The article has the title 'A view from the trenches: Grenades were the most efficient way of clearing enemy dugouts or fighting along trenches. Examples of use in the Spanish literature, quotes and news about trinchera. En el amor y la guerra, todo hueco es trinchera. En tiempo de guerra, cualquier hoyo es trinchera. Alfonso Rico Rodriguez, Hermilo del Castillo, Uno ahora a cambio de dos el martes. Libro autobiogr fico que nos muestra los distintos rostros y actores de la izquierda mexicana a trav s de la narraci n de uno de sus personajes principales.
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PDF Libro de los locos voladores, el ePub. Prologo de Julio Travieso Serrano Download. PDF Obras completas vol. PDF Quedaos en la trinchera y luego corred Download. PDF Trabajar para vivir: These two letters are pronounced as in English in the word check; as cJiico, small; chocolate, chocolate. In words derived from the ancient languages, it sounds like k, as Charibdis, Mdchisedech.
D is pronounced in the beginning of a word, as in English; but when the d is between two vowels, it is as soft asTTie th in the words though, the. Dado, a dye; dtdp, finger. F is pronounced as in English. G is pronounced as in English before a, o, u. It is guttural before e. Filosofia, philosophy; Icdt'ro, theatre jFlladu'ljia, Philadelphia. J is pronounced guttural before all the vo-. The K is admitted only in foreign words, and is pro- nounced as in English. This letter is pronounced as in English. Llciga, wound; lleno, full ; -cabdllo, horse; llegdr, to arrive; Hover, to rain ; lluvia, rain.
Senor, Sir ; nincz, childhood ; ensendr, to teach. P and Q are pronounced as in English. R preserves in Spanish its natural pronunciation. S is always pronounced hard, like double ss, even be- tween two vowels, as in assembly. The Spaniards often confound the sound of this letter with that of b; but the Academy disapproves of it, and re- commends that it should be pronounced as the English and French.
X is pronounced like s when followed by a conso- nant, and it is lightly sounded s when followed by ce, ci. It is pronounced like ks when it is found between two vowels, as examindr, exisiir, sexo. In a few words ending in x, it is somewhat guttural. B The x is not now used as a guttural letter; the j is used in its place before the vowels a, o, it, and the g before c and i.
The Z is only used now before a, o, u, and is pro- nounced like the c before e and i. The Spanish Academy, conforming to the pronunci- ation, has suppressed double consonants, when one alone is pronounced. In the Spanish books, printed within a few years, the double letters U, ss, ff, bb, Sec. But as Spanish books less modern have not followed fixed rules as respects not only doubling the consonants, but also the orthography, when the pronunciation does not indi- cate it in an evident manner, we inform beginners, 1st that ought to have recourse to the latest Dictionaries, though it is to be regretted that these have as yet been printed and reprinted in England anid in the United States most careless- ly in this important point of view, because it may be suppo- sed that their authors have generally adopted the orthogra- S'iy of the Spanisli Academy; 2d.
Some writers use the j entirely for the guttural sound, and never the g nor x; but we follow the decisions of the Academy and not the whims of every schemer. X, having had till lately the guttural sound, was confounded with g, before e, t; and with the j, which is always guttural before all vowels. Instead of looking in the Dictionary for alvedrio, ferttfa, 9, quclndo, ztlo, ch'imia, Sec. See Syllabical Ta- ble and Observations, page Orthographical alterations made by the Royal Acad- emy of Madrid, and now generally adopted by Spanish, writers.
In the micj- d! There is but one long syllable in each Spanish word. It is generally indicated by the acute accent placed upon the vow- el. But this accent is suppressed, when the long syllable may be otherwise known, except in certain cases where use requires it should be preserved. The following are the principal rules established by the Spanish Academy, for the use or suppression of the accent upon the vowel of the long syllable.
The monosyllable must not be accented, because it is long from its nature. The monosyllable el, he, him; mi, me, pronouns personal: The accent is suppressed in words of many syllables terminated by only one vowel, because their penullima is long from its nature. In verbs, in the first and third person of the singular of the perfect and future of the indicative, the last syllable is long, and receives the accent.
