Clearly, no such camps have ever existed. There have been, however, a number of German Nazi concentration camps designed and operated fully by the German occupiers of Poland. This approach appears not only to be ineffective but also to suppress the freedom of historical debate and generally the freedom of speech by restricting the range of acceptable interpretations of historical events with a view, primarily, to eliminating those that present Poles as anything less than heroic, in particular as those who assisted Germans in committing Nazi crimes against Jewish people.
Linking the direct responsibility of Poland or Poles to concentration camps created by the Nazi regime as places were millions have perished at the hand of the German Nazi occupiers of Poland is not merely false but also unacceptable in any respect and under any circumstances. However, as rightfully noted by Tomasz T. Koncewicz in his chapter recently published ed.
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The amended Act on the Institute of National Remembrance , with its new article 55a, refers very broadly to the attribution, to the Polish people or to the Polish state, of responsibility for Nazi crimes, crimes against peace, against humanity and other crimes, for which the perpetrator might be imprisoned for up to three years. Attributing responsibility for very broadly defined crimes amounts not to historical facts, but to opinions. It must not be denied that Poles, such as shmaltsovniks, were complicit in Nazi crimes. On the other hand, attributing the role of individual people in such crimes to the Polish people not even all Polish people, but only a portion of them , does not amount to historical facts, but to opinions about facts.
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If the legislative changes become effective as enacted by the Polish Parliament, such opinions could provide too broad a basis for prison sentences for e. Holocaust survivors accusing Polish shmaltsovniks. The rules of freedom of expression clearly established by the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights also in the area of memory laws that individuals can be punished for false statements, lies or slander. Not for expressing different opinions, though.
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Now, the new legislation provides for very broadly conceived liability for any acts attributing responsibility to the Polish people. Does that mean that the responsibility for these crimes could extend to the Polish people? Some will say that it could, others that it could be attributed only to the individuals involved, not to the whole nation. Wie meinen Sie das? Auch Italien, Spanien, Portugal und Irland traf es extrem hart. Zu der Misere der Dreissigerjahre gibt es aber einen wichtigen Unterschied: Das Wohlstandsniveau war damals wesentlich tiefer, was Vergleiche erschwert.
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In Europa gibt es immer noch einige Probleme. Weshalb ist China exponiert? Auch gibt es in China keine echten Privatkonzerne, sodass die Regierung viel schneller eingreifen kann als im Westen. Kommt es in China zu finanziellen Schwierigkeiten oder nur schon zu einer Verlangsamung des Kreditwachstums, ist die Gefahr einer Krise daher gross. Das macht die Schulden gut tragbar. Die Frage ist dann, was mit einem Land wie Italien passiert, wenn es an dieser Expansion nicht teilhat.
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Parteichefin Auf wen kann sich Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer verlassen? Nahmen Ministerien Einfluss auf Ermittlungen? Europa hat keine moderne Asylpolitik gefunden.