Phaedra destroyed Hip- polytus by loving him, Clytemnestra Agamemnon because she loved him not. O women, women, that stay at nothing! If they love, they kill: Agamemnon was fated to be murdered — Agamemnon whose beauty was described to be as of heaven. And all these are the accusations which can be brought against fair women, where the ill-fortune of having to do with them is moderated, for beauty is some consolation in distress, and a certain amount of good luck amid the bad ; but if the woman is not mela.
To avenge themselves, the women served to him a cannibal feast of his own son Itys. The story is given at length in V. Proteus was Potiphar, Bellerophon Joseph. Candaules, king of Lydia, was so infatuated with the beauty of his wife, that he must needs shew her naked to his friend Clyges: No one could tolerate such a thing — least of all a youth as fair as you. I pray you, Charicles, by all that you hold holy, do not allow yourself to become a slave, do not throw away untimely the flower of your youth ; in addition to all its other disadvantages marriage has this, that it does away with the bloom of vigour and beauty.
Do not wither yet, Charicles, I implore you ; do not hand over a lovely rose to be plucked by an ill-favoured rustic clown. A great deal can happen even in a single night ; and we must think over all this at our leisure. Now, at any rate, I am going riding.
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I have never made use of your present since you gave me that splendid horse ; the exercise will lighten the grief on my mind. I related to Clinias my whole story — how it came about, my feelings, how I first saw her, the arrival, the dinner, the great beauty of the maiden. At last I felt that I was talking in a very unseemly way, and burst out: No one has ever been in such misery as I am ; my grief lives always with me. I prefer however to adopt Knox's suggestion of inserting trap' before oKiyov.
Some lovers have to be content with a mere look at their sweetheart, so well guarded is she, and to think themselves very lucky if they can obtain this pleasure of the eye ; others are more fortunate, if they can but get a word with her: You do not know what it is to be able to see the one you love ; it is a greater pleasure than further favours. But I prophesy to you that you will soon obtain all you desire. There is no more ready road to over- coming the resistance of the beloved than constantly to be in her presence ; the eye is the go-between of affection, and the habit of being regularly in one another's society is a quick and successful way to full favour.
Wild beasts can be tamed by habit, as they become used to their masters ; how much more easily can a woman's heart be softened by the same means! And then the fact that her lover is of the same age as herself is a powerful impulse to a maiden. One only piece of advice then I have to give you: Indicate to me at any rate how to begin ; you were initiated before me into the mysteries of the god and are better ac- quainted with the course required to become an adept.
How am I to win the object of my passion? I have no idea of the way to proceed. Love is a self- instructed expert. He is like the new-born babe which needs no teaching from anybody where to look for its nourishment ; for that is an accomplishment which it learns of itself, knowing that its table is spread in its mother's breasts ; in the same way a young man for the first time big with love needs no instruction as to how to bring it to birth. For when you begin to feel the pangs and it is clear that the destined day is at hand, you cannot go wrong, even though it be your first labour, but you will find the way to bring forth and the god himself will deliver you.
However, you may as well listen to the ordinary maxims which are applicable at any time and need no fortunate occasion. In the first place, say nothing to the maiden of the actual fruition of love, but rather look for a means for your passion silently to be translated into action: She will blush, affect to regard your proposal with horror, and think that an insult is being offered to her ; even if she is desirous to afford you her favours, she is ashamed, for it seems to her that she is already yielding, when the pleasure she derives from your words seems to transform your tentative into reality.
If, however, you act upon the other tack, gradually moulding her to your wishes and gaining easy access to her, be as silent as in church, but approach her gently and kiss her: Do not in any case, if she remains obstinate, employ force ; she is not yet sufficiently softened: Nor is his object an unreasonable one: I am on the horns of a dilemma — Love and my father wait on opposite sides of me: How am I to decide the contest, when affection is at war with the promptings of nature? We were engaged in this kind of philosophi- cal discussion about Love, when one of Charicles' English. The servant went on: While he was wiping by the saddle, there was a sudden noise behind ; the horse was frightened, reared, and bolted wildly.