The accent lemains, lowing tlie x had not the circumflex accent over it, so A. The Spanish Academy, in the two last editions of their Dictionary, printed in and , and in their last improved Treatise on Orthography, have used, instead of the guttural x, the lettt-r A before the vowels ja, o, u; and the letter g, before e and i; but some writers use j r before all the vowels. The x is prcscivel only in host: The x has also ' been changed into an in all the instances in which it is followed by another con- i it.
The object of the Academy, in all the foregoing alterations, has been to simplify the orthography, and make it conform to the pronunciation as nearly as possible; there- fore we h.
It is the same with the last syllable of the words allci, there; cafe, coffee; dcjo, he left; Peru, Bercebu, Tribu, Tribe. In Spanish words of more than two syllables, the two last are often short. We call words of this kind, esdrujulos, dactyles. Some of them, as cumara, chamber; espiritu, spirit; santisimo, most holy, take the accent upon the ante- penultima, which is accented in the same manner in those verbs which are made esdrujulos by the annexed pronoun, as mirame, look at me; oyeme, hear me; which, without the adjunction of the pronoun, would be written without an accent, mira, look; oye, hear.
Others, compounded of a verb followed by two pronouns, and many adverbs, terminat- ed in mentc, have the accent upon the syllable preceding the anlcpenultima. Finally, certain adverbs in menle, derived from words esdrujulos, receive the accent upon the fifth syllable, reckoning from the last.
The accent is suppressed upon the pcnultima, in words of two syllables, terminated with two vowels, as nao, ship: The first and third persons of the singular of the perfects of the verbs deviate from this rule, since they al- ways have, as we have said, the last syllable long and ac- cented. Words terminating in y preceded by a vowel, which forms a diphthong, have no accent; their last syllable is al- ways long. The penultima vowel is long, and receives the.
The accent is suppressed in all the persons cndiiiff in ia, of the imperfect of the indicative and 1st con- ditional tense, because the i is always long. For the same reason we do not accent the penultimate vowel of the termi- nations ae, ao, au, ea, eo, oa, ge, oo. If the final vowels ia, ie, io, ua, ue, uo, of words of three or more syllables, form diphthongs, it is also the pre- ceding syllable which is long; but the accent is suppressed. Espenendci experience; disiurbio, disturbance; Nica- ragua.
The last syllable of the words ending with a conso- nant is commonly long, and does not receive an accent. The last syllable of any person singu- lar of a verb, ending with a consonant, take the accent, if it be long. The plural of verbs and nouns follows the rule of their singular.
The only exception is the plural caracteres, whose long accented syllable is not the same as in the singu- lar, which is cardder on the penultima. The circumflex is now entirely suppressed, in consequence of depriving the x of its former guttural sound, and using the j and g in its place; and in con- sequence of using ca, que, qui, instead of did, ch, ckz, in words derived from the ancient languages.
The diaeresis is only used in giie, giii, to denote when the'tt must be sounded separately from the e and i. Punctuation is in Spanish the same as in English. How- ever, as it often happens in the Spanish language, that punctu- ation alone indicates the interrogative sense of the phrase; and that, if the period be long, the reader is informed too late by the note of interrogation which follows it, the Spanish Academy then makes use of a particular mark, causing the phrase to be preceded by the note of interrogation reversed.
If, in Spanish, we are not warned by the interrogative note, this phrase is only affirmative, thou art not frightened, Stc. Its turn and the transposition of a pronoun do not an- nounce at the outset, as in English, that the sense is inter- rogative. Bless me, how many provinces and nations he conquered! Of these parts of speech, the last four "arc invariable.
The article, noun, pronoun, and participle, are declined ; they have genders, numbers, and cases. The verb is conjugated ; it has modes, tenses, numbers, and per- sons, as will be seen hereafter. We shall speak of the genders and numbers, in the chap- ter of nouns to which they belong. Though, in the Spanish language, nouns do not change their terminations in changing their relations, as they do in the Greek and Latin tongues, we shall, however, conform to the Grammar of the Spanish Academy, which admits six cases, to wit: The nominative is the case that denotes the noun or pro- noun, which is the subject of a proposition.
The genitive denotes the person' to whom belongs the ob- ject of which we speak.
The dative denotes the person or thing towards which the action of the verb is directed, or for which there results from it an advantage or disadvantage. The accusative represents the person or thing which is the direct regimen of the verb or end of its signification with- out preposition, or preceded by one of those which govern this case ; such as, ante, contra, entre, Jidda, Sec.
