List of museums in Monaco. Rail transport in Monaco. Foreign relations of Monaco. Geography portal Europe portal Mediterranean portal. Part of the EU Customs territory, administered as part of France. Administered as a part of France for taxation purposes. Retrieved 29 October The territory of the Principality forms a single commune.
Archived from the original on 22 July Retrieved 22 May Retrieved 18 July Archived from the original on 15 November Retrieved 15 November Retrieved 7 June Retrieved 3 August United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved 8 October Retrieved 28 May The Grimaldi family was not able to permanently secure their holding until when they purchased Monaco, along with two neighbouring villages, Menton and Roquebrune.
The Grimaldis of Monaco: The Birth of a Legend". Retrieved 23 August Archived from the original on 29 June Retrieved 29 June Archived from the original on 16 January Archived from the original on 3 June Archived from the original on 27 May Retrieved 22 March Retrieved 31 August Archived from the original on 4 September Retrieved 8 August Archived from the original on 10 June La Mairie de Monaco. Archived from the original on 15 May Retrieved 15 April Archived from the original on 24 December Archived from the original on 11 October Archived from the original on 30 May Retrieved 12 March Retrieved 6 September Archived from the original on 23 April Archived from the original on 6 December Retrieved 11 September Monaco Statistics — Principality of Monaco.
Archived from the original on 20 June Archived from the original on 13 August Retrieved 7 August Archived from the original on 21 August Monte Carlo Daily Photo. Statistiques — et records in French. Archived from the original PDF on 27 February Retrieved 26 February Archived from the original on 2 March Retrieved 2 March Retrieved 15 March We want more for Monaco".
Monaco - Wikipedia
The tax haven where the jewels are real and the orgasms are fake". Retrieved 6 March The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 March Your source for Global Business Knowledge". Archived from the original on 11 July Retrieved 28 April Archived from the original on 14 November Retrieved 27 April Retrieved 7 December Frommer's Provence and the Riviera Fifth.
Archived PDF from the original on 26 July Retrieved 23 May Retrieved 28 August Retrieved 11 May Archived from the original on 24 February Government of the Principality of Monaco. Archived from the original PDF on 14 June Retrieved 7 October Retrieved 4 July Archived from the original on 3 March Archived from the original on 9 November Archived from the original on 10 August Archived from the original on 5 June Archived from the original on 4 June Archived from the original on 17 May Retrieved 25 May Archived from the original on 11 May Retrieved 15 February Retrieved 19 April Retrieved 2 July Retrieved 18 June Archived from the original on 11 November Retrieved 9 September Retrieved 18 March Retrieved 30 March Official Journal of the European Union.
Archived from the original on 8 June Retrieved 12 September Archived from the original PDF on 4 May Monaco was under Spanish protection from to , under French protection from to , annexed to France in , and under Sardinian protection from to The districts of Menton and Roquebrune long part of Monaco were incorporated into Sardinia, which in turn ceded them to France in Monaco again came under French protection in In the late s income from gambling by very wealthy visitors became Monaco's primary source of revenue.
Until , when the first constitution was promulgated, the prince was an absolute ruler. In , Rainier married Grace Kelly —82 , an American motion-picture actress, and a male heir, Albert, was born in Rainier worked to diversify Monaco's economy and make Monaco attractive to middle-class tourists. In serious economic disagreements arose between France and Monaco, and new fiscal agreements severely curtailed the right of French citizens to use Monaco as a tax haven. The Monaco government also came into conflict with Aristotle Onassis , who owned majority interests in most businesses there; Monaco purchased his interests in Relations with France again became acrimonious in when Monaco was accused of being a center for money-laundering and France threatened to force the principality to tighten the regulation of its banks.
Rainier died in and was succeeded as ruler by his son, Albert II. An enclave lying entirely within the French department of Alpes-Mari-times, Monaco is the world's second-smallest country; only the Vatican is smaller. The entire principality occupies about three times the area of the Mall in Washington, D. The summer heat is comfortable because of the cooling breezes from the bordering Mediterranean Sea.
Sea breezes moderate the summer heat. Monaco has a sunny climate, with only about sixty days of rain per year. On average, the sun shines for seven hours a day. Rainfall averages about 77 centimeters 30 inches per year.