He took the bit between his teeth, tossed up his head, shook his mane, and seemed to fly through the air spurred on by fear ; his hinder feet seemed to be trying to catch up his galloping fore-quarters, increasing the speed of his flight and spurring on his pace ; his body arched by reason of the contest between his feet, bounding up and down at each stride, the motion of his back was like a ship tossed in a storm.
Poor Chai'icles, thrown up and down rather as if by a wave than on a horse, bounded from the saddle like a ball, at one time slipping back on to the horse's quarters, at another hurled forward on to liis neck, while the tempest-like motion ever more and more overcame his efforts. He left the saddle, shot like a stone from a sling; his face was cut to pieces by the tree's branches and he was covered with as many wounds as there were sharp points on the boughs.
The horse, still more alarmed by the fall and finding his speed checked by the body dragging behind him, trampled upon the unhappy boy, kicking out at what he found to be a check upon his flight ; so that now no one who saw him could possibly recognize him as the Charicles they once knew. At this news Clinias was struck with utter silence for a considerable peiaed ; then, as if suddenly awaked from a swoon of grief, he cried out very pitifully and hurried to rifn to meet the corpse, while I followed him, affording him such poor comfort as I was able.
At that moment Charicles was brought in on a bier, a sight most pitiful and sad ; he appeared to be all one wound, so that none of the standers-by were able to refrain from tears. His father led the chorus of lamentation, greatly disordered and crying out: Tavra piev ovv outo? But with you even this has been destroyed by fate — so you are doubly dead to me, soul and body too ; even the very shadow of your likeness is gone — your soul is fled and I cannot find my Charicles in this corpse.
When, my child, shall the day of your wedlock be? When shall I jierform at your marriage the rites that religion demands, horseman and bridegroom — bridegroom that shall never wed, most unfoi'tunate of horsemen?
Le roman de Leucippé et Clitophon
Your bridal chamber is the grave ; your wedlock is with death ; the dirge your bridal song ; these wailings your marriage lays. A very different fire from this, my child, did I hope to kindle for you ; but cruel fate has extinguished both it and you, and lit up in its place the torches of a funeral.
A cruel illumina- tion this! The tapers of your marriage rite have become the flambeaux of a requiem. So wailed his father, and on the other side of the bodv Clinias was reproaching himself: Those holy lights, wherewith they guide Unto the bed the bashful bride, Served but as tapers, for to burn And light my reliques to their urn.
This epitapli, which here 3'ou see, Supplied the Epithalamy. Why did I give him such a gift as that? Why not rather a cup of gold for libations when he drank, to use and pride himself on my present?
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As it is, wretched fool that I was, I gave this fair lad a wild beast, and I decked out the cursed brute with martingales and frontlets, silver trappings and gold- embroidered reins ; yes, alas, Charicles, I furbished up your murderer with gold. Vile horse, the most savage of all beasts, wicked, thankless brute, sense- less of beauty, he was wiping away your sweat and promising you a fuller manger and praising your paces ; and you killed him as you were being flattered — you took no pleasure in the touch of that beautiful body, that fair horseman was no source of pride in you ; you entertained no feelings of affection for him, but dashed his beauty to the ground.
When the entombment was over, I hurried to my sweetheart, who was in the garden of our house. This garden was a meadow, a very object of beauty to the eyes ; round it ran a wall of sufficient height, and each of the four sides of the wall formed a portico standing on pillars, within wliich was a close plantation of trees. On either side of each tree grew vines, creeping upon reed supports, with luxuriant foliage ; these, now in full fruitage, hung from the joints of the reeds, and formed as it were the ringlets of the tree. The leaves higher up were in gentle motion, and the rays of the sun penetrating them as the wind moved them gave the effect of a pale, mottled shadow on the ground.
In the midst of all these flowers bubbled up a spring, the waters of which were confined in a square Artificial basin ; the water served as a mirror for the flowers, giving the impression of a double gi'ove, one real and the other a reflexion. Birds there were too: Kar avT-liv, which is omitted by Hercher as a gloss. But it is a simpler correction to read KardvTtjv, in the sense of KaravTiov, opposite, and not of Karavra, down-hill. Now my sweetheart happened to be walking with Clio and had stopped opposite the peacock, who chanced at that moment to be making a display of all his finery and shewing off his tail to its best advantage.
