A single cell can synthesize IgM antibody, then switch to IgA antibody. The hematopoietic stem cell carries the genetic potential to create more than immunoglobulin genes. A single B lymphocyte can produce antibodies of many different specificities, but a plasma cell is monospecific. C3a and C5a can cause A. Neutrophils are attracted to an infected area by A. Complement fixation refers to A. The classic complement pathway is initiated by interaction of C1 with A.
Patients with severely reduced C3 levels tend to have A.
Diagnostic parameters
Individuals with a genetic deficiency of C6 have A. Natural killer cells are A. B cells that can kill without complement. A positive tuberculin skin test a delayed hypersensitivity reaction indicates that A. Reaction to poison ivy or poison oak is A. A child disturbs a wasp nest, is stung repeatedly, and goes into shock within minutes, manifesting respiratory failure and vascular collapse. Which one of the following pairs of genes is linked on a single chromosome? V gene for lambda chain and C gene for kappa chain B.
C gene for gamma chain and C gene for kappa chain C. V gene for lambda chain and V gene for heavy chain D. C gene for gamma chain and C gene for alpha chain Idiotypic determinants are located within A. A primary immune response in an adult human requires approximately how much time to produce detectable antibody levels in the blood? During the maturation of a B lymphocyte, the first immunoglobulin heavy chain synthesized is the A.
In the immune response to a hapten-protein conjugate, in order to get anti-hapten antibodies it is essential that A. In the determination of serum insulin levels by radioimmunoassay, which one of the following is NOT needed? The assay is carried out in a plastic plate with an incubation and a wash step after each addition except the final one.
A woman had a high fever, hypotension, and a diffuse macular rash. When all cultures showed no bacterial growth, a diagnosis of toxic shock syndrome was made. Regarding the mechanism by which the toxin causes this disease, which one of the following is LEAST accurate? The toxin is not processed within the macrophage.
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The toxin activates many CD4-positive T cells, and large amounts of interleukins are released. The toxin has an A-B subunit structure--the B subunit binds to a receptor, and the A subunit enters the cells and activates them. A patient with a central nervous system disorder is maintained on the drug methyldopa.
Hemolytic anemia develops, which resolves shortly after the drug is withdrawn. Which one of the following substances is NOT released by activated helper T cells? A delayed hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by A. If a large dose of spleen cells from an adult A mouse is injected into an adult AB mouse, which one of the following is MOST likely to occur? An explanation of the answer to this question is given on p. The spleen cells will be destroyed. The spleen cells will survive and will have no effect in the recipient.
The spleen cells will induce a graft-versus-host reaction in the recipient. The spleen cells will survive and induce tolerance of strain A grafts in the recipient. This question is based on the same strains of mice described in the previous question. The spleen cells will survive without any effect on the recipient. The minor histocompatibility antigens on cells A. They can be assayed by a cytotoxic test that uses antibody and complement. They can usually be identified in the laboratory in a few hours.
They are controlled by at least three gene loci in the major histocompatibility complex. They are found mainly on B cells, macrophages, and activated T cells. An antigen found in relatively high concentration in the plasma of normal fetuses and a high proportion of patients with progressive carcinoma of the colon is A. An antibody directed against the idiotypic determinants of a human IgG antibody would react with A. Which one of the following is NOT true of the gene segments that combine to make up a heavy-chain gene? Many V region segments are available. Several J segments and several D segments are available.
V, D, and J segments combine to encode the antigen-binding site. A V segment and a J segment are preselected by an antigen to make up the variable-region portion of the gene. When immune complexes from the serum are deposited on glomerular basement membrane, damage to the membrane is caused mainly by A. If an individual was genetically unable to make J chains, which immunoglobulin s would be affected? IgG and IgM E. IgM and IgA The antibody-binding site is formed primarily by A. The class of immunoglobulin present in highest concentration in the blood of a human newborn is A.
Individuals of blood group type AB A. Cytotoxic T cells induced by infection with virus A will kill target cells A. Antigen-presenting cells that activate helper T cells must express which one of the following on their surfaces? Which one of the following does NOT contain C3b? Which one of the following is NOT true regarding the alternative complement pathway?
It can be triggered by infectious agents in absence of antibody. It does not require C1, C2, or C4. It cannot be initiated unless C3b fragments are already present. It has the same terminal sequence of events as the classic pathway. In setting up a complement fixation test for antibody, the reactants should be added in what sequence?
How to Slay the “Step 1” Beast
Proteins from two samples of animal blood, A and B, were tested by the double-diffusion Ouchterlony test in agar against antibody to bovine albumin. Which sample s contain horse blood? An explanation of the answer to this question is given on p[dse2]. Complement lyses cells by A. Graft and tumor rejection are mediated primarily by A.
Which one of the following properties of antibodies is NOT dependent on the structure of the heavy-chain constant region? In which one of the following situations would a graft-versus-host reaction be MOST likely to occur? In a mixed-lymphocyte culture, lymphocytes from person X, who is homozygous for the HLA-Dw7 allele, are irradiated and then cultured with lymphocytes from person Z.
