. Michel Launey argues that Classical Nahuatl had a verb-initial basic word order with extensive freedom for variation, which was then used to encode pragmatic functions such as focus and topicality.
It has been argued that Classical Nahuatl syntax is best characterised by "omnipredicativity", meaning that any noun or verb in the language is in fact a full predicative sentence. Nouns are inflected in the same way: This prompts the omnipredicative interpretation, which posits that all nouns are also predicates. Nearly years of intense contact between speakers of Nahuatl and speakers of Spanish , combined with the minority status of Nahuatl and the higher prestige associated with Spanish has caused many changes in modern Nahuatl varieties, with large numbers of words borrowed from Spanish into Nahuatl, and the introduction of new syntactic constructions and grammatical categories.
For example, a construction like the following, with several borrowed words and particles, is common in many modern varieties Spanish loanwords in boldface:. In some modern dialects basic word order has become a fixed subject—verb—object , probably under influence from Spanish. Also, "porque", a conjunction borrowed from Spanish, occurs in the sentence. Many dialects have also undergone a degree of simplification of their morphology that has caused some scholars to consider them to have ceased to be polysynthetic.
Many Nahuatl words have been borrowed into the Spanish language , most of which are terms designating things indigenous to the American continent. Some of these loans are restricted to Mexican or Central American Spanish, but others have entered all the varieties of Spanish in the world. A number of them, such as "chocolate", "tomato" and "avocado" have made their way into many other languages via Spanish. For instance, in English, two of the most prominent are undoubtedly chocolate [cn 8] and tomato from Nahuatl tomatl. Other common words are coyote from Nahuatl coyotl , avocado from Nahuatl ahuacatl and chile or chili from Nahuatl chilli.
The word chicle is also derived from Nahuatl tzictli "sticky stuff, chicle". Some other English words from Nahuatl are: Aztec from aztecatl ; cacao from Nahuatl cacahuatl 'shell, rind' ; [] ocelot from ocelotl. Traditionally, Pre-Columbian Aztec writing has not been considered a true writing system, since it did not represent the full vocabulary of a spoken language in the way that the writing systems of the Old World or the Maya Script did. Therefore, generally Aztec writing was not meant to be read, but to be told. The elaborate codices were essentially pictographic aids for memorizing texts, which include genealogies, astronomical information, and tribute lists.
Three kinds of signs were used in the system: The Spanish introduced the Latin script , which was used to record a large body of Aztec prose, poetry and mundane documentation such as testaments, administrative documents, legal letters, etc. In a matter of decades pictorial writing was completely replaced with the Latin alphabet. When Nahuatl became the subject of focused linguistic studies in the 20th century, linguists acknowledged the need to represent all the phonemes of the language. Several practical orthographies were developed to transcribe the language, many using the Americanist transcription system.
Among the indigenous languages of the Americas , the extensive corpus of surviving literature in Nahuatl dating as far back as the 16th century may be considered unique. It appears that the preconquest Nahua had a distinction much like the European distinction between " prose " and " poetry ", the first called tlahtolli "speech" and the second cuicatl "song". Nahuatl tlahtolli prose has been preserved in different forms.
Annals and chronicles recount history, normally written from the perspective of a particular altepetl locally based polity and often combining mythical accounts with real events. Many annals recount history year-by-year and are normally written by anonymous authors. These works are sometimes evidently based on pre-Columbian pictorial year counts that existed, such as the Cuauhtitlan annals and the Anales de Tlatelolco. Purely mythological narratives are also found, like the "Legend of the Five Suns ", the Aztec creation myth recounted in Codex Chimalpopoca.
Its volumes cover a diverse range of topics: Aztec history, material culture, social organization, religious and ceremonial life, rhetorical style and metaphors. The twelfth volume provides an indigenous perspective on the conquest itself. This work is like a dragnet to bring to light all the words of this language with their exact and metaphorical meanings, and all their ways of speaking, and most of their practices good and evil.
Nahuatl poetry is preserved in principally two sources: Some songs may have been preserved through oral tradition from pre-conquest times until the time of their writing, for example the songs attributed to the poet-king of Texcoco, Nezahualcoyotl. Aztec poetry makes rich use of metaphoric imagery and themes and are lamentation of the brevity of human existence, the celebration of valiant warriors who die in battle, and the appreciation of the beauty of life. The Aztecs distinguished between at least two social registers of language: The latter was marked by the use of a distinct rhetorical style.
Since literacy was confined mainly to these higher social classes, most of the existing prose and poetical documents were written in this style. An important feature of this high rhetorical style of formal oratory was the use of parallelism , [] whereby the orator structured their speech in couplets consisting of two parallel phrases. Another kind of parallelism used is referred to by modern linguists as difrasismo , in which two phrases are symbolically combined to give a metaphorical reading. The sample text below is an excerpt from a statement issued in Nahuatl by Emiliano Zapata in in order to convince the Nahua towns in the area of Tlaxcala to join the Revolution against the regime of Venustiano Carranza.
Tlanahuatil Panoloani An Altepeme de non cate itech nin tlalpan de netehuiloya den tlanahuatiani Arenas. Message to be passed around To the towns that are located in the area that fought under General Arenas. Now, that the dwellers of this earth, of those towns, finish shaking out that black, evil life of the Carrancismo my heart is very happy and with the dignity in the name of those who fight in the ranks, and to you all I send a happy greeting and with all of my heart I invite those towns, those who are there, to join the fight for a righteous mandate to not vainly issue statements, to not allow to be done away with your good way of life.
We salute those fighters who turn towards this joyous labour and confront the greed in this great war, which can never end, nor will ever end until the end of the black tyrant of that glutton, who mocks and always cheat people and whose name is Venustiano Carranza, who takes the glory out of war and who shames our motherland, Mexico completely dishonouring it. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Nahuatl Aztec, Mexicano of Huejutla de Reyes.
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The speech scroll indicates that she is speaking. Nahuan languages and Nahua peoples. For details, see Classical Nahuatl grammar. First person plural pronoun in Classical Nahuatl: Words of Nahuatl origin. Aztec writing and Aztec codices. Retrieved 6 July Naoatl, Nauatl, Nahuatl, Nawatl. In a back formation from the name of the language, the ethnic group of Nahuatl speakers are called Nahua.
Glosses have been standardized. The use of the suffix -oa on a Spanish infinitive like entender , enabling the use of other Nahuatl verbal affixes, is standard. The sequence lo que tlen combines Spanish lo que 'what' with Nahuatl tlen also meaning 'what' to mean what else 'what'.
The stem mexihka , related to the name mexihko , 'Mexico', is of Nahuatl origin, but the suffix -ano is from Spanish, and it is probable that the whole word mexicano is a re-borrowing from Spanish back into Nahuatl. Archived from the original PDF on 11 June Archived from the original on 20 May The Tlaxcaltec community remained legally separate until the 19th century.
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