Do you not see her and as I spoke I pointed to the hen near that plane tree? It is for her that he is shewing his beauties, his train which is a garden in itself — a garden which contains inore beautiful flowers than a natural garden, for there is gold in the plumage, with an outer circle of purple running mela was changed into a nightingale, Procne into a swallow, Tereus into an owl, and Itys, miraculously revived, into a plieasant.
Satyrus and Clio are rather inartistically introduced without further description. Satyrus was a male slave of the liouseliold, Clio Leucippe's chambermaid: May this not be the kiss of the loving stone and the beloved metal? As for plants, the children of wisdom have a tale to tell, one that I should deem a fable were it not that it was borne out by countrymen ; and this it is.
Plants, they say, fall in love with one another, and the palm is particularly susceptible to the passion: The gardener realises what is the cause of the tree's grief, goes to some slight eminence in the ground, and observes in which direction it is drooping for it always inclines towards the object of its passion ; and when he has discovered this, he is soon able to heal its disease: But there is some pro- 52 BOOK I, tree's spirit, ;uul the trunk, which seemed on the point of death, revives and gains new vigour in joy at the embrace of the beloved: Among reptiles, there is an even more extraordi- nary mystery of love, because it is not merely the affection of two individuals of the same race towards one another, but that of a member of one species for a member of another.
The viper, which is a land snake, has a burning passion for the lamprey, a snake of the sea, which has the outward appear- azice indeed of a snake, but is essentially a fish ; so when these wish to join together in matrimony, the viper goes dowti to the shore and hisses seaward, as a signal to the lamprey, Avho recognizes it as the agreed sign, and comes out of the water. However, she does not go straight to the bridegroom, knowing bable reason to be rendered liereof, because the river Alpheus passeth from Olympus under the very bottom of the sea into that Island of Sicily where Syracuse standeth, and so cometh to the foresaid fountain.
However, I leave the MSS. They are totally inconsistent with the opening words of Book II.
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After the lover has been able to vomit forth that which has so greatly frightened his bride, and she has seen the death spat out on the ground, she comes down from the rock to the mainland and embraces her lover, and is no longer in terror of his kisses. While recounting all these stories, I kept at the same time glancing at the maiden, to see how she felt while hearing all this talk of love ; and there Avere some indications that she was not listening without pleasure.
The gleaming beauty of the peacock seemed to me nothing in comparison with Leucippe's lovely face ; indeed, her beauty was rival of the flowers of the meadow. Her skin was bright with the hue of the narcissus, roses sprang from her cheeks, the dark gleam of her eyes shone like the violet, the ringlets of her hair curled more tightly than the ivy — Leucippe's whole appearance was that of a flowery meadow. She soon turned and left the garden, as the time for her harp-playing claimed her: So Satyrus and I were then equally well satisfied with ourselves — I for the learned subjects I had been able to discuss, and he because he had given me my startiny-cue.
Neglecting the modulations of the music, one might describe thus the bare theme of the composition: Hardly had she ended when the time of dinner was again at hand. Both forms seem to be found. The whole passage is difficult and probably corrupt. It is variously derived from a district in Thrace or as a generic term for wine in Crete. There was a certain shepherd noted for his hospitality, just as the Athenians describe Icarus, from whom this Tyrian story derives its origin, so that it almost seems an Attic tale.
Dionysus once paid a visit to this herdsman, who set before him the produce of the earth and the result of the strength of his oxen: Dionysus thanked the herdsman for his kindly cheer, and pledged him in a friendly cup ; but his drink was wine. The herdsman, drinking of it, danced for joy, and said to the god: Wherever did you find blood so sweet?
Cultivating this, and manufacturing wine from the grapes, he wished to impart the new gift to men: I have adopted a fair number of unimportant corrections from it, and two which are great improvements: My father, wishing to celebrate it with splendour, had set out all that was necessary for the dinner in a rich and costly fashion ; but especially a precious cup to be used for libations to the god, one only second to the famous goblet - of Glaucus of Chios. The material of it was wrought rock-crystal ; vines crowned its rim, seeming to grow from the cup itself, their clusters drooped down in every direction: As we drank deeper, I began to look more boldly and with less shame at my sweetheart: She too became more hardy, and scrutinized me more curiously.
