By the early 19th century a modern national tradition had emerged, producing some of the greatest writers in Russian history. This period, known also as the Golden Age of Russian Poetry , began with Alexander Pushkin , who is considered the founder of the modern Russian literary language and often described as the "Russian Shakespeare". Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky have been described by literary critics as the greatest novelists of all time.
By the s, the age of the great novelists was over, and short fiction and poetry became the dominant genres. The next several decades became known as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry , when the previously dominant literary realism was replaced by symbolism. Russian philosophy blossomed in the 19th century, when it was defined initially by the opposition of Westernizers , who advocated Western political and economical models, and Slavophiles , who insisted on developing Russia as a unique civilization.
The latter group includes Nikolai Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev , the founders of eurasianism.
In its further development Russian philosophy was always marked by a deep connection to literature and interest in creativity, society, politics and nationalism; Russian cosmism and religious philosophy were other major areas. Notable philosophers of the late 19th and the early 20th centuries include Vladimir Solovyev , Sergei Bulgakov , and Vladimir Vernadsky. Following the Russian Revolution of many prominent writers and philosophers left the country, including Bunin, Vladimir Nabokov and Nikolay Berdyayev , while a new generation of talented authors joined together in an effort to create a distinctive working-class culture appropriate for the new Soviet state.
In the s censorship over literature was tightened in line with the policy of socialist realism. In the late s restrictions on literature were eased, and by the s and s, writers were increasingly ignoring official guidelines. Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention in the period immediately following , resulting in world-renowned films such as The Battleship Potemkin by Sergei Eisenstein.
Dziga Vertov , whose kino-glaz "film-eye" theory—that the camera, like the human eye, is best used to explore real life—had a huge impact on the development of documentary film making and cinema realism. The subsequent state policy of socialist realism somewhat limited creativity; however, many Soviet films in this style were artistically successful, including Chapaev , The Cranes Are Flying , and Ballad of a Soldier.
The s and s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. Eldar Ryazanov 's and Leonid Gaidai 's comedies of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catch phrases still in use today. In —68 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar -winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace , which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. Russian animation dates back to late Russian Empire times. During the Soviet era, Soyuzmultfilm studio was the largest animation producer.
Central Asia :: Russia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency
Soviet animators developed a great variety of pioneering techniques and aesthetic styles, with prominent directors including Ivan Ivanov-Vano , Fyodor Khitruk and Aleksandr Tatarsky. The late s and s were a period of crisis in Russian cinema and animation. Although Russian filmmakers became free to express themselves, state subsidies were drastically reduced, resulting in fewer films produced. The early years of the 21st century have brought increased viewership and subsequent prosperity to the industry on the back of the economic revival.
Production levels are already higher than in Britain and Germany. The traditions of Soviet animation were developed recently by such directors as Aleksandr Petrov and studios like Melnitsa Animation. While there were few stations or channels in the Soviet time, in the past two decades many new state and privately owned radio stations and TV channels have appeared. Censorship and Media freedom in Russia has always been a main theme of Russian media. Soviet and later Russian athletes have always been in the top four for the number of gold medals collected at the Summer Olympics.
Soviet gymnasts, track-and-field athletes, weightlifters, wrestlers, boxers, fencers, shooters, cross country skiers, biathletes, speed skaters and figure skaters were consistently among the best in the world, along with Soviet basketball, handball, volleyball and ice hockey players.
Although ice hockey was only introduced during the Soviet era, the Soviet Union national team managed to win gold at almost all the Olympics and World Championships they contested. It is ranked the top hockey league in Europe as of [update] , [] and the second-best in the world. KHL is on the 4th place by attendance in Europe.
Bandy , also known as Russian hockey , is another traditionally popular ice sport. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia has continuously been one of the most successful teams, winning many world championships. Association football is one of the most popular sports in modern Russia.
The Soviet national team became the first European Champions by winning Euro In and , the Soviet Union won gold at the Olympic football tournament. The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro , losing only to the eventual champions Spain. In , the Russian national basketball team won the European Basketball Championship. Larisa Latynina , who currently holds the record for the most gold Olympic medals won by a woman, established the USSR as the dominant force in gymnastics for many years.
Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. With the exception of a Soviet or Russian pair has won gold at every Winter Olympics since Since the end of the Soviet era, tennis has grown in popularity and Russia has produced a number of famous players, including Maria Sharapova. In martial arts, Russia produced the sport Sambo and renowned fighters, like Fedor Emelianenko. Chess is a widely popular pastime in Russia; from , Russian grandmasters have held the world chess championship almost continuously.
The Winter Olympics were held in Sochi in the south of Russia. In the McLaren Report found evidence of widespread state-sponsored doping and an institutional conspiracy to cover up Russian competitors' positive drug tests. Formula One is also becoming increasingly popular in Russia. There had only been two Russian Grands Prix in and , but the Russian Grand Prix returned as part of the Formula One season in , as part of a six-year deal. Russia has the most Olympic medals stripped for doping violations 51 , the most of any country, four times the number of the runner-up, and more than a third of the global total, and athletes caught doping at the Olympics , also the most of any country.