There is little geographic variation in this tiny country, but it is often divided into four regions based on economic activities: Monte Carlo is the northern entertainment district, site of the famous casino. La Condamine is the business district on the western side of the country's central bay. South of the bay, Monaco-Ville, the historic old city and site of the principality's lavish palace, is situated on a rocky projection about 60 meters feet above sea level.
Fontvieille to the southwest is an industrial and port area that was developed on reclaimed land.
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The Mediterranean Sea lies to the east and south of Monaco. Monaco's coastline contains several cliffs as well as the Monte Carlo and Larvotto beaches in Monte Carlo. The Port of Monaco is located off the central coast, and the Port of Fontvieille is in the south; the two ports are separated by the small peninsula on which Monaco-Ville is located.
Monaco's terrain includes rugged cliffs overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. The surrounding French countryside is mountainous. The Port of Fontvieille is built on land that was reclaimed from the sea between and The project enlarged the principality by 22 hectares 54 acres and involved moving 7. The reclaimed land supports not only the port itself but also an industrial zone and retail and tourist facilities. The Grimaldis of Monaco. When infighting forced the Grimaldi family to leave the Holy Roman Empire in the late thirteenth century, they fled to a tiny patch of land along the French Mediterranean coast called Monaco.
Francois Grimaldi became the first monarch, and his descendants have ruled the country ever since. Now a constitutional monarchy, the government is headed by a Minister of State, who presides over a unicameral, seat National Council. The official language is French, but English and Italian are also widely spoken. Approximately 35, people live within the country's single square mile. The famous casinos of capital Monte Carlo , combined with beautiful scenery and a mild climate, have made Monaco a popular destination, and tourism accounts for about 25 percent of its gross national product.
Banking is also an important sector of the economy, employing approximately 5 percent of the workforce. Monaco levies no income tax and business taxes are low, making it a haven for individuals and companies, but also a magnet for money laundering and organized crime. English writer Somerset Maugham once called it "a sunny place for shady people. Freedom of expression is guaranteed by the Montagasque constitution, but its penal code prohibits denunciations of the Grimaldi family.
The Centre de Presse is the official, state-run distribution point for information and photographs. It also handles press credentials for journalists. Monaco's daily newspaper is the Nice-Matin. Al-though it is published in Nice, France , it dedicates two pages to news coverage in Monaco. It is available online. The Ministry of State publishes a weekly government journal called the Journal de Monaco.
It was founded in and provides information about legislation. There are no FM radio stations in Monaco, but there is one AM station serving the country's 34, radios. There are five television stations, 25, televisions and two Internet service providers. The nation of Monaco is a constitutional hereditary monarchy with close ties, by treaty and geography, with France.
Monaco is only 1. The country has a literacy rate of 99 percent for the total population, including many well-trained workers from other countries who have come to work in a multitude of professions. Various economic interests including tourism, technology, banking, and chemicals have a direct impact on the principality's curriculum. National Education, which is overseen by the government's Councilor for the Interior, is compulsory for all children in Monaco from the ages of 6 to The course syllabi are identical to those used in France; this conforms to the deep relationship Monaco has with France, which extends to issues like trade and military protection.
In addition, their curriculum covers the history of Monaco and the native Monegasque language. The three main languages in Monaco are French, Italian, and the indigenous tongue. There are four public schools and two secondary schools in the principality. The secondary and higher education institutions more directly reflect the needs of Monaco's economy.
USE-M has provided special programs for international students to study in Monaco and for students from the Monegasque region to study overseas, such as in the United States. The World Fact-book Directorate of Intelligence, 1 January Officially known as the Principality of Monaco, or the Principaute de Monaco. This small country is 0. It is the smallest state in the world after Vatican City. Located on the Mediterranean Sea , Monaco is surrounded by France on three sides. Nice, France, is the nearest large city at a distance of 11 miles 18 kilometers.