In this state of affairs ten days passed, but we made no other progress nor ventured further than this duel of eyes. I imparted the whole story to Satyrus and asked for his assistance: I hope little by little to be able to wheedle her and make her so favourably disposed to us that she will lend her assistance to the final effort. But as for you, you must not be content with making advances to her with glances of your eyes alone ; you must use a direct and outright form of speech.
Then bring forward your second line, touch her hand, squeeze a finger, and sigh as you squeeze ; if she allows you to do this and seems to approve, your next step is to call her your princess and to kiss her on the neck. With such a god as that within you, can you be backward and fearful? Be careful not to give him the lie. However, I will give you an opening: I will distract Clio directly I see the most favourable time for you to be alone and by yourself to have a private conversation with the maiden. This said, he left the room: Why are you so fearful a soldier of so brave a god?
Do you expect the maiden to make the first advances towai'd you? Wliy not love Avhere duty bids you? You have another in the house — a virgin, and fair: If you escape my bow, you cannot esca[ e my fire ; and if you can quench my fire by your self-control, I shall yet catch you with my wings. While I was thus arguing with myself, I un- expectedly found that I was standing in the maiden's presence, and at the sudden sight of her I turned pale and then blushed red: Do not call me by such a name.
Now it had happened on the day before that while the maiden was playing on her harp, Clio was sitting by her and I was walking about the room: Leucippe jumped up, laid down her harp, examined the wound, and did her best to comfort her, telling her not to complain ; for she could ease her of the pain by saying over it a couple of charms which she had learned of a gipsy against the stings of wasps and bees: Well, on this second occasion there happened to be some wasp or bee buzzing about and flying- round my face, so I adopted the idea, and putting my hand to my face, pretended that I had been stung and was in pain.
The maiden came over 1 Hercules had committed some crime ; opinions differ as to whether he had killed somebody or stolen a tripod from AjjoUo's shrine.
The first on was bracketed by Salniasius. At this she started back, crying: Are you saying a charm too? I think you must have a bee on your lips, so full of honey are you, and your kisses sting. I implore you to repeat your charm once more, and do not hurry over it and make the wound worse again.
Full text of "Achilles Tatius, with an English translation by S. Gaselee"
At that moment we saw her serving-maid approaching from a distance and sprang apart: Be to BeiTrvov 6 Sarypo? Jacobs' emendation avfKpfwi'-naas does not seem very satisfactory, and I have preferred to suggest o-vfx pcop7] Tas rather than the Tvj. It is of the fairest part of the whole body — the mouth, which is the instrument of the voice, and the voice is the reflection of the soul.
When lovers' lips meet and mingle together they send down a stream of pleasure beneath the breast and draw up the soul to the lips. When the time for dinner came, we drank with one another as before. Satyrus was serving the wine, and he devised a trick such as lovers enjoy. He exchanged our cups, giving mine to Leucippe and hers to me, after he had put in the wine and made the mixture: I had observed which part of the cup she had touched when drinking, and then set my own lips upon the same place wlien I drank myself, so that as my mouth touched the brim I seemed to be sending her a kiss bv proxy: Presently Satyrus once more stole away the cups and again exclianged them: This happened a third and a fourth time, and indeed for the rest of that evening we were thus pledging kisses to one another.
When the dinner was over Satyrus came up to me and said: Tho idea is a commonplace of Creelc and Latin literaLuie, from a famous epigram of T'lato's onward; and Tennyson's Fatima: I prefer this transposition to i-emoving it altogether, with Hercher. Your sweetheart's mother, as you know, is not in good health and is gone to rest alone: I will fall into conversation with Clio and lead her apart. I thus bided my time until the greater part of the sun's light was obscured, and then advanced to the attack, a bolder man since the success of my first onslaught, like a soldier that has already gained the victory and made light of war: I was even beginning to make further advances, when we suddenly heard a noise behind us, and in our anxiety jumped apart: While so engaged Satyrus met me with a smiling face: The Latin transhxtion of Annibale della Cioec published in before the appearance of the Greek text contains words whicli may l e rendered " and, a tiling that gave him even keener anguish, the bride and I disappeared from liis sight.
