His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha , intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of " outcastes ", at the time referred to as depressed classes. By , Ambedkar had decided to launch active movements against untouchability.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar voted as ‘Greatest Indian’ - The Hindu BusinessLine
He began with public movements and marches to open up public drinking water resources. He also began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town. On 25 December , he led thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmrti. In , Ambedkar launched Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation.
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About 15, volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by a military band, a batch of scouts, women and men walked in discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. When they reached to gate, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities. In , British announced the formation of a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Communal Award. Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community.
Following the fast, Congress politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada. The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures, within the general electorate. Due to the pact, the depressed class received seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award earlier proposed by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. In , Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, Bombay , a position he held for two years.
It had been her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur , but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.
In , Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party , which contested the Bombay election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively. Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May After the Lahore resolution of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan , which analysed the concept of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should concede Pakistan to the Muslims. He proposed that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts.
He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the nature of their own demand". It determined the course of dialogue between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, paving the way for the Partition of India. In his work Who Were the Shudras? He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritual hierarchy of the caste system , as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation , although it performed poorly in the elections for Constituent Assembly of India.
Therefore he took help of Muslim League which was in power in Bengal to get himself elected to the constituent assembly of Bengal from four border districts of Bengal. He had to resign from there! He had to patch up with Nehru and Gandhi who then got him into the Constituent Assembly from Bombay in the vacancy caused by resignation of Mr. Jaykar to accommodate Ambedkar.
Ambedkar sought Gandhi's help to get a berth in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Despite Gandhi's differences with Ambedkar, Gandhiji persuaded a reluctant Nehru to make Ambedkar a minister. But Ambedkar continued to criticize the Congress party and Nehru asked him to resign. Ambedkar had to resign in September Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably a nominated member. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of from Bhandara, but he placed third the Congress Party won.
By the time of the second general election in , Ambedkar had died.
Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in India. While justifying the Partition of India , he condemned child marriage and the mistreatment of women in Muslim society. No words can adequately express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a source of misery to a Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam must be free from slavery and caste. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are praiseworthy, there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of this curse.
But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained. Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan and adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion theory , describing it as "so absurd that it ought to have been dead long ago" in his book Who Were the Shudras? Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally being "part of the Kshatriya Varna in the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.
According to Arvind Sharma , Ambedkar noticed certain flaws in the Aryan invasion theory that were later acknowledged by western scholarship. The term Anasa occurs in Rig Veda V. What does the word mean? There are two interpretations.
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One is by Prof. The other is by Sayanacharya. Max Muller, it means 'one without nose' or 'one with a flat nose' and has as such been relied upon as a piece of evidence in support of the view that the Aryans were a separate race from the Dasyus. Sayanacharya says that it means 'mouthless,' i.
This difference of meaning is due to difference in the correct reading of the word Anasa. Sayanacharya reads it as an-asa while Prof. Max Muller reads it as a-nasa. As read by Prof. Max Muller, it means 'without nose. There is no reason to hold that Sayana's reading is wrong. On the other hand there is everything to suggest that it is right. In the first place, it does not make non-sense of the word. Secondly, as there is no other place where the Dasyus are described as noseless, there is no reason why the word should be read in such a manner as to give it an altogether new sense.
It is only fair to read it as a synonym of Mridhravak. There is therefore no evidence in support of the conclusion that the Dasyus belonged to a different race. Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of the Aryan homeland being outside India , and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself.
Upon India's independence on 15 August , the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first Law Minister, which he accepted. Granville Austin described the Indian Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as 'first and foremost a social document'.
The text prepared by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability, and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar argued for extensive economic and social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Backward Class , a system akin to affirmative action.
Ambedkar opposed Article of the Constitution of India, which granted a special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and which was included against his wishes.
But Government of India should have only limited powers and Indian people should have no rights in Kashmir. To give consent to this proposal, would be a treacherous thing against the interests of India and I, as the Law Minister of India, will never do it. Patel got the Article passed while Nehru was on a foreign tour. On the day the article came up for discussion, Ambedkar did not reply to questions on it but did participate on other articles.
All arguments were done by Krishna Swami Ayyangar. During the debates in the Constituent Assembly, Ambedkar demonstrated his will to reform Indian society by recommending the adoption of a Uniform Civil Code. Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue a doctorate in economics abroad. According to Sharad Pawar , Ambedkar's vision helped the government to achieve its food security goal.
Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until , when he became a political leader. He wrote three scholarly books on economics:. Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in after a long illness. After completing the draft of India's constitution in the late s, he suffered from lack of sleep, had neuropathic pain in his legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines.