The vocative serves to call. We place in this case the persons to whom we address our speech. The ablative serves to express the matter of or manner in which a thing is made ; the cause from which it proceeds ; or the instrument with which it is done. This case is always accompanied by one of the prepositions that govern it ; such as con, de, en, por, Sec. The Article is a small word placed before nouns, or be- fore any other word taking their place, to determine the per- son, the thing, or the action spoken of: The article has three genders in Spanish ; the masculine, feminine, and neuter.
For the masculine it is el, the ; for the feminine la, the ; and for the neuter lo, the. The two first have the two numbers, and the last has only the singular. Plural las, - - - the. We have said in the definition of the article, that it must only be placed before nouns substantive, or before any other part of speech that docs their office; from which must be concluded, that there are parts of speech that, without being substantives are sometimes employed as such.
Thus del, al, signify of or from the, to the; and de el, d tl, signify of or from him, to him. This article has no plural, and is used only before Adjec- tives and Participles passive. The article never admits of any elision in Span- ish; but there are a few feminine nouns that, beginning with an a, tajte the masculine article el, instead of the femi- nine Id, in order to avoid the disagreeable meeting of two a's. But it is necessary to ob- serve, 1st. The article is placed in Spanish before nouns taken in a universal sense, even before proper names of re- gions, countries, rivers, winds and mountains, and should be repeated before each noun.
Ndpoles y Corfi'i son Jmos paises mutj favorecidos de la nahiraleza, Naples and Corfu are countries very much favoured by na- ture; 2d. La urbaniddd de la Frdncia, el interes de la Inglaterra, la fertiliddd de la Italia, the politeness of France, the interest ; of England, the fertility of Italy. The article is always placed before the names of certain distant countries ; as, llego del Japon, de la China, del Peru, I arrive from Japan, from China, from Peru. When the names of kingdoms and provinces are preceded in English by a verb expressing the idea of coming, returning, going, coming back, sending and sending back, the preposition a is used in Spanish, corresponding to the English to Ex.
Estd en Paris, he is at Paris; nacio en Roma, he was born in Rome; estare en cdsa, I shall be in the house, or at home. We must then say: When we speak of, or to a person in high sta- tion, or to whom we owe respect, we use in Spanish these words; senor don, seTwra or senorita dona, which must al-!
El senor don Pedro B. My Lord Peter B. My Lady Mary A. It is necessary to remember that the words Don and Dona, are never employed before a surname or family name. We shall then say, El senor de Matalld- nas; la senora de Villa Torre; and not, el senor don de Matalldnas; la senora dona de Villa Torre. Mi setivra, mi senorita, are expressions which indicate more deference than fa senora, la senorita.
When one of the words, sir or mister, mistress or madam, my lord, my lady, senor, senora, are accompanied with a title, the article is placed before that word, and not before the title. The marshal, el senor mariscdl; the dutch- ess, la senora duquesa; the bishop, el senor obispo. But if we use mi senor, mi senora, the article is placed as in English. My lord the bishop, mi senor el obispo, mi senora la duquesa. The neuter article is placed only before adjec- tives used as substantives, and taken in an absolute indetermi- nate case; as, se dcbe prcferir lo idil a lo agraddble, one ought to prefer the useful to the agreeable.
Lo bueno es preferible a lo hermoso, the good is preferable to the beautiful. NOUNS are either substantive or adjective. The noun substantive expresses the name of a person or thing ; the noun aaje'clive expresses its quality. Un hombre dodo, a learn-" "ecfman; ima hermosa muger, a handsome woman; hombre and muger, man and woman, are substantives; docto and hermosa, learned and handsome, are adjectives. The substantive is either common, proper , or collective.
The substantive common is that which may be applied to several persons or several things; as, general, general; ciu 30 NOUNS. The substantive proper expresses a separate idea, a single person or thing; as, Neron, Paris, Londres; Nero, Paris, London. The substantive collective is that which, though in the singular, presents to the mind several persons or things, either as making one whole, or as making part of a whole.