A few days later, my father began to push On the preparations for my marriage with more haste than he had originally intended, because he was being troubled by frequent dreams. He thought that he was conducting our marriage ceremonies, and had already lit the torches, when the fire was suddenly put out [and, what disturbed him even more deeply, both Calligone and I vanished]. This made him in the greater hurry to unite us, and preparations were made for the wedding to be on the following day. All the bridal ornaments had been bought for the maiden: Compare the account in ch.
A fisherman captured some of these ; he at first thought that he had obtained some fish, but when he saw that the shell was rough and hard, he was vexed with what he had caught, and threw it away as the mere offal of the sea. A dog found this windfall, and crunched it with its teeth ; the blood of the dye streamed all over the dog's mouth, staining its muzzle and indelibly imprinting the purple on its lips. He then realised the character of the shell, how it contained Avithin it a medicament of great beauty ; he took a fleece of wool and pressed it into the interior of the shell, trying to find out its secret; and the wool too appeared as though blood-stained, like the dog's muzzle ; thence he learned the appearance of the dye.
It may perhaps here be mentioned that the famous purple was prol ably more like our scarlet or crimson. It would be necessary in classical Greek, but its absence may perhaps be excused in a writer of so late a date as this. Jacobs saw to be a gloss. My father then began to perform the sacrifices which are the necessary prehminaries to a wedding ; and when I heard of this, I gave myself up for lost and began to look for some excuse to defer it, While I was thus engaged, a sudden tumult arose throughout the men's part of the house: My father was in the act of sacrificing, and had just placed the victims upon the altar, when an eagle swooped down from above and carried off the offering.
It was of no avail that those present tried to scare him away ; he flew off carrying away his prey. Now this seemed to bode no good, so that they postponed the wedding for that day: Nor was it long before the event followed the prodigy which had fore- shadowed it. There was a certain youth of Byzantium, named Callisthenes. His father and mother were dead; he was rich, but profligate and extravagant.
Before, then, the war broke out in which the Byzantines were engaged, he approached Sostratus, and asked him for his daughter's hand, but Sostratus refused it because he loathed Callisthenes' loose life.
Leucippe and Clitophon
This enraged him, not only because he considered himself slighted by Sostratus, but because he actually was in love: Meanwhile the war broke out and the maiden came to live with us, but his knowledge of these facts did not restrain him from his plotting. He was assisted by tlie following circumstance ; an oracle was current among the Byzantines to this effect: In the former case the rendering would hii " he secretly worked himself into a very bitter state of mind.
It is supposed to indicate that tliere were many foreigners in Tyre, such as Byzantines and Athenians, as well as the Tyrians of native stock. Where, to Hephaestus' joy, for evermore Consorts with him Athene, grey-eyed maid. It is a subject of contention to both land and sea, the sea striving for it in one direction, the land in the other ; but it partakes of both, for it is founded in the sea and is yet not dis- connected with the shore: There is there a sacred piece of ground walled in, where the olive grows witii its gleaming foliage, and there is ' A mistake of the writer: If Tvpios be retained, the words give the reason why Chaerephoii agreed with Sostratus in his interpretation: I myself have seen some of these miraculous sights: Then there is a river in Spain which does not seem at first sight different from any other river ; but if you wish to hear the water talking, open your ears and wait a little: This account seems to be taken, with some modifications, fioiii Herodotus iv.
He had also mentioned iii. So they smear with pitcli the end of a pole and thrust it down beneath the water: That is the manner of the gold fisheries in this Libyan stream. After thus speaking, Chaerephon gave his opinion in favour of sending the sacrifice to be performed at Tyre, and the city also agreed. They had gone out to see the sacrifice, which was indeed a very sumptuous affair: But in later Greek the vvord came to be used for any kind of ambassador. It so happened that at that time my mother - was in delicate health: King Rhesus, of Kiones tlie sou, Whose horses, very fair and great, did make a goodly show: These lines were also imitated by Virgil in the account of the horses which Orithyia gave to Pilumnus Aeu.