Monaco is rocky and situated on steep hills that drop off into the Mediterranean. The climate is mild year-round, with an average low temperature of 47 degrees Fahrenheit 8 degrees Celsius and an average maximum high of 78 degrees Fahrenheit 26 degrees Celsius. Monaco is divided into four neighborhoods: Monaco-Ville, the old original city, which is on a rocky promontory extending into the sea; La Condamine, along the port; Monte-Carlo, the main resort, residential and tourist area; and Fontvieille, a newly constructed area on land reclaimed from the sea. Recent surveys place the permanent population of Monaco at about 30, Approximately 22 percent are native Monegasque, 35 percent French, 18 percent Italian, and another 25 percent consist of various other nationalities.
Roman Catholicism is the main religion, practiced by 95 percent of the population. French is the official language, but Italian and English are also spoken frequently. Monegasque, a language derived from both French and Italian, is spoken by native residents of Monaco, although only about 22 percent of the population claims direct Monegasque descent. The Monegasque flag consists of two equal horizontal bands of red and white: The state seal and emblem of the House of Grimaldi is made up of a shield with red and white diamonds flanked by two monks holding swords pointed upward, with a crown draped with red cloth in the background.
Emergence of the Nation. The first inhabitants of Monaco were the Ligurians, an ancient Indo-European tribe. Monaco was located near an important coastal path that stretched from Spain through southern France and into Italy. The peoples living in this area were eventually absorbed into the Roman Empire and became part of the province of Maritime Alps. With the fall of the Roman Empire , Monaco and the surrounding coastal areas were perpetually attacked by various invaders, including the Saracens, and the native population fled inland. It was only after the final expulsion of the Saracens in about c.
Monaco's recorded history began in when the Ghibellines of Genoa , led by Fulco del Cassello, colonized it after receiving sovereignty over the area from Emperor Henry VI. Attracted by Monaco's strategic location and harbor, the Genoese immediately began to construct a fortress, known as the Rock of Monaco, and a walled city. To attract permanent residents, the Genoese granted land and tax exemptions. As a result, Monaco quickly became an important city and over the next three centuries was frequently contested by rival political factions.
Although the Grimaldis were expelled in , they returned thirty years later, and the House of Grimaldi has ruled Monaco uninterrupted except from to , when it fell under French rule since then. Charles Grimaldi, known as Charles I, succeeded in reinstating the House of Grimaldi on 12 September and is considered the founder of the principality. Monaco's sovereignty was officially recognized in by Louis XII in a signed document that also declared a perpetual alliance with the king of France.
In Monaco was placed under the protection of Spain for political reasons. This caused long-term financial difficulties for Monaco, since the occupying Spanish military force was entirely supported by the Monegasques. Over the next two hundred years Monaco prospered under France's protection.
However, in July , after the end of World War I , Monaco was placed once again under limited French protection according to the Treaty of Versailles , a relationship that still exists today. The native Monegasques are proud of their country's unique history and position in the world. The name Monaco is believed to derive from the word "monoikos" associated both with the ancient Greeks and the Ligurians.
The coastal road used by the Ligurians later came to be known as "The Road of Hercules. The Monegasque have managed to maintain their traditions, institutions, and dialect through the centuries despite the influence of their much-larger neighbors. This cultural identity is reflected in many of the local festivals and in Monaco's world prominence, which is disproportionate to the principality's size.
However, only a small part of the population, less that 20 percent, can claim direct Monegasque heritage. The majority of the principality's citizens are French or of French descent 47 percent. People of Italian origin make up about 16 percent with the rest of the population consisting of a variety of nationalities. Monaco has close ethnic ties with France and Italy, and nationals of these countries account for more than half of the population.
Some one-quarter of the population consists of people from a variety of other nationalities, reflecting a tolerance of different ethnic groups. However, immigration is very limited due to the principality's size, and citizenship is not easy to acquire.
The steep, rocky hills and narrow coastline have influenced architecture and urban planning in Monaco. Streets are narrow and steep, and buildings must be constructed into the hills in limited amounts of space. The architecture in general reflects a Mediterranean influence, and local materials, including granite, marble, and terra-cotta tiles, are common. Recent-twentieth-century residential construction included numerous high-rise apartment buildings. Like many Mediterranean communities, Monaco has public squares, and its mild climate is favorable to outdoor living.