The first is called collective general; as egtrcito, rebdno, Jloresta, army, flock, forest. We may then say, entrdron eh 'Londres una Iropa, una infi- niddd de ladrones ; but we cannot say: The gender originally denoted only the distinction of the sexes as male or female. The masculine designates man or the male. The feminine denotes woman or the female. Af- terwards, by extension, we have attributed the masculine or feminine gender to other nouns, though they had no relation to either sex: There are three genders in the Spanish language: This last has only a relation to vague and indeterminate things: Numbers serve to designate one or many objects.
There are two numbers, the singular and plural. The singular designates only one person or thing, as hombre, man; muger, woman; libro, book, pluma, pen. The plural designates many persons or things; as, los hombrcs, men; mugeres, women; libros, books; plumas, pens. The plural of nouns substantive and adjective is formed in Spanish in two different manners, according to the termina- tion of the singular.
The nouns are terminated either with a short voivel, that is, not accented; or with a long vowel, that is, accented; or lastly, with a consonant. When the noun is terminated with a short vowel, the plural is formed by adding an s to the singular; Ex. Maravcdi forms its plural in three ways. The nouns, both substantive and adjective, which terminate with a z in the singular, change z into c to form , their plural, with the addition of the letters es: Substantives masculine of a person, beginning with a consonant Singular.
Whenever a rational being, or personified thing is the object of this action of the active verb, the verb governs the noun in the com- pound as it is called accusative with the preposition 6. When on the contrary the object of the action of the active verb is a noun that expresses an inanimate thing, the verb governs it in the accusative without any preposition. See Rule LVI, page , which refers to this observation. Substantive feminine of a person, beginning with a consonant: Substantives feminine of a person , beginning with an Singular.
Substantive masculine of a thing: They have neither vocative case nor plural number, and are declined with the neuter article. The neuter article is not placed indifferently be- fore all adjectives employed as substantives, but only as we have said in rule vi, p. But in the following phrases, el mdlo sera castigddo, the wicked shall be punished; el azul de este pdho es miiy subido, the blue of this cloth is very lively; one cannot make use of the neuter article, because the nouns sub- stantive that are implied are sufficiently determinate ; in truth, it is evident that hombre is understood before malo, and color before azul, and in these cases the article takes the gender of the substantive to which it relates.
The proper names of men and women, of cities, towns, villages, months, 8tc. DC serves for the genitive and ablative, and a for the dative and for the accusa- tive before proper names of men and women, and personified objects when governed by an active verb. G de Antonio , of Jlntony. Nouns taken in a partitive sense, often expressed in En- glish by some, any, are always without an article in Spanish. Whenever the noun, taken in a partitive sense, expresses an object vaguely and in an indeterminate sense, it does not take in Spanish a preposition nor an article.
Dome pan, give me bread; coino cdrne, I eat meat; com- prare manzdnas, I shall purchase apples; bebo vino, I drink wine ; vendo sidra, I sell cider. When on the contrary the noun is taken in a determinate sense, it must be preceded by the genitive of the masculine or feminine article, singular or plural, according to the gender and number to which it belongs, or simply by the preposition de, if it does not admit the article.
Dame del pan que has comprddo, give me of the bread that thou hast purchased; ddme de tu pan, give me of tlyr bread. If the noun taken in a determinate sense is in the plural, and it should be wished to express only the idea of some, a few, this should then be expressed by unos, Unas, or algunos, algunas; according to the gender of the noun sub- stantive.
But if the quantity, instead of being limited by the sense of some, is absolutely undetermin- ed, then some is not expressed. Tcnemos amigos, we have friends. General observations upon the Genders. The names of kingdoms, cities, towns, and villages, general- ly take, says the Madrid Academy, the gender of the appel- lative nouns, expressed or understood, to which they refer. For instance, Toledo and Madrid are of the feminine gender, because the feminine appellative nouns ciuddd and villa, city and town, are understood, the first before Toledo, and the second before Madrid. Fuencarrdl is masculine, because the masculine word lugdr, village, is understood.
