Innovative villages like this one on the Swedish island of Gotland are leading by example in the effort to repopulate rural areas in a sustainable way. There are sister communities in several parts of Spain. An EU program is helping youths who are neither in education, training or employment gain access to the job market. The socially conservative country has reduced the gender pay gap but is still one of the most unequal nations in the European Union. Thanks to EU funding, the archipelago no longer fears a repeat of the flooding which killed 49 people. In these extracts from his new book, former US ambassador to Spain James Costos talks about throwing parties for Michelle Obama, seeing history made from his living room and negotiating uncomfortable political situations.

Roberto Polo is not easily defined. The owner of a vast art collection, some of which is being shipped to Toledo and Cuenca, he was friends with artists, bankers and celebrities in s New York. He also did jail time, had a close call with death, and was born again. This larger-than-life character has a motto: Take a trip from the wetlands where the rice is grown to the restaurants where it is transformed into haute cuisine.

A year on from the terrorist attacks in Catalonia, we look at how ordinary youngsters were radicalized into Islamist terrorism and the political and social response to the jihadist phenomenon. Students know it as a place of learning and partying; visitors come for the history, the architecture and the food. We started with an initial selection of municipalities with a population of 10, or under, and these came out on top. Do you know who the first pilgrim was on the world-famous Way of Saint James?

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Take a look at our guide to nine award-winning restaurants that are fit for all tastes, preferences and budgets. While appearing to be of little interest to the general public at first glance, the institutions that sponsored them and the credibility of their authors make these warnings difficult to ignore. While Trump was busy frightening supporters about an imminent refugee invasion, American women were getting out the vote for women candidates. In January , Donald Trump said: Two rising Latin American leaders have figured out voters are hungry for messiah figures, not lectures about the institutions that limit presidential power.

Relying on colored pieces of paper for our transactions will soon become a thing of the past.

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Deepfake is a new and powerful weapon in the arsenal available to the merchants of lies. We speak to James Blick, a travel journalist who is fronting an online gourmet guide to Madrid. A sexologist, an activist against sexual robots and the founder of this new business venture reflect on the ethical concerns raised by these hyper-realistic dummies.

This season of the Netflix show follows the Guadalajara Cartel, once the biggest drug empire in the world.

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Spain enjoys plenty of hours of sun, but yet apartments and houses are often completely shut off to natural light. Body of year-old teacher found in Huelva; evidence points to violent death. CDR members protest in Catalonia. EFE Catalan pro-independence groups: In bed with Roberto Polo Borja Hermoso.

The Gothic superstrate produced different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar , of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and templa "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien , of Germanic origin. The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Situated between two large linguistic blocks Iberian Romance and Gallo-Romance , Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm somebody down", and rebutjar "reject".

Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions. The number of people known to be fluent in Catalan varies depending on the sources used. A study did not count the total number of speakers, but estimated a total of 9—9. Catalan phonology varies by dialect. In contrast to other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words, and these may end in a wide variety of consonants, including some consonant clusters.

Central Catalan pronunciation is considered to be standard for the language. Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes: In Central Catalan , unstressed vowels reduce to three: The consonant system of Catalan is rather conservative, as is the case with most modern Western Romance languages. Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality including the one of other languages in contact.

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; [38] both in terms of vocabulary , semantics , syntax , morphology , and phonology. Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian ; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan , Balearic , Rossellonese , and Alguerese.

The terms "Catalan" and " Valencian " respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community are two varieties of the same language. Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. Catalan has an inflectional grammar. Nouns have two genders masculine, feminine , and two numbers singular, plural. Pronouns additionally can have a neuter gender, and some are also inflected for case and politeness , and can be combined in very complex ways.

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Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person , number , tense , aspect , mood , and gender. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.


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In Eastern Catalan except Majorcan , unstressed vowels reduce to three: In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: In Western Catalan , unstressed vowels reduce to five: In verbs, the inchoative endings are -eixo , -eix , -eixen , -eixi. Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan Eastern and Western show some differences in word choices. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, [26] is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, [55] [93] which is the most widely used dialect.

Nevertheless, the standards of the Valencian Community and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem 'we sing' but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be cantam in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: In this standard one can find, among other features: Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona.

Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. Ruling of the Valencian Language Academy of 9 February , extract of point 1. Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between and [97] showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly.

This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in , the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque , Galician , Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical. Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use.

Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of loanwords from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull 's work. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the early modern period, most literate Catalan speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Catalan. The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages , [] where agglutination is common.

Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, as in pre veure "foresee". There is greater regularity in the process of word-compounding , where one can find compounded words formed much like those in English. Catalan uses the Latin script , with some added symbols and digraphs. The grammar of Catalan is similar to other Romance languages. In gender inflection , the most notable feature is compared to Portuguese , Spanish or Italian , the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o.

Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s , which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely.

The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages.

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Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives mon , etc. The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous 13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian.


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Catalan pronouns exhibit T—V distinction , like all other Romance languages and most European languages, but not Modern English. This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality. This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal.

Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role.

However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs. Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a- , -e- , -i- , the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than , and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.

The grammar of Catalan follows the general pattern of Western Romance languages. The primary word order is subject—verb—object. Commonly, verb-subject constructions are used to achieve a semantic effect. The sentence "The train has arrived" could be translated as Ha arribat el tren or El tren ha arribat. Both sentences mean "the train has arrived", but the former puts a focus on the train, while the latter puts a focus on the arrival. This subtle distinction is described as "what you might say while waiting in the station" versus "what you might say on the train.

In Spain , every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. Selected text [] from Manuel de Pedrolo 's novel Un amor fora ciutat "A love affair outside the city". From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 December For the ship, see SS Catala. This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page.

Catalan regulated by the IEC. Valencian regulated by the AVL. Territories where Catalan is spoken and is official. Territories where Catalan is spoken but is not official. Territories where Catalan is not historically spoken but is official. Old Catalan and Phonological history of Catalan. Language policy in France , Vergonha , and Patois. Phonological history of Catalan.

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This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Valencian , Valencian language controversy , Blaverism , and Anti-Catalanism. Additionally, it is the patrimonial historical language of other territories of the ancient Crown of Aragon [ Catalan-speaking countries portal Spain portal Andorra portal France portal Italy portal Language portal. Retrieved 14 November The New York Times.

Archived from the original PDF on 14 December Retrieved 10 September First language, language of identification and habitual language. Demographics and quality of life. Cambridge University Press,