It is a question whetlier Achilles Tatius is a sutticiently correct writer thus to make him conform to the strict Attic standard. After giving these instructions, and after perform- ing the sacrifice for Avhich he had formed ] art of the embassy, he retired. He had a vessel of his own — he had made all these preparations at home, in case he should succeed in such an attempt: When he had arrived at Sarepta, a Tyrian village on the sea-board, he acquired a small boat and entrusted it to Zeno ; that was the name of the servant in Avhose charge he had placed the abduction — a fellow of a robust body and the nature of a brigand.
Zeno picked up with all speed some fishermen from that village who were really pirates as well, and with them sailed away for Tyre: Nothing of all this escaped Zeno's notice: Hardly had we arrived at the water's edge, when he hoisted the preconcerted signal ; the boat rapidly sailed toward the shore, and when it had come close, it was apparent that it contained ten youths.
They had already secretly posted eight others on land, dressed like women and with their faces closely shaved of all hair ; each was wearing under his gown a sword, and they too carried a sacrifice in order to avoid all suspicion: No sooner had we raised our pyre, when they suddenly gave a shout, ran all together upon us, and put out our torches ; and as we fled, all in disorder from the sudden surprise, they drew their swords, seized my sister, put her aboard the boat, quickly embarked themselves, and were off" like a bird.
Some of our party were flying, knowing and seeing nothing ; others did see, and cried out, " Calligone has been carried off" by brigands. When they began to approach Sarepta, Callisthenes observed their signal from a distance ; he sailed to meet them, put the girl on board his ship, and quickly sailed for the open sea. I felt a great relief at my wedding being thus all unexpectedly made impossible and yet at the same time I was of course nuich distressed at the way this great disaster had befallen my sister.
After a few days had elapsed, I said to Leu- cippe: Let us add to them something with real love in it. This was how her chamber lay: The two inner rooms opposite one another belonged to the maiden and her mother ; as for the two outer rooms nearer the entrance, the one next to Leucippe's was occupied by Clio, and the other was used as the steward's store. For such are kisses, which torment Rather than give my soule content: What though the lilly of your hand, Or corall lip I may command '!
TTJ kSpii, which iSalmasiiis saw to be a gloss. Satyrus obtained a duplicate set of these kejs and experi- mented with unlocking the door ; finding that this was practicable, he persuaded Clio, with the maiden's consent, to raise no objections to our plan. Such, then, were the arrangements we had made. I noticed that he seemed to be watching from a distance all that we were about ; and being particulai-ly suspicious that we were intending as was indeed the case to make some attempt by night, he would constantly sit up until very late, leaving open the doors of his room, so that it was a difficult business to escape him.
Satyrus, wishing to conciliate him, used often to joke with him, calling him the Conops or Gnat, and good-humouredly punned upon his name ; he saw through the device, and while he pretended to make jokes in return, he shewed in his humour his cross-grained and intractable nature. He noticed that his ears kept moving the whole time, and asked him: Why is it that your ear never keeps still even for a moment? If once it were to get into the channel through which I hear, it would be the death of me.
But you have of all beasts be most courageous stand in fear and awe of them, and will not abide the sight of them. What, in the first place, is your courage? You scratch with your claws and bite with your teeth: Then what about your size or your looks of which you are so proud. I fear it will make you laugh to hear all the catalogue of my valour: I am wholly an instrument of war ; I am ready for the fray at the sound of the trumpet, and my mouth being at once trumpet and weapon I am both bandsman and archer.
I am there and not there: I use my wings as cavalry use their hoi'ses to circle round the man I am attacking ; and I laugh at him when I see him dancing with the pain of my wounds. But what need of words? Let us begin the battle. The lion began to be furious, jumping round in every direction and making empty bites at the air: The lion turned towards the direction in which he was hurt, bending over to where he felt the blow of the wound, but the gnat adapted his body like a wrestler, avoided at the encounter the snap of the lion's teeth, and flew clean through the middle of his jaw as it closed, so that his teeth clashed idly against one another.