The names Cuba and Morea are of the feminine gender because the ap- pellative isla, island, is understood before the first, and the word peninsula, peninsula, before the last. However, the Academy adds, some of the names above mentioned, when they are not joined to the common noun belonging to them, follow the rule of their termination. All nouns ending in a, are feminine, except albacea, ex- ecutor; anagrdma, anagram; antipoda, antipodes; axioma, axiom; clima, climate; crisma, chrism; dia, day; dilema, dilemma; diploma, diploma; dogma, dogma; drama, drama; cpigrdma, epigram; Etna, Etna; fa, fa, note of music; idioma, idiom; lema, lemma; mand, manna; mdpa, map; poema, poem; problcma, problem; sintoma, symptom ; sistema, system; sofisma, sophism; tapaboca, slap given on the mouth; tcma, theme; tcorema, theorem] "and some others.
All those that terminate in o, are masculine, except mdno, hand; and ndo, vessel. Those that terminate in cion or tion, are of the feminine gender, as ciicstion, question; meditacion, meditation; accion, action; objecwn, objection, Stc. Tlaese words are the same in both languages, except that in Spanish the t, of the termi- nation ti-on, of the English word is changed into a c, when it has the sound of sh. The nouns that in Spanish terminate in tad or dad, termi- nations that correspond to that of the Latin iri tas, and to that of the English in tij, are of the feminine gender; as, humani- ddd, humanity; puriddd, purity; adversiddd, adversity.
As to the nouns that have other terminations, they are subject to so many exceptions, that it is impossible to establish in re- gard to them satisfactory rules. Ajbala, - cocJcet, passport. Arte, ar t. Cisma, schism Cutis, s kin Dote, dotes, - - - - dowry, endowments Emblema, emblem Hermafrodita, - - - hermaphrodite. Margen, - - margin, bank. Orden, - - - order. Tribu, ' - tribe. Tribu, tribe, though of both genders, generally takes the masculine.
Formation of the feminine of nouns adjective. In the Spanish language, as in almost all others, the adjec- tive agrees in gender and number with the substantive to which it relates. It is then necessary to know the manner in which the feminine is formed from the masculine. Of the formation of the plural, jye have given the rules, when speak- ing of the numbers. Those that terminate in the masculine, with any other letter, have generally but one termination for both genders.
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The following nouns, terminating in the singular, with a consonant, are excepted from the above rule, the fem- inine being formed by adding an a to the masculine. See in page , the table of names of countries, and national adjectives. The adjective is generally placed in Spanish after the substantive. However, the Spaniards, like the French, consult taste and harmony in its collocation. The adjective must always agree in gender and num- ber with the substantive that it qualifies. When an adjective relates to two singular substantives, it must be put in the plural.
The Spanish language abounds, like the Italian language, in diminutives and augmentatives. There are two kinds of diminutive nouns: From this rule should be excepted bueno, buena, the diminutive of which is bonito, bonitn, and which most often has only the meaning of pretty.
The augmentative nouns add to the positive the signification of the worHs Lig"'or 'targe, and are formed by adding on, co, ontizo, or ole for the masculine, and 6na, aza, or ondza, far the feminine, following the same rule as tlic diminutives in regard to the termination. The adjectives may qualify the objects either absolutely, that is, without any relation to other objects, or relatively, that is, with relation to other objects.
The positive is the adjective expressed without there being a comparison, as bueno, good; mdlo, bad. The comparative serves to establish between the objects that are compared a relation of superiority, inferiority or equality. The adjective is in the superlative when it expresses the quality either in a very high or in the highest degree ; which forms two kinds of superlatives, the one absolute, and the other relative. As a comparison may be made, not only by means of adjectives, but also by the aid of substantives, verbs and ad- verbs, we shall consider the comparatives in these four differ- ent cases.
The Spanish language participates in this part of the Grammar, with the Latin tongue, and difficulties would doubtless be found in it, should we content ourselves with merely treating of comparatives in relation to adjectives. The comparative of superiority is al- ways expressed by mas, more; and the quc following, by than. He is more learned tEan you, el es mas sdbio que vm.
He is less learned than his brother, or he is-noi so learned as his brother; el es me- nos docto que su hermdno, or el no es tan docto como su her- mdno. The comparative of equality is formed by ian-como.