Many buildings have balconies or terraces that face the sea. Some medieval structures survive in the old fortified city of Monaco-Ville on the Rock, where the royal palace is located. Monaco's most famous building is the Casino in Monte Carlo , built in and designed by French architect Charles Garnier. Food in Daily Life. Access to fresh, local produce and the sea has led to the development of a local cuisine and appreciation for good food. Monaco has many restaurants, and seafood is featured in many dishes. Daily eating habits reflect a Mediterranean heritage, and both French and Italian influences can be found in the local recipes.
Breakfast is very small, but lunch and dinner often have several courses. Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Some traditional Monegasque dishes include brandamincium, salt cod pounded with garlic, oil, and cream surrounded by cardoons, edible Mediterranean plants, in white sauce; barba-Giuan, or "Uncle John," stuffed fritters; and fougasses, flat, crunchy biscuits sprinkled with sugared anise seeds and flavored with rum and orange-flower water. Tourism and related businesses are the main components of the Monegasque economy today. The tourist industry began when the famous casino was opened in Monte Carlo.
Banking and financial activities are the second most important part of the economy. The industrial sector is small but significant and includes pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, flour-milling, and food products. Investment in real estate and business services make up the fourth most important sector of the economy. Foreign companies receive special investment incentives that have led many to open offices in the principality. Monaco does not impose an income tax on its residents and consequently has attracted corporate and individual investment.
A significant financial services industry has developed as a result. Land Tenure and Property. Due to Monaco's small size, the availability of land and private space has always been limited. Significant economic growth and an increase in population since have greatly augmented this problem, forcing developers to build multistoried structures very close together. An increase in tourism and the necessity for hotels have put an added strain on available space.
Property is expensive both to buy and maintain, but Monaco's real estate business continues to thrive. To create additional space, the Monegasque government has had to find innovative ways to satisfy the demand for construction: The most recent of these is the neighborhood of Fontvieille. Business related to tourism accounts for the majority of commercial activities. Hotels, restaurants, shops, gambling, and services related to Monaco's port provide both employment and revenue for the principality.
The real estate business has also become an important commercial concern since Industry did not begin to significantly develop until the s, and consists entirely of light industry, with no obvious adverse effects on other parts of the economy or Monegasque society. The first industries, which developed at the beginning of the twentieth century, included a brewery, a chocolate factory, and a flour mill.
The chemical, pharmaceutical, parapharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries all developed after World War II and today consist of twenty-three separate businesses — many of which are leaders in their sectors in Europe. Plastics, electronics, printing, textiles, and construction also are significant industries.
Recent figures place the estimated value of Monegasque imports at U. Monaco does not publish economic figures including gross domestic product , although recent estimates put it at about U. Exports include a variety of Monegasque products, and imports include agricultural products and manufactured and consumer goods. Some of Monaco's most important exports include: Of the estimated thirty thousand jobs existing in Monaco, two-thirds of them are held by workers commuting from neighboring French or Italian towns along the coast. Seasonal tourist work also accounts for an increase in non-native Monegasque workers to the principality, including workers who have immigrated to Europe from other parts of the world.
Women make up slightly less than half the workforce, and recent statistics place unemployment at about 3. Monaco's high average income and individual wealth, as well as its very small size, make it a country with minimal class distinctions. The principality's status as a tax haven make it an attractive place to establish residence for wealthy people from all over the world. A significant number of residents are from a variety of nationalities, and several are celebrities, helping to make Monaco synonymous with wealth, power and prestige the world over.
Symbols of Social Stratification. Overall Monaco has one of the highest standards of living in the world. Differences in social stratification are not immediately obvious. The principality's popularity as an exclusive resort and tax haven has led to the development of a very wealthy social class. Material symbols of wealth such as luxury goods, expensive cars, and exclusive shops are visible everywhere. Monaco's coastal position has also made it a popular port for luxury yachts. The tourist industry necessitates a large workforce, as do Monaco's light industrial concerns, but more than half the people employed in these sectors do not live in Monaco.
