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Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers. Learn more about Amazon Giveaway. Die Finanzen der Parteien: There are no contribution or spending limits. Statutory or other cost controls for campaigns, such as a limited time period, a spending limit or any other kind of limit, are unknown in Germany.
The only general limitation on party expenses is the ability to raise funds from private contributors. Due to a supreme court ruling see below in History , public subsidies to a specific party may not exceed the "self-generated revenue", i.
Thus, a party that is unable to collect enough contributions from private sources will see its public subsidy reduced automatically [18] and be unable to make all the expenditure that it would like to. Till now, only very small parties have been limited by this rule. When political scientists started to categorize political parties, [19] they identified two different party types: Bourgeois cadre parties relied on donations given by wealthy individuals. Mass parties of the working class raised the necessary funding by dues collected among large numbers of signed-up party members.
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German parties of the late 19th century were among the prime examples of this. The four major parties of the time all applied either of the respective models. Liberals and Conservatives raised campaign funds from wealthy donors, locally and nationally. Social Democrats collected membership dues to fund party staff, party offices, campaigns and party newspapers.
The Catholic minority, which had its own mass party, the Centre Party , acted accordingly. Shortly after , two major innovations began to change this pattern of party funding in Germany.
When, in , the national parliament Reichstag started to pay salaries to all MPs, the workers' party SPD shifted the direction of transfers between party and MPs. In the old days, the party had paid for the support of its MPs.
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During the 20th century SPD and later on other MPs contributed towards the operational costs of their party assessment of office-holders, tithing, "party tax". In , a more potent force in party funding, corporate donations , entered the political arena. The continuous rise of the SPD vote despite the joint efforts of state oppression and social security legislation triggered a wave of financial support for bourgeois parties.
The democratic revolution of in Germany and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia reinforced the 'collectivist' political danger felt by the corporate world. An anti-collectivist effort got off the ground when leading industrialists from the coal and steel industries started to talk their peers into a joint effort.
The organizational setup for corporate donations established in was to stay for years to come and it was to be repeated after Initially the pattern was especially powerful among corporations of coal and steel production. Later on, tycoons from the electrical and chemical industries and even from the banking sector joined in. The funds collected in this manner from the leading corporations of German business by committees of top managers were distributed among conservative and liberal parties, initially the National Liberal Party Germany and the German Conservative Party.
One of them, Fritz Thyssen the heir to a steel fortune , had supported that party for quite a while. Now he led his colleagues to fund Adolf Hitler 's access to power. As a consequence of German industry's role in Hitler's rise to power in the early s, party finance became an issue of political discourse in Germany after The concept of transparency was discussed in the constitutional convention Parlamentarischer Rat in connection with a new article to be inserted into the constitution.
Party finance in Germany - Wikipedia
As the assembly agreed, a transparent flow of funds into party coffers has been stipulated by the German constitution Grundgesetz ever since. Article 21 of the new post-war constitution, the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany , stipulated in that "political parties must disclose the sources of their funds to the general public.
Since the major parties felt more or less of a need to distribute public subsidies and in the supreme court i. Among other subjects, the act covered both the rules for the transparency of party funding and those for the allocation of public subsidies.
Party finance in Germany
To this day, article 21 of the constitution and parts IV and V of the Political Parties Act [26] are the legal basis for the flow of funds through party coffers, the German political finance regime. Finally, in a general format for the comprehensive reporting of income and expenditure, debts and assets by each party organization was implemented. Challenges to the current legislation and occasional scandals e. Other donations, which led to controversy like the biggest CDU contribution ever by Mr.
The supreme court ruling of [28] ended a practice of tax benefits for plutocratic funding of parties by corporate donations. After a variety of circumventions, detours and legislative experiments, this principle was ultimately reinstated in A more recent ruling of allowed general subsidies but provided for two kinds of limitation: Campaign and Party Finance in Germany.