He went to Bombay for treatment, and there met Dr. She was 39 year old and he was Doctors recommended a companion who was a good cook and had medical knowledge to care for him. Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism , which encouraged opposition to oppression and so appealed to leaders of scheduled castes. But after meeting with Sikh leaders, he concluded that he might get "second-rate" Sikh status, as described by scholar Stephen P. Instead, he studied Buddhism all his life. Around , he devoted his attention to Buddhism and travelled to Ceylon now Sri Lanka to attend a meeting of the World Fellowship of Buddhists.
After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa , [] Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Deekshabhoomi , Nagpur on 14 October Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk Mahasthavir Chandramani in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with his wife.
He then proceeded to convert some , of his supporters who were gathered around him. Since , Ambedkar suffered from diabetes. He was bed-ridden from June to October in due to medication side-effects and poor eyesight. His health worsened during Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma , Ambedkar died in his sleep on 6 December at his home in Delhi.
A Buddhist cremation [] was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach Chaitya Bhoomi on 7 December, [] attended by half a million grieving people. Ambedkar was survived by his second wife, who died in , [] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar known as Bhaiyasaheb. A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and gradually made available.
Among these were Waiting for a Visa , which probably dates from —36 and is an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto , which refers to the census of On the anniversary of his birth and death, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din 14 October at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial in Mumbai. His message to his followers was "educate, organise, agitate". Ambedkar taught Ramabai to write and read. His affectionate name for her was "Ramu", while she called him " Saheb ". Apart from Yashwant - , the other four died in their childhood.
Yashwant alone survived as his descendant. His second wife Savita had no children. Ambedkar considered three person as his gurus or masters. Ambedkar believed that his life was complete by three masters gurus and by worshiping these three things. Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer, had a deep effect on modern India.
His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first law minister, and chairman of the committee for drafting the constitution. He passionately believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Hinduism as being the foundation of the caste system made him controversial and unpopular among Hindus. For his actions towards the salvation and equality of mankind, his followers and the Indian people started respectfully addressing him as "Dr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar", since sometime between September—October Sir or "Respected Father" because millions of Indians consider him a "great liberator". Many public institutions are named in his honour, and the Dr. A large official portrait of Ambedkar is on display in the Indian Parliament building. The Maharashtra government has acquired a house in London where Ambedkar lived during his days as a student in the s. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Memorial. His contribution in the field of economics is marvelous and will be remembered forever.
Ambedkar as the great and revered Human Rights champion and main author of India's constitution. Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across India, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of population in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of Inspired by Ambedkar, they started to convert to Buddhism.
People paying tribute at the statue of Ambedkar at the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University. Statue of Ambedkar at Koyasan University in Japan. Several movies, plays, and other works have been based on the life and thoughts of Ambedkar. Jabbar Patel directed the English-language film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in with Mammootty in the lead role. The film was released after a long and controversial gestation. Ambedkar was played by Sachin Khedekar. The play Ambedkar Aur Gandhi , directed by Arvind Gaur and written by Rajesh Kumar, tracks the two prominent personalities of its title.
B. R. Ambedkar
The book depicts the experiences of untouchability faced by Ambedkar from childhood to adulthood. CNN named it one of the top 5 political comic books. He also strengthened trade unions and established employment exchanges across India. The book is used as a textbook in the Columbia University. Ambedkar resigned from his post of the first law minister of India when the comprehensive Hindu Code Bill was dropped by the Indian parliament. The bill had two main purposes — first, to elevate the social status of Hindu women by giving them their due rights and second, to abrogate social disparities and caste inequalities.
I am sure if you follow this advice, you will bring honour and glory to yourselves. A good 45 years after he originally wrote the book, the split finally came with the formation of Jharkhand out of Bihar and Chhattisgarh out of Madhya Pradesh in the year On splitting one-language states, he wrote in the book: Ambedkar handing over the final draft of the constitution to President Rajendra Prasad on November 26, A list of names was presented to and compiled by a member jury composed of actors, writers, sportspersons, entrepreneurs, and men and women of distinction in their fields.
A three-way process was then used to assess a top ten, in which equal weight was given to the votes of the jury, an online poll, and a market survey conducted by the Nielsen Company. The top ten "greatest Indians" are: Of 50 nominees, 15 have received the Bharat Ratna and 6 are women. The oldest living nominees at the time of the poll were Ravi Shankar 92 , M. Babasaheb Ambedkar was generally approved of as the greatest Indian, with several prominent scholars writing articles congratulating him, including Ramachandra Guha [3] and S.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved 3 March Indians great, greater, greatest? Retrieved 2 March Now vote for 'The Greatest Indian ' ". The Greatest Indian After Gandhi". Ambedkar voted "Greatest Indian" in poll".