Until , the Principality of Monaco was governed by an absolute monarchy. In Prince Albert I promulgated the first constitution, which was modified in Monaco's refusal to impost tax on its residents and international businesses led to a severe crisis with France in This crisis led to a compromise in which it was agreed that French citizens with less than five years of residence in Monaco would be taxed at French rates and companies doing more than 25 percent of their business outside the principality.
Another result of the crisis was the creation of a new, more liberal constitution ad the restoration of the National Council. The constitution provides that executive power is under the authority of the reigning prince. Succession to the throne passes to the direct and legitimate descendants of the prince, with male descendants taking precedence over female.
The prince represents Monaco in its foreign relations and signs and ratifies treaties. The prince nominates a Council of Government, consisting of a minister of state and three government councilors, one each for finance and economy, the interior, and public works and social affairs.
The Minister of State is a French Citizen, appointed by the prince, and selected for a three-year term a from a group of senior French civil servants selected by the French government. The Minister of State is in charge of foreign relations and, as the prince's representative, directs executive services, the police and the Council of Government.
Under the Council of Government's authority is the eighteen-member National Council. Members of the National Council are elected for five years by direct vote based on a system of proportional representation. Eligible voters must be over the age of twenty-one and hold Monegasque citizenship for more than five years. The new constitution of gave the right to vote to women, established a Supreme Court to guarantee fundamental rights, and abolished the death penalty. Leadership and Political Officials. Local affairs are directed by the Communal Council which administers the principality's four quarters: The president and three members are selected by the sovereign: Current government officials include: Social Problems and Control.
Monaco Experience
Due to its small population and unique economic situation, Monaco does not face many of the social problems that larger countries must deal with, such as violent crime and poverty. After going through a period of economic growth and industrial development following World War II , a primary concern is the principality's ability to sustain its economy, attract new investments, and maintain the quality of life for its citizens.
Current social problems include managing industrial growth and tourism, environmental concerns, and maintaining the quality of life. Alcoholism and illegal drug abuse are present but not widespread. Monaco has a very low crime rate, in part due to the high number of law enforcement officials in relation to the total population and the high standard of living.
Widespread use of security cameras throughout the principality also further discourage open criminal activity. Excluding private security, there are around permanent police officers, 95 percent of whom are French. Legal power belongs to the Sovereign, presently Prince Rainier III, who delegates full exercise of it to the courts and tribunals.
The independence of the judges is guaranteed by the constitution. Monaco's legal organization includes all degrees of jurisdiction: There are also tribunals with specific competence, such as the Work Tribunal, the Rent Arbitration Commission, and the Higher Arbitration Court, for collective work disputes. The Supreme Court is at the top of the principality's legal organization. Monaco does not have a military, although it does have a small police force. The French government is responsible for Monaco's defense.
The government efficiently manages several social welfare and change programs. Some current programs include creating more affordable housing for workers by reclaiming land from the sea for new construction and promotion of Monegasque culture, brought about by a revived interest in the principality's history. Consequently, Monegasque language classes have now been instituted in all elementary schools. The Monegasque government also ensures generous pensions, maternity leave, vacation time, and welfare programs for all citizens.
Monaco has many nongovernmental organizations and cultural, academic, and professional associations. Monaco joined the United Nations in and is an active participant. The International Hydrographic Bureau has its headquarters in Monaco. Monaco has a Mediterranean, Roman Catholic culture emphasizing the family. Until the second half of the twentieth century, women's roles revolved principally around family and household.
Women were not active in politics until the s when they first received the vote. Although fewer women than men are employed outside the home, Monegasque women work in a variety of fields and are politically active. Not withstanding its status as a cosmopolitan resort, Monegasque society is based on centuries-old traditions. Immediate and extended family are the basic social units. Marriage is considered an important family event and the divorce rate is low, with less than a quarter of marriages ending in divorce. Marriage is an important family event, Church weddings, held according to Roman Catholic traditions, are popular.
A civil ceremony, held at the city hall, is also required even when a religious ceremony is organized. Some couples choose only to have the civil ceremony. The domestic unit consists of immediate family members. Before industrialization after World War II , the domestic unit also included extended family such as grandparents and other elderly relatives. The low divorce rate and general affluence help contribute to a stable average domestic unit in Monaco. Monegasque social activities frequently revolve around family events and gatherings. Monaco provides excellent maternity and infant care.