From to , more than a thousand Russian competitors in various sports, including summer, winter, and Paralympic sports, benefited from a state-sponsored cover-up, [] [] [] [] [] with no indication that the program has ceased since then. This was the first football World Cup ever held in Eastern Europe , and the first held in Europe since Russia will also host games of the Euro There are seven public holidays in Russia , [] except those always celebrated on Sunday. Orthodox Christmas falls on January 7, because the Russian Orthodox Church still follows the Julian calendar , and all Orthodox holidays are 13 days after Western ones.
Two other major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday. Victory Day is the second most popular holiday in Russia; it commemorates the victory over Nazi Germany and its allies in the Great Patriotic War. A huge military parade , hosted by the President of Russia , is annually organised in Moscow on Red Square. Similar parades take place in all major Russian cities and cities with the status Hero city or City of Military Glory. State symbols of Russia include the Byzantine double-headed eagle , combined with St. George of Moscow in the Russian coat of arms. The Russian flag dates from the late Tsardom of Russia period and has been widely used since the time of the Russian Empire.
The Russian anthem shares its music with the Soviet Anthem , though not the lyrics. The imperial motto God is with us and the Soviet motto Proletarians of all countries, unite! The hammer and sickle and the full Soviet coat of arms are still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations.
The Soviet Red Stars are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The Red Banner continues to be honored, especially the Banner of Victory of Cheburashka is a mascot of the Russian national Olympic team. Alexander Nevsky , St. Sergius of Radonezh and St. Seraphim of Sarov are Russia's patron saints. Chamomile is the national flower , while birch is the national tree. The Russian bear is an animal symbol and a national personification of Russia, though this image has a Western origin and Russians themselves have accepted it only fairly recently.
The native Russian national personification is Mother Russia. Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet period, first domestic tourism and then international tourism, fueled by the rich cultural heritage and great natural variety of the country.
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Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the Volga , and long journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. In , Russia was visited by The most visited destinations in Russia are Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the current and former capitals of the country. Moscow displays Soviet architecture at its best, along with modern skyscrapers , while St Petersburg, nicknamed Venice of the North , boasts of its classical architecture, many rivers, canals and bridges.
The city has registered a brand The Third Capital of Russia , though a number of other major cities compete for this status, including Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. The warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for a number of popular sea resorts, like Sochi , the follow-up host of the Winter Olympics. The mountains of the Northern Caucasus contain popular ski resorts such as Dombay.
This unique lake, the oldest and deepest in the world, has crystal-clear waters and is surrounded by taiga -covered mountains. Other popular natural destinations include Kamchatka with its volcanoes and geysers, Karelia with its lakes and granite rocks, the snowy Altai Mountains , and the wild steppes of Tuva.
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Please try again later. They just continue to get better and better Kindle Edition Verified Purchase. Each book I read gets better and better. How these two talented authors come up with the stories and scenarios without repeating themselves time after time is a true art! I could go on and on, because Morgan makes up fall for everyone that she meets. I never thought I would say that I admire a call-girl but because these stories are so well-written, the humor in the books is over the top and the way that Morgan is always trying to do for others or fix the ones that are "broken", she definitely earns my admiration.
She judges no one so how can anyone judge her for her occupation. She is the most caring, giving and honest characters I have ever read! Even with a few grammatical errors, the stories are fun so it's easy to breeze past them. The authors have impressed me with creating so many unique men for Morgan to hook up with. I had never thought of a high class call girl business put together with so many semi perfect male clients. My idea of a John pictured older, wealthy men that you would have to pretend to enjoy or serve.
At least all these gorgeous men seem to have good reasons for wanting a week with a paid companion. Morgan is so young, klutzy and naive, it is cool to watch her slowly mature and grow in her career. Would be nice if she planned her destinations in a more logical fashion, progressively traveling the globe with shorter distances. Whew, talk about burn out! But that's just me. If I were only 30 years younger and had an opportunity like this!!! It's the perfect balance between funny, erotica, plot and adventure. Great writing style and lots of great ideas to use in your own bedroom.
Unfortunately the grammar is horrible spelling, punctuation and other errors all over the place but it's definitely worth looking over all of that. I wish I had a friend like Angel and I can't wait to see if his relationship with Cedric definitely slips. Big cliffhanger at the end! Finish book 30 now so I can buy the 3rd box set already! I'm so loving this Morgan with all her confidence and finally opening up to her feelings for Tanner and Finlay..
But I still need me an angel for my life.. Glad to see Finlay stood up for his Morgan when the time was needed for it. Angel oh my heavens I know you will always be a bright spot to read and I can picture you acting all diva Julianne so Happy for her!!!! A beautifully written series of books! Not normally my genre but the authors had me hooked from page one! I love how attached to the characters you become - feeling their joys and sorrows, laughing at the mishaps, crying at the losses, outraged on the behalf of the characters!
I loved these books. But get Around the world: These books keep me on your toes. I couldn't put it down so hot and steamy. All the different men she meet on travels are hot. These book are must read for romance, erotica , readers all alike. This will make you believe that sex is not overrated and it can happen. I'm really loving this series. Not only do I love all the hot, sexy men she gets to spend time with, but I love how we get to see Morgan on her journey of self-discovery.
Then there's the added bonus of her best friend Carlos. The interactions between Morgan and Carlos always leave me in stitches. I love this series! I read the first 10 book compilation and had to get the second book of Loved it, was a little nervous with Morgan's adventure in Portugal, but was glad with the way it was handles. Be warned the ending definitely leaves you hanging. See all 48 reviews. Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers. Learn more about Amazon Giveaway. Set up a giveaway.