Empirische Befunde zu Auswirkungen der G8-Schulzeitverkürzung
Sind Sie ein Job Crafter? Antecedents of self-estimates of intelligence: Interaction effects of the reference group and Neuroticism. The relationship between individual differences and job crafting.
Arnold Bakker, Erasmus University Rotterdam. A field experiment of the effect of subconscious achievement goals on academic performance. Does work engagement predict decision-making and performance on a daily basis? The effects of personality and perception of the goal setting process on job satisfaction and goal commitment. Individual differences and work motivation. What are people looking for? Personality traits and importance of work motivation factors. Personality and work motivation.
Poster presented at the 9. Zielvereinbarungen in der Praxis: Effekte der Wahrnehmung von Zielattributen sowie dispositionaler Faktoren auf die Zielbindung und Arbeitszufriedenheit. Paper presented at the 5. Poster presented at the 5. Self-estimates of personality and frame of reference. Why it is not always good for performance to be highly conscientious and emotional stable: The link between personality traits and work motivation.
On whom do we rely? Personality traits and nonresponse in an online survey. Linking personality to work motivation: The mediating role of goals for the effects of the Big Five on performance. Paper presented at the Hence, burnout in sports has fascinated and inspired researchers for the past 30 years. The reviews of Dale and Weinberg 10 and Goodger et al. The first investigation of burnout in coaches was done by Caccese and Mayerberg 8. Since then, most of the studies have been conducted on US College coaches 1.
- Criminally Insane: A Box Set: 3 Book Box Set: Bad Karma – Red Angel – Night Cage (The Criminally Insane Series);
- Burnout in Sport Coaches: A Review of Correlates, Measurement and Intervention?
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Generalizing these findings to European and especially German sport structures might be problematic because of the different sport systems 1 , 14 , At present, there are only four published studies focused on burnout in German coaches 2 , 4 , 5 , 48 and further six studies focused in the European context 13 , 17 , 22 , 32 , 34 , 39 over the last fifteen years. Coaches have to deal with several stressors. Olusoga and colleagues proclaimed conflicts, pressure and expectations, managing the competition environments, athlete concerns, coaching responsibilities to the athletes, consequences of sport status, competition preparations, organizational managements, sacrificing personal time, and isolation as the main stressors of a professional coach In addition, coaches have long, irregular working hours and undertake extensive travel 5 , This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of burnout research in coaches, factors contributing to burnout, diagnostic instruments, and approaches for interventions.
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Research on sports and especially on coaches has been mostly based on the widely accepted concept of burnout by Maslach and Jackson 4 , 5 , 8 , 18 , 35 , Key identified symptoms include emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment Emotional exhaustion is the central quality of burnout and the most obvious manifestation of this complex syndrome Moreover, it is the most widely reported and the most thoroughly analyzed aspect. Emotional exhaustion relates to the stress part of burnout and describes the exhaustion as a consequence of prolonged work-life stress.
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- Controles e autonomia (Portuguese Edition).
- The Night Is Young (And Youre So Beautiful)!
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- Mortelles connivences, t1 : La Banquière (Suspense Crime) (French Edition).
- Deutsches Sprache, schweres Sprache: Über die Probleme von Kindern und Jugendlichen im deutschen Bildungssystem - mit einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung (German Edition).
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- Burnout bei Trainern: Ein Review zu Einflussfaktoren, Diagnostik und Interventionen!
A second symptom, depersonalization, focuses on how the individual puts distance between oneself and others and produces a personal disconnection It can be viewed as an avoidance strategy to make demands more manageable A reduced personal accomplishment is accompanied by inefficacy. In work situations with very high demands resulting in exhaustion or cynicism depersonalization impedes a sense of accomplishment In recent years, there have been further advances of conceptual thinking towards burnout in coaches including a metamodel by Fletcher and Fletcher 11 and a bio-psychological perspective of stress and recovery by Kellmann The metamodel of Fletcher and Fletcher 11 is based on the assumption of an individual appraisal to external stressors.