By this time the lion was tired out with fighting vainly against the air with his teeth, and stood quite worn out with his own passion, while the gnat hovered round his mane, chanting a song of victory: Now unable to escape, he began to cry in despair: I challenged the lion, while a paltry spider's web has caught me!
After letting a few days pass, he knowing that Conops was always the slave of his belly bought a drug of the nature of a strong sleeping-draught, and asked him to dinner. At first he suspected some trick and hesitated: Then Satyrus hurried to me and said: He left me, and I entered, Clio letting me in on tiptoe, trembling with the double emotion of joy and fear: But hardly had I entered the maiden's chamber, when a strange event befell her mother: Greatly frightened and disturbed, naturally enough, she jumped up and rushed to her daughter's chamber, which was quite close, when 1 had but just lain down: I, hearing the noise of the doors opening, leaped quickly up ; but she was already at the bed-side.
Then I understood the mischief, S] rang away, and ran through the door-way, where Satyrus was waiting for me, all trembling and disordered as I 1 A reference to the f. Panthea first of all fell down in a swoon: Ah, my poor Sostratus, you are fighting at Byzantium to protect other people's marriages, while at Tvre you have already been defeated and another has ravished your daughter's marriage.
Woe is me, I. I never thought to see your wedding in tliis wise: But now, wretched girl, you have lost your fame at the same time as your happiness. Even the visions of the night have beguiled me — tliis is truer than any dream: Tliis, showing that I had escaped, gave the maiden fresh courage. I was lying stricken witli fright, and I was too nmch afraid, even to cry out: Only one thing I know, that nobody has offended my virginity.
This resolved, we set about it at once. It was still deep night, and his porter made some difficulty about opening to us ; but Clinias, whose bedroom was upstairs, heard us talking to him and came running down in disorder: So all together Clinias heard our story from us, and we Clio's, how she had fled, and Clio our next intentions. We all therefore went indoors, related to Clinias all that had hap- pened, and told him that we had made up our mind to fly.
Then Clinias took me by the hand and led me away from Clio. Please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items. Your request to send this item has been completed. Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. The E-mail Address es field is required. Please enter recipient e-mail address es.
The E-mail Address es you entered is are not in a valid format. Please re-enter recipient e-mail address es. You may send this item to up to five recipients. The name field is required. Please enter your name. The E-mail message field is required. Please enter the message. The judgments seem more mixed today. The problem is this: Clitophon is an attack on Socrates, and Socrates just goes silent. There is no consensus at all at how this should be interpreted. Some have argued that Clitophon is a sort of prologue to the Republic. Others have argued that it is an attack on Antisthenes.
Others have argued that it is a fragment, an incomplete draft. And those are just the people who think it is Plato's. One reason to think the dialogue might be authentic is that Xenophon's Memorabilia 1. Clitophon is also mentioned in Aristophanes' The Frogs, in association with the Athenian general Theramenes, who had something of a reputation for being an opportunist in the constant fight between oligarchs and democrats, so he may have been regarded as a somewhat slippery supporter of oligarchy.
The Plot and The Thought Socrates opens the dialogue by somewhat stiffly remarking that he has heard that Clitophon, talking to Lysias, has been criticizing Socrates "while greatly praising the instruction of Thrasymachus" a. Clitophon says he has been misrepresented, since he both praised and criticized Socrates, and says that since Socrates is obviously passive-aggressively scolding him, he would be glad to tell him what he actually said. Socrates replies that he would be glad to hear his good and bad points, so that he could improve.
Clitophon begins his speech, and Socrates does not speak for the rest of the dialogue. Perhaps the most important part of Clitophon's speech is this, as far as interpretation goes: So, Socrates, finally I asked you yourself these questions and you told me that the aim of justice is to hurt one's enemies and help one's friends. But later it turned out that the just man never harms anyone, since everything he does is for the benefit of all.
Two are particularly worth noting. However, it is not the view of Plato's Socrates, always being proposed by someone else, and Socrates always leads this interlocutor around to question some aspect of it. In the Republic Socrates opposes it outright.