Meaning of "trinchera" in the Spanish dictionary
You are ax pru- dent as your sisters, vm. The following nouns are comparatives from their nature: Of the comparative in relation to substantives, verbs, and adverbs. This comparative before the substantive, the adverb, and after the verb, is rendered by was-guej more- than, and admits no preposition after it. The foregoing rule perfectly agrees with the En- glish construction. More than, less than, followed by a noun of number, one, two, three, fyc. She has more than ten guineas, tiene mas: This comparative, considered in relation to substantives, may be expressed by less or fewer -than, or by so much or so many-as, preceded by the negative not.
Lcss-than is rendered by menos-que. Less prudence than, menos prudencia que; fewer friends than, menos ami- gos que, Sfc. Not so much or so many-as, is expressed by no-tunto,-a,-os,-as, como, according to the gender and num- ber of the noun to which, so much, so many relate. I have not so much money as you, no tengo tdnio dinero in. In relation to verbs; less-than is expressed by mfaos- que ; not-so much is expressed by no-lanlo, and us, by ciidh- lo or como.
I do not love him so much as I esteem him, no le quiero tdnto cudnto or como le estimo ; you study less than we, vm. In relation to adverbs; less-ihan is rendered by menos- cfue, and not-so or not-so-as by no-tan-como. They act less prudently than you, or they clo not act so prudently as you, obran menos prudentemente que vm. Before participles passive, so much-as; as much-as, are rendered by tan-como. He is hot so much esteemed as he, noes tan estimddo como el.
I am as much loved as she is, soy tan amddo como ella. The comparative of equality, consider- ed in relation to nouns substantive, is expressed by as much- as, as many-as, or by not less-lhan. Jls much, as many, is translated by tdnto, -a-os-as, according to the gender and num- jber of the substantive, and the following as by como. Not Icss-ilian is rendered by no menos-que. I am not less hungry than you, no lengo menos hdmbre que vm. In regard to verbs; as much as is expressed by tdnto cudnto or como. I punish him as much as he deserves, le castigo tdnto cudnto or como merece.
Not-less than is always translated by no-menos que. You do not eat less than his brother, vm. In relation to adverbs: He sings as well as you, cdnta tan bien como vm. Not-less-lhan is translated by no-menos-qne. I do not write less correctly than he, no escribo menos correctamente que el. There are twojdijds of superlatives, the one absolute and the other relative.
The first expresses a quality in the su- preme degree, but without comparison, and then the adjec- tive is preceded by wmi. Paris is a very beautiful city. Paris es una cluddd muy hcrmosa or hermosisima. Ex Prude til-emenie, prudently, priident-isimamente ; cdndid-amente, candidly, candid-isimamente. From the general rule of absolute superlatives must be excepted a few adjectives that cannot be subjected to it, as, bueno, good; bonisimo, very good; fuerte, strong; forlisimo, very strong.
All those that terminate in ble change that syllable into bilisimo, for the superlative. Jlmd-ble, amiable, ama-bilisimo ; of able, afa-bilisimo. The following nouns are superlatives in their nature; optima, pesimo, mdxi- mo, minimo, infuno, supremo, very good, very bad, very great, very small, very low, supreme.
Translation of «trinchera» into 25 languages
The superlative relative expresses a quality in the highest degree, by comparison with other objects, and it is formed in English by one of these articles or pronouns, the, of, or from the, to the; my, thy, his, her, its, our, your, their, followed by most, least, best, worst; and in Spanish by one of these; el, la, los, las; del, de la, de los or de las; al, a la, d los or a las; mi, tu, su, nuestro, vuestro, su, sus, followed by mas, menos, mejor, peor; and these articles and pronouns must agree in gender and number with the noun to which they relate.
The most pure and constant pleasures, los mas puros y coustdntes placeres. The adverb forms its superlative relative by lo mas, the most; lo menos, the least; both which must always precede it. Lo is here a neuter article. Lo mas sensible, the most sensible. Observations upon the Comparatives and Superlatives.
The comparatives govern the verb that fol- lows the que, than. He is more learned than he appears, el es mas dodo que parece, or de lo que parece. When the substantive, to which the adjec- tive in the superlative relative refers, is preceded by the defi- nite article and is immediately followed by the adjective, then the article is not repeated before mas nor the adjective.
He was prepared to deal the most terrible marks of his resentment, quedo en disposicion de nsdr de las demonstraciones mas terribles de su resentimiento Feijoo. El hombre que veo es el mas dodo, the man I see is the most learned. The superlative relative governs the verb that follows the que in the indicative. The most power- ful prince that has been, el principe mas poderoso que ha ha In do. If, however, the verb, in English, is in the potential, we put it indifferently in the second or third conditionals. The best that he could find, el mejor que halldsc or halldra.