The proper conclusion to be drawn is that A. A patient skin-tested with purified protein derivative PPD to determine previous exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis develops induration at the skin test site 48 hours later. Hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Rh blood group incompatibility requires maternal antibody to enter the fetal bloodstream. Therefore, the mediator of this disease is A. An Rh-negative woman married to a heterozygous Rh-positive man has three children. The probability that all three of their children are Rh-positive is A.
Which one of the following statements BEST explains the relationship between inflammation of the heart carditis and infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci?
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Streptococcal antigens induce antibodies cross-reactive with heart tissue. Streptococci are polyclonal activators of B cells. Streptococcal antigens bind to IgE on the surface of heart tissue and histamine is released. Streptococci are ingested by neutrophils that release proteases that damage heart tissue. Your patient became ill 10 days ago with a viral disease. Laboratory examination reveals that the patient's antibodies against this virus have a high ratio of IgM to IgG.
What is your conclusion? It is unlikely that the patient has encountered this organism previously. The patient is predisposed to IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. The information given is irrelevant to previous antigen exposure. It is likely that the patient has an autoimmune disease. Any virus X-infected target cell will be killed. Any HLA-B27 cell will be killed. We hope to ha. Follow OnlineMedEd on T. Clean Microbiology High Yield Bacteria: Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter Boardsinsider.
Find Shola at SholaMD. Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter Bo. Want to learn something you can take with you on test day and leave with a higher score? The mini-episodes are how we're covering Microbiology and Pharmacology. Learn how to go "inside" the boards at insidetheboards. Clean What is the Study Smarter Series: Win a SketchyMedical T-Shirt by. Go behind the scenes with Aaron and Bryan from SketchyMedical.
In part 1, we do a little learning on a pediatric disease with our Open Osmosis question of the day and discuss Sketchy's take on the topic. In this Bonus episode, Dr. Conrad Fischer, author of Master the Boards, founder of medQuest, and an insanely popular member of the Twiterrati seeFisch to follow him on Twitter provides a rapid-fire overview of recent updates in pharmacology. In this episode, Conrad Fischer, Kaplan lecturer, author of the immensely popular Master the Boards, and lecturer extraordinaire discusses the redemptive suffering involved in medical education, gets roasted by Reddit, and provides some wisdom and persp.
In part 2 of our interview, Dr. In this two-part episode, Dr.
In part two of the series, Josh Landy, discusses why he co-founded the social photo sharing platform for medicine, Figure1, which offers a visually-engaging and privacy-compliant educational experience for med school and beyond. You should definitely us. In part one of the series, Figure1 founder, Josh Landy discusses medical education in Canada and offers a preview of why he founded the social photo sharing platform for medicine, Figure1.
Figure1 offers a visually-engaging and privacy-compliant educati. Clean Match Smarter: Elizabeth Beeman, ITB co-founder, dissects a pediatrics questio. In this episode, I give some updates on the future of the show. We also interview Maneesh Sethi, creator of the Pavlok wearable device and discuss how to break the bad habits that keep you from success and create good ones to make you more efficient and. Part of the Match Smarter series thanks to Doximity's residency navigator tool, in this episode, we discuss internal medicine with Dr. In this episode, we talk neurosurgery with Jonathan Rasouli as part of the Doximity Match Smarter Series plus dissect some Osmosis neuro questions.
As part of our Match Smarter series sponsored by Doximity's Residency Navigator, Steven Gangloff, a neurology resident at the University of Pittsburgh discusses his specialty. We also dissect some Open Osmosis neurology practice questions related to hea. For our Match Smarter Series in conjunction with Doximity, we interview Ned Morris, a writer and psychiatry resident at Stanford plus delve into some practice psych questions from Osmosis.
Rishi Desai and Ryan Haynes from Osmosis break down a question about a pediatric patient with fatigue and easy bruising. We discuss how Osmosis uses the most up to date cognitive science to make your learning in medical school more efficient, lasting, a. Clean Anita Taylor: How to Choose a Medical Specialty. This episode is a little different than the usual podcast since we don't discuss any p. Go inside the boards with Memorang founder, Yermie Cohen.
This episode introduces the "Match Smarter" Segment. Trevor Rosenlof, director of content for Firecracker, walks us through the differences between studying for the first and second levels of the U. The Kaplan Step 1 course goes through all of anatomy, behavioral sciences, biochemistry, immunology, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, and physiology. Each subject is covered in detail during an adequate four-month schedule. While professors may vary for each session. Turco for biochemistry was an exceptional professor.
Topics such as genetic imprinting and ADP ribosylation are explained like never before. Harris does an excellent lecture on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. So which question bank should you use?
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In fact, using 2. This is the gold standard, a necessity, and the most important question bank you will use. These questions best resemble the questions you will see on your exam. Read through every explanation to understand concepts, take notes, and make flash cards. This question bank is a great learning tool. While being much less difficult than U World, Rx forces you to learn intricate details in first aid by providing direct pages in the answer explanations.
This is an excellent way to become familiar with first aid. This question bank is more difficult than Rx. The details tested in Kaplan Qbank are unique. The physiology questions are particularly important. The Kaplan stimulated exams are an excellent way to build endurance for the seven-hour exam. Pastest offers a free subscription until August of