Women are guaranteed several months of maternity leave and there are high quality, low cost day care centers and nurseries available. National health and education programs ensure that Monegasque families have complete early childhood support and care. Child Rearing and Education. A national health service and an excellent public education system provide Monegasque children with high-quality, low-cost education and with health care from infancy through adolescence.
Monaco's small size, unique history, and high standard of living have helped the principality avoid many of the child social problems that face larger countries. The traditional Monegasque culture, based on family and kinship ties, has changed with twentieth-century industrialization and growth, but child welfare remains important. Grandparents often help in caring for young children, particularly when both parents work. Education is compulsory from ages of six to sixteen. School curricula are identical to those of France but also include the study of Monegasque history, the institutions of the principality, and the Monegasque language.
There are four public primary schools for study up to age fourteen and three specialized high schools: There are also four private schools through the high school level. Monaco's literacy rate is 99 percent. Etiquette in Monaco is influenced by the country's unusual blending of roles as an international tax haven, exclusive resort destination in combination with the Monegasque traditions.
The Monegasque are proud of the country's history and residents strive to maintain the quality of life that exists there. The principality attracts people from a variety of nationalities who are nevertheless united by a high level of personal wealth. The rules of etiquette are much like those found in France with an emphasis on respect for privacy. The royal family of Monaco, the Grimaldi, frequently attract the attention of the press. Discretion and privacy are still emphasized in Monaco. Roman Catholicism is the state religion, although freedom of worship is guaranteed by Article 23 of the Constitution.
However, 95 percent of the population claims to be Roman Catholic. Most Monegasque are Roman Catholic and the church plays an important role in Monegasque traditions, particularly on feast days and special holidays. Church attendance is not as high as a century ago and it is difficult to estimate the exact number of practicing Catholics. Rituals and Holy Places.
There are several traditional festivals and rituals in Monaco. Saint Devote, the patron saint of Monaco, is venerated in a ritual held on 27 January every year. Death and the Afterlife.
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Monegasque beliefs about death and the afterlife are in accordance with the teachings of the Roman Catholic church. Monaco has a government-supported health system that provides high-quality medical care to all its citizens. Life expectancy is placed at 74 years for males and 81 for females.
Infant mortality rate is approximately 7 per births. Monaco's birth-rate exceeds the number of deaths per year. For specialized care of serious care of serious health problems Monaco's residents may seek care in larger medical centers, such as the hospital in Nice. National Day, 19 November, celebrates Monaco's independence as a principality. A parade, a thanksgiving Mass held in the cathedral, and special events are organized. Other important celebrations have religious origins.
The festival of Saint John , on 24 June, is another important Monegasque holiday. Religious holidays are celebrated with the closing of businesses, special church services, and traditional customs. The National Committee of Monegasque Traditions, established in , is dedicated to the preservation and revival of Monegasque folk traditions and festivals.
Support for the Arts.
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The Monegasque government actively supports the arts, cultural institutions, and the humanities through a variety of programs and events. The Prince Pierre Foundation was founded to encourage culture in the letters and the arts, by the creation and awarding of prizes. The Princess Grace Foundation was established in with the aim of promoting charitable activities and provides support for the Princess Grace Dance Academy. Recent investments in the arts and humanities include the creation of a Cultural and Exhibition Center, which will contain an auditorium and other performance and event areas on the site of the old Centenary Hall.
The Monte Carlo Ballet gained international fame in the s when the choreographer Sergey Diaghilev was based there with his Ballets Russes. The Grand Prix de Monaco, a Formula 1 car race held in the streets of Monte Carlo, is one of the principality's most famous cultural events and attracts thousands of spectators.
The Great Literary Prize recognizes outstanding literary works annually. The Princess Grace Irish Library was established recently to hold a collection of over 8, volumes related to Irish history, culture and writing, in both Irish and English languages. The Prince Pierre Foundation annually awards the International Prize for Art, established in , to recognize outstanding achievement in the visual arts.
The Municipal School of Decorative Arts provides education in the visual arts. The Monte Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra was established in and found its permanent home in the Garnier Palace in The International Circus Festival is also held annually in Monaco. Monaco is particularly well known for its activity in the marine science field.