And if it is in the future, we put it in the future conjunc- tive, or in the present of the subjunctive. The least that I can or shall be able, lo menos que pueda or pudiere. Most and least joined to a verb are ren- dered by mas and menos. He is the man that I most love, el es el hombre que mas quiero. This is the woman that I least esteem, esta es la muger que menos cstimo. The more-the more, that is, the more repeated in different members of a sentence, the second being as a consequence of the first, are expressed by cudnto mas- tdnto mas.
The more virtuous man is, the more happy he is, cudnto mas virtuoso es el hombre, tdnto mas esfeliz. The h'ss-the less; the more-the less; the less-the more arc expressed by cudnto menos-tdnto menos ; cudnto mas-tdnto cudnto menos-tdnto mas. So much the more than, so much the less than, are trans- lated by tdnto mas que, tdnto menos que. Adjectives of number are words that serve for enumera- tion. We call them adjectives because their office is to mod- ify, and because every noun that modifies is an adjective.
They are distinguished into two kinds, the cardinals and ordinals. The cardinals serve to designate absolutely and simply the various numbers; the ordinals mark the order of persons or things in relation to the numbers. The cardinal numbers are; uiio, una, - dos, - tres, - cuatro, - cinco, - seis, - siete, - ocho, - nueve, - dtfz, - - - once, - doce, trece, catorce, - quince, - diez y seis, diez y siete, diez y ocho, diez y nueve, veinte, - veinte y uno, veinte y dos, veinte y tres, veinte y cuatro, - veinte y cinco, - veinte y seis, veinte y siete, veinte y ocho, - one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, 46 NOUNS.
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This last number is not an adjective, it belongs to the class of substantives. The collective numbers serve to denote determinate quan- tities, as, a dozen, una docena; half a dozen, una media docena; a hundred of, una centena; a thousandth, un millar; a million, un millon or cuento.
The distributive serve to denote the different parts of a whole; as, the half, la mitad; the third, el tercio; a. All the cardinal numbers are indeclinable, except uno, one, and the compounds of ciento ; for, we say uno, una, doscientos, doscientas, See.
Tfie ordinals form their feminine by changing o into a, as adjectives. Ex Un hombre, one man; el primer hombre, the first man, fyc. However, tercero does not always lose it; for we say, el tercer dia or el tercero dia; and both manners of speaking are admitted by the Academy. Ciento, hundred, loses the last syllable in the singular before a substantive.
Cien hombres, a hundred men; cicn mugeres, a hundred women. Grande, great, large, loses the last syllable before a substantive masculine which begins with a consonant, when- ever it signifies great in merit, in qualities; but if it only has the signification of large in extent, in dimensions, or if the sub- stantive that follows it begins with a vowel or an h, it loses none of its letters. We therefore say, una gran muger, a great woman; un gran cabdllo, a noble horse, if to these words great, noble, we attach the idea of great in merit, in qualities; but we must say, una grdnde cdsa, a large house; un grdnde amigo, a great friend; un grdnde almirdnte, a great admiral; una grdnde hormiga, a large ant.
Sdnto, saint, loses only the last syllable before a proper name masculine, but not before the feminine. It is not necessary, in order that this suppres- sion of letters should take place, that the adjective be imme- diately followed by the substantive ; for, if we must say un hombre, un libro, we must also say, un hdbil hombre, un NOUNS. If the substantive is not expressed, the adjective that relates to it, does not then lose any letter. In the first example, the substantive honibre is understood after uno, and in the second the word senor; thus we cannot say un 6 dos Iwmbres, un de esos senores.
Whenever the word ciento takes after it anoth- er number, it preserves all its letters: In speaking of sovereigns, and in quotations, we generally make use of ordinal numbers as in English, but the article the is not expressed in Spanish. When in English the cardinal numbers are followed by o'clock, hora, and one wishes to tell or ask the hour of the day, then the cardinal number must be preceded by the article la before una, hora is understood, and las be- fore the other numbers, horas being implied, and the expres- sion o'clock is suppressed; and if the verb to strike, expres- sed in English, is translated into Spanish, it is rendered by dar.