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The external stressors lead to positive or negative reactions depending on process of perception, evaluation and coping 1. Furthermore, this specific process is influenced by situational and personal variables. The recovery-stress model of Kellmann 26 suggest that burnout is the eventual result of chronic exposure to stress and insufficient recovery. Consequently, in this case burnout is defined as a state of maximum need of recovery, whereas a balance of stress and recovery characterize an optimum state In this section individual and situational factors contributing to burnout will be discussed.
Older and more experienced coaches coped more efficiently with stress and had advantages in terms of self-regulation compared to their younger colleagues 13 , 40 , It seems that older coaches might be buffered by their experiences and developed coping strategies. However, these results warrant some caution. Kallus and colleagues 21 suggested that older coaches might have given up their job due to increased emotional exhaustion and accordingly did not participate in the investigations.
In addition, coaches who are experiencing burnout might not agree to participate in research for personal reasons. Job Experience Furthermore, a study with Lithuanian coaches examined the influence of job experience on burnout They compared two cohorts of coaches: Those with more and those with less than ten years of coaching experience. The results indicated higher values in the Maslach Burnout Inventory MBI; 35 for coaches who worked more than ten years in their jobs.
The authors trace the increased exhaustion scores back to duration and intensity of coaching.
An additional factor could be an increased failure during the season Gender Caccese and Mayerberg were one of the first researchers investigating the impact of sex differences on burnout 8. In their study with college coaches, they found that female coaches had higher scores in emotional exhaustion compared to their male colleagues. These results are supported by other studies with college coaches 24 , 25 , 40 , In contrast, no gender differences for coaches in relation to burnout have been found in European studies 4 , 13 , Therefore, female coaches in the North American college system might be faced with greater challenges compared to their European colleagues.
Further studies are necessary to examine potential contextual differences. They revealed that coaches of female teams reported higher scores of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization.
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The authors explained these findings by a lower level of institutional support and funding for female teams. Motivation Several researchers have investigated the influence of varying forms of motivation on burnout. The results showed that athletes with less intrinsic motivation suffered from higher burnout scores.
This finding was supported by Ryska who found that coaches emphasizing the pursuit of prestige e. One of the conclusions is that long lasting amotivation lead to burnout. Coaching Behavior and Personality In a study with female college softball and basketball teams the relationship of burnout, coaches behavior, and the effect on athletes were investigated Coaches with increased burnout values, a praised less in training and competition and b showed less empathy towards their athletes. Furthermore, the authors found a correlation between burnout and the leadership of a coach.
A Review of Correlates, Measurement and Intervention. Dtsch Z Sportmed
Hence, coaches with increased burnout scores tend to use an autocratic style of leadership. Whereas a study with soccer coaches of high school teams revealed that the coaches with increased burnout scores tended to make decisions within the team Both studies revealed an interaction between burnout and coach behavior; whereas, Harris and Ostrow could not find any connection between leadership and burnout These equivocal results suggest that further research is warranted to deepen and to clarify our understanding.
Another contributing factor in the development of burnout might be the personal trait profile of a coach. Tashman, Tenenbaum, and Eklund revealed a positive correlation between, maladaptive perfectionism and burnout However, the measure has been questioned. Altfeld and Kellmann criticize an insufficient item structure of the Perfectionism Inventory and advocate a specific measurement instrument for research with coaches 1 , This assumption was supported by a study of Altfeld and Kellmann with German coaches 4.
Furthermore, a perceived feeling of success was associated with a sense of well-being 5 ; whereas, feelings of dissatisfaction and entrapment were identified as risk factors of burnout 42 , 43 , Maslach and Jackson 35 found a relationship between the loss of meaning for people in the current job and the burnout dimension of reduced personal accomplishment. However, the finding was not supported by research on German coaches where no relationship was found 5.