It is also moderately shade tolerant [ , , , ], but experiences more vigorous growth and fruiting in full sun [ ]. Rocky Mountain maple is a major component or dominant in seral shrub-dominant vegetation, which develops rapidly following disturbance in the northern Rockies [ 36 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 70 , , , , , , , , , , ].
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Seral shrubfields result from recurring disturbance including fire and downslope movement of snow, ice, water, and rocks [ 55 , ]. These shrubfields may actually inhibit tree seedling establishment through direct competition and indirectly by providing habitat for browsing animals that damage seedlings [ ]. Similar seral shrubfields occur in the southern Rockies. Rocky Mountain maple may actually provide shade to Douglas-fir seedlings aiding in establishment and survival [ 63 ].
Rocky Mountain maple may have higher percent cover or occur with greater frequency on more open sites [ , ]. Rocky Mountain maple is described as shade intolerant to shade tolerant [ , ]; the ability to persist in heavy shade makes it an important species in closed canopy stands [ ]. Rocky Mountain maple occurs as a major component or dominant in seral shrubfields in the northern Rockies. These shrubfields result from canopy removal by repeated severe fires [ 55 , 58 , 63 , , , , , , , , , , ]. Seral shrubfields have also been maintained with prescribed fire [ ].
A lack of seed combined with increased soil temperatures and moisture stress inhibit tree regeneration and maintain the shrubfields.
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Fuels in persistent shrubfields consist primarily of the shrubs themselves with little large downed woody material and low litter amounts; in one study conducted in northern Idaho, fuel loading averaged Persistent shrubfields may burn in any season; if fuels are continuous and dry, spring fires spread readily, and in summer, hot and dry conditions are exacerbated by nighttime inversions [ ].
Fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems in which Rocky Mountain maple occurs are summarized below. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes". Rocky Mountain maple also colonizes sites after fire via wind-dispersed seed [ ]. For further information on postfire responses of multiple species in plant communities with Rocky Mountain maple, see the following Fire Studies:.
Prescribed fire may initially reduce the percent cover of Rocky Mountain maple substantially, though in several years it is expected to approach or surpass pretreatment coverage [ ]. Percent cover of Rocky Mountain maple may increase dramatically over prefire levels within 5 years of burning, however, variable results may be expected [ 62 ].
Rocky Mountain maple may experience an increase in crown volume following disturbance, sprouting more after burning than after logging treatments [ 56 ]. Within 3 years, crown diameters of Rocky Mountain maple may be equal to or greater than diameter prior to burning [ ]. Three out of 4 harvest and burning treatments in Montana were found to effectively reduce Rocky Mountain maple shrub volume, though it began increasing again after 2 years posttreatment. The 4th treatment no burning left more individuals intact and they subsequently demonstrated less sprouting and Rocky mountain maple experienced no dramatic decline or increase in shrub volume [ ].
After prescribed burning in Idaho, Rocky Mountain maple averaged sprouts per plant; fall burning produced fewer but longer sprouts than spring burning [ ]. Prescribed burning is used to maintain seral shrubfields and provide winter range for elk by retarding conifer dominance, decreasing the height of browse plants, increasing browse quality and palatability, and stimulating forage plants to regenerate from seed [ , , , , ].
However, Rocky Mountain maple quickly grows out of reach of browsing animals due to its rapid regrowth after fire [ , , ].
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Miller and others [ ] found that low-temperature fires might encourage excessive growth with leaders exceeding 6. Severe burns that actually damage Rocky Mountain maple and stunt leader growth may be better utilized to reduce leader heights to a usable level of 1.
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Prescribed fire effectively improves forage availability in the short-term [ 25 , 56 , , , , ], and has been found to reduce height of Rocky Mountain maple from 7 to 16 feet 2. Asherin [ 25 ] found that by the end of the 3rd postfire growing season, Rocky Mountain maple height exceeded 8 feet 2.
Repeated burns at 10 to 15 year intervals are expected to maintain Rocky Mountain maple availability [ , , , ]; however, it is often difficult to re-establish trees on these sites in the future [ ]. Broadcast burning of clearcuts in the northern Rockies may produce these seral shrubfields [ , , ]; in 1 study, shrub-dominant vegetation occurred by the 8th postfire year [ ].
Rocky Mountain maple was present within 4 years on another lightly burned clearcut [ ].
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