The Oceanographic Museum, formerly directed by Jacques Cousteau , is the most famous institution devoted to marine science in the world. The Scientific Community for Oceanic Research is based in Monaco, and numerous other scientific and academic societies also have branch offices in the principality. Monaco's history of supporting oceanic and scientific studies dates to the s when Prince Albert pursued his scientific interests by conducting numerous maritime expeditions.
Throughout the twentieth century, Monaco has promoted scientific research. Prince Rainier is also the president of the International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean. The Scientific Center of Monaco is host to a variety of activities including seismological, meteorological, and radioactivity studies. In the "Albert I of Monaco" Prize for Oceanography was created to recognize outstanding research. Monaco — , Monaco Principality in s Europe , on the Mediterranean coast, forming an enclave in French territory near the border with Italy; the capital is Monaco-Ville.
Ruled by the Grimaldi family from the end of the 13th century, it came under French protection in The chief source of income is tourism, attracted by the casinos of Monte Carlo. There is some light industry, including printing, textiles and postage stamps. The native-born population is about 15 percent of the total.
Foreign-born residents include French more than 50 percent and Italians about 17 percent. Compiled from the June Background Note and supplemented with additional information from the State Department and the editors of this volume. See the introduction to this set for explanatory notes. Birth rate est. Death rate est. Legislative—unicameral National Council 24 members. Construction and public works— Types—tourism, construction, chemicals, food products, plastics, precision instruments, cosmetics, ceramics. As in other EMU states, euros minted in Monaco have special Monegasque features on one side of the coin.
It is located on the Mediterranean coast, 18 kilometers 11 mi. Monaco is divided into four sections: Monaco-Ville, the old city on a rocky promontory extending into the Mediterranean; La Condamine, the section along the port; Monte-Carlo, the principal residential and resort area; and Fontvieille, a newly constructed area reclaimed from the sea. The principality is noted for its beautiful natural scenery and mild, sunny climate. In July , Monaco's population was estimated at 32,, with an estimated average growth rate for of 0. French is the official language; English, Italian, and Monegasque a blend of French and Italian also are spoken.
Roman Catholicism is the official religion, with freedom of other religions guaranteed by the constitution. Founded in as a colony of Genoa, Monaco has been ruled by the House of Grimaldi since , except when under French control from to Designated as a protectorate of Sardinia from until by the Treaty of Vienna, Monaco's sovereignty was recognized by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of The Prince of Monaco was an absolute ruler until a constitution was promulgated in In July , a treaty was signed providing for limited French protection over Monaco.
The treaty, formally noted in the Treaty of Versailles , established that Monegasque policy would be aligned with French political, military, and economic interests. A new constitution, proclaimed in , abolished capital punishment , provided for female suffrage, and established a Supreme Court to guarantee fundamental liberties. In , Monaco became an official member of the United Nations with full voting rights. It joined the Council of Europe in Monaco has been governed as a constitutional monarchy since , with the Prince as chief of state. This figure combines government, personal, and employer spending on health care Source: This entry shows GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population as of 1 July for the same year.
A nation's GDP at purchasing power parity PPP exchange rates is the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States. This is the measure most economists prefer when looking at per-capita welfare and when comparing living conditions or use of resources across countries. The measure is difficult to compute, as a US dollar value has to be assigned to all goods and services in the country regardless of whether these goods and services have a direct equivalent in the United States for example, the value of an ox-cart or non-US military equipment ; as a result, PPP estimates for some countries are based on a small and sometimes different set of goods and services.
In addition, many countries do not formally participate in the World Bank's PPP project that calculates these measures, so the resulting GDP estimates for these countries may lack precision. This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs. The number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1, live births in Monaco is 1.
This entry gives the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1, live births in the same year; included is the total death rate, and deaths by sex, male and female. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country. Vincent and the Grenadines. This entry contains the number of people in penal institutions, including pre-trial detainees. Comparability is hampered by differences in local practice, including whether psychiatrically ill offenders are under the authority of the prison administration.
People held in a form of custody not under the authority of a prison administration are not included in this figure.