What o'clock is it? Twelve o'clock at noon is translated by las doce, las doce del dia, or media dia ; and midnight by las doce de la noche, or media noche. In the following examples and others like them, afternoon is translated, by de la tdrde, and in the evening by de la nadir. At five o'clock in the afternoon, d las cinco de la tdrde; at eight o'clock, at ten o'clock in the evening, d las ocho, d las diez de la noche; at six o'clock in the morn- ing, d la seis de la mandna; at four o'clock in the morning, a las cudlro de la mandna.
It is one o'clock, es laima; it was two o'clock, eran las dos; it is half after three, son las tres y me- dia; it wants a quarter of four, son las cudtro menos cudrto. In speaking of the days of the month, if we ex- press the word dia, day, it must be preceded by the article, and followed by the ordinal or cardinal number, but most commonly by the cardinal. The twelfth of January, el dia doce de Enero. If we suppress the word dia, tJTen we make use of the cardinal number, preceded by the preposition a or en. We are at the twelfth of January, estdmos d or en doce de Enero.
We also say el primero, el segundo, fyc. Madrid y Febrero 20 de f Cambrigia, 20 de Julio de They are divided into personal, possessive, demon- strative, relative, interrogative, and indefinite. Pronouns personal denote persons, or hold the place of persons or personified things. Such, for the first person of the singular, are yo, me, mi, I, me; and, for that of the plu- ral, nos, nosotros, nosotras, we, us. For the second person sing, tii, te, ti, thou, thee; Plur. For the third person. JLe, is of both genders when it is in the dative, and of the masculine only, when in the accusative.
In English oneself cannot relate but to the singular; si in Spanish may be employed with both numbers without vary- ing its termination. It is called reflective, because it denotes the relation of a person or thing to him, to her, or itself. Among personal pronouns some are used only of persons, and others are used alike of persons and things.
Those of the first person are only applied to persons or personified things; those of the third are indifferently used of persons and things.
Synonyms and antonyms of trinchera in the Spanish dictionary of synonyms
Pronouns may be nominatives, and of the direct or indirect regimen. They are nominatives when they are the subjects of the proposition. In this phrase, yo hdblo, I speak; yo, I, is a pronoun nominative, because it is the subject of the propo- sition. A pronoun is a direct regimen, when it is the object of the action expressed by the verb ; and it is an indirect regimen when it is the end of the action expressed by the verb. In these phrases, Dios le castigard, God will punish him; mi padre te dard sit opinion, my father will give thee his opin- ion; le is the direct regimen, because it is the object of the punishment expressed by the verb castigard; and te put for a it is the indirect regimen, because, instead of being the object of the action expressed by the verb dard, it is the end of it; the object is the thing given, that is, his opinion, and the end is the person to whom the opinion is to be given, that is, to thee.
Declension of personal pronouns. Singular of both genders.
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Ab de mi, - from me. Nos is only used by the King, Dignitaries, and Superior Officers and Tribunals in church and state, in their official capacity. However, masters use it in speaking to their domestics; man and wife; parents in speaking to their children, brothers to brothers, lovers to lovers, and friends to their friends ; but except in these cases, it is not used in good company, and we make use for both genders of listed for the singular, and of ustede s for the plural, putting the following verb in the third person.
Sir, are you well 1 scfior estd vm. In conversation we pronounce usted and usltdes, but we write vm. O3 Plura Ife minine. Su merced estd bueno; sus merci'des estdn buenos, you are well. See the note, page As it is easy to confound, in the use of these pronouns, those of the dative with those of the accusative, and as the Spaniards themselves confound them frequently, we have thought the following observations necessary. See the difference of these two regimens, p. But, if it is the indirect regimen, as in the following phrases, he.
Ellos hdblan de si mismos, they speak of themselves; ellas se condenan a si mismas, they condemn themselves. Se, one, we, they, people, is often used as a nominative tolEe verb. Se piensa, people think, or ren- dered by the passive voice; as, it is thought; Se dice, people say, or it is said. JYb quie- ro ddrlo, I will not give it; ddlo, give it; ddndolo, in giv- ing it. In all other cases, the general rule requires that they be placed before the verb.