Ice Age Earth: Late Quaternary Geology and Climate (Physical Environment)

Imprint London ; New York: Physical description xx, p. Series Routledge physical environment series.

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Earth Sciences Library Branner. Find it at other libraries via WorldCat Limited preview. Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index. Ocean Sediments and Ice Cores 3. Ice Age Palaeoclimates and Computer Simulations 4.

Ice Age Periglacial Environments 7. Lakes, Bogs and Mines 8. Ice Age Aeolian Activity Late Quaternary Volcanic Activity Today the geologists of different nations are taking more of an interest in Pleistocene glaciology. As a consequence, the number of names is expanding rapidly and will continue to expand.

Many of the advances and stadials remain unnamed. Also, the terrestrial evidence for some of them has been erased or obscured by larger ones, but evidence remains from the study of cyclical climate changes. The glacials in the following tables show historical usages, are a simplification of a much more complex cycle of variation in climate and terrain, and are generally no longer used. These names have been abandoned in favor of numeric data because many of the correlations were found to be either inexact or incorrect and more than four major glacials have been recognized since the historical terminology was established.

Corresponding to the terms glacial and interglacial, the terms pluvial and interpluvial are in use Latin: A pluvial is a warmer period of increased rainfall; an interpluvial, of decreased rainfall. Formerly a pluvial was thought to correspond to a glacial in regions not iced, and in some cases it does. Rainfall is cyclical also. Pluvials and interpluvials are widespread.

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There is no systematic correspondence of pluvials to glacials, however. Moreover, regional pluvials do not correspond to each other globally. For example, some have used the term "Riss pluvial" in Egyptian contexts. Any coincidence is an accident of regional factors. Only a few of the names for pluvials in restricted regions have been stratigraphically defined. The sum of transient factors acting at the Earth's surface is cyclical: The waveform response comes from the underlying cyclical motions of the planet, which eventually drag all the transients into harmony with them.

The repeated glaciations of the Pleistocene were caused by the same factors. Glaciation in the Pleistocene was a series of glacials and interglacials, stadials and interstadials, mirroring periodic changes in climate. The main factor at work in climate cycling is now believed to be Milankovitch cycles. These are periodic variations in regional and planetary solar radiation reaching the Earth caused by several repeating changes in the Earth's motion. Milankovitch cycles cannot be the sole factor responsible for the variations in climate since they explain neither the long term cooling trend over the Plio-Pleistocene, nor the millennial variations in the Greenland Ice Cores.

Milankovitch pacing seems to best explain glaciation events with periodicity of ,, 40,, and 20, years.

Such a pattern seems to fit the information on climate change found in oxygen isotope cores. In oxygen isotope ratio analysis, variations in the ratio of 18 O to 16 O two isotopes of oxygen by mass measured by a mass spectrometer present in the calcite of oceanic core samples is used as a diagnostic of ancient ocean temperature change and therefore of climate change. Cold oceans are richer in 18 O , which is included in the tests of the microorganisms foraminifera contributing the calcite.

A more recent version of the sampling process makes use of modern glacial ice cores. Although less rich in 18 O than sea water, the snow that fell on the glacier year by year nevertheless contained 18 O and 16 O in a ratio that depended on the mean annual temperature. Temperature and climate change are cyclical when plotted on a graph of temperature versus time.

Temperature coordinates are given in the form of a deviation from today's annual mean temperature, taken as zero. This sort of graph is based on another of isotope ratio versus time.

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Ratios are converted to a percentage difference from the ratio found in standard mean ocean water SMOW. The graph in either form appears as a waveform with overtones. One half of a period is a Marine isotopic stage MIS. It indicates a glacial below zero or an interglacial above zero.

Overtones are stadials or interstadials. According to this evidence, Earth experienced MIS stages beginning at about 2. Early Pleistocene stages were shallow and frequent. The latest were the most intense and most widely spaced. By convention, stages are numbered from the Holocene, which is MIS1. Glacials receive an even number; interglacials, odd. The largest glacials were 2, 6, 12, and 16; the warmest interglacials, 1, 5, 9 and For matching of MIS numbers to named stages, see under the articles for those names. Both marine and continental faunas were essentially modern but with many more large land mammals such as Mammoths , Mastodons , Diprotodon , Smilodon , tiger , lion , Aurochs , Short-faced bear , giant sloths , Gigantopithecus and others.

Isolated places such as Australia , Madagascar , New Zealand and islands in the Pacific saw the evolution of large birds and even reptiles such as the Elephant bird , moa , Haast's eagle , Quinkana , Megalania and Meiolania. The severe climatic changes during the ice age had major impacts on the fauna and flora. With each advance of the ice, large areas of the continents became totally depopulated, and plants and animals retreating southwards in front of the advancing glacier faced tremendous stress.

The most severe stress resulted from drastic climatic changes, reduced living space, and curtailed food supply. A major extinction event of large mammals megafauna , which included mammoths , mastodons , saber-toothed cats , glyptodons , the woolly rhinoceros , various giraffids , such as the Sivatherium ; ground sloths , Irish elk , cave bears , Gomphothere , dire wolves , and short-faced bears , began late in the Pleistocene and continued into the Holocene. Neanderthals also became extinct during this period. Scanning electton mictogtaph of Vedde ash gtains of Younget Dtyas age.

Raised shoteline staitcases of eatly Holocene age. Sttatigtaphically supetimposed ice wedge casts of Late Quatetnaty age. Shotelines of Lake Bonneville. Lacusttine sediments of Lake Lahontan. Patallel toads of Glen Roy.

Ice Age Earth: Late Quaternary Geology and Climate | NHBS Academic & Professional Books

Faultdisplaced palaeosols developed on aitfall pumice layets. Raised tock platfotm in quattzite. Late Quaternary Geology and Climate A. Billingen, within the Middle Swedish endmoraine zone.