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Please click Confirm below to continue. The City Council's pride and joy was its economic scheme known as Dube Village. It was intended "primarily for the thoroughly urbanised and economically advanced Native". Tenants could erect their own dwellings in conformity with approved plans. From the onset the Apartheid government purposed Soweto to house the bulk of the labour force which was needed by Johannesburg Africans used to live in areas surrounding the city, so the authorities felt it would be more expedient to con- centrate black workers in one district that could be easily controlled The new sub-economic townships took off in , when Tladi, Zondi, Dhlamini, Chiawelo and Senoane were laid out providing 28, people with accommodation.
Jabulani, Phiri and Naledi followed the next year. Chiawelo for Tsonga and Venda. The central government was busy with its own agenda. The presence of Blacks with freehold title to land among Johannesburg's White suburbs irked them. Between and they built 23, houses in Meadowlands and Diepkloof to accommodate the evicted persons.
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By the removals were more-or-less complete. In the City Council launched a competition to find a collective name for all the townships south-west of the city's centre. It was only in that the City Council decided to adopt the name Soweto as the collective name. In terms of this Act the central government appointed the West Rand Administration Board to take over the powers and obligations of the Johannesburg City Council in respect of Soweto.
Black-White relationships at present are as healthy as can be. There is no danger whatever of a blow-up in Soweto. Soweto came to the world's attention on 16 June with the Soweto Uprising , when mass protests erupted over the government's policy to enforce education in Afrikaans rather than their native language. The rioting continued and 23 people died on the first day in Soweto, 21 of whom were black, including the minor Hector Pieterson , as well as two white people, including Dr Melville Edelstein , a lifelong humanitarian.
The impact of the Soweto protests reverberated through the country and across the world. In their aftermath, economic and cultural sanctions were introduced from abroad. Political activists left the country to train for guerrilla resistance. Soweto and other townships became the stage for violent state repression. Since this date and the schoolchildren have been commemorated by the International Day of the African Child. In response, the apartheid state started providing electricity to more Soweto homes, yet phased out financial support for building additional housing.
Soweto became an independent municipality with elected black councilors in , in line with the Black Local Authorities Act. Black African councilors were not provided by the apartheid state with the finances to address housing and infrastructural problems. Township residents opposed the black councilors as puppet collaborators who personally benefited financially from an oppressive regime.
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Resistance was spurred by the exclusion of blacks from the newly formed tricameral Parliament which did include Whites, Asians and Coloreds. Municipal elections in black, coloured, and Indian areas were subsequently widely boycotted, returning extremely low voting figures for years. Popular resistance to state structures dates back to the Advisory Boards that co-opted black residents to advise whites who managed the townships. In Soweto, popular resistance to apartheid emerged in various forms during the s.
Educational and economic boycotts were initiated, and student bodies were organized. Street committees were formed, and civic organizations were established as alternatives to state-imposed structures.
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One of the most well-known "civics" was Soweto's Committee of Ten, started in in the offices of The Bantu World newspaper. Such actions were strengthened by the call issued by African National Congress 's Kabwe congress in Zambia to make South Africa ungovernable. As the state forbade public gatherings, church buildings like Regina Mundi were sometimes used for political gatherings.
The explosions, believed to be the work of the Boeremag , a right-wing extremist group, damaged buildings and railway lines, and killed one person. As Soweto was counted as part of Johannesburg in South Africa's census, recent demographic statistics are not readily available. However, the Census put its population at 1. Soweto's population is overwhelmingly black. All eleven of the country's official languages are spoken, and the main linguistic groups in descending order of size are Zulu , Sotho , Tswana , and Tsonga.
The suburb was not historically allowed to create employment centres within the area, so almost all of its residents are commuters to other parts of the city. Metrorail operates commuter trains between Soweto and central Johannesburg. The N1 Western Bypass skirts the eastern boundary of Soweto.
There is efficient road access for many parts of the region along busy highways to the CBD and Roodepoort , but commuters are largely reliant on trains and taxis. The N12 forms the southern border of Soweto. A new section of the N17 road South Africa is under construction that will provide Soweto with a 4 lane highway link to Nasrec.
This road is multi lane, has dedicated taxiways and passes next to Soccer City in Nasrec.
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A major thoroughfare through Soweto is the Golden Highway. It provides access to both the N1 as well as the M1 highways.
Minibus taxis are a popular form of transport. In it was estimated that around minibus taxis operated from the Baragwanath taxi rank alone. A Bus rapid transit system, Rea Vaya , provides transport for around 16 commuters daily. The area is mostly composed of old "matchbox" houses, or four-room houses built by the government, that were built to provide cheap accommodation for black workers during apartheid. However, there are a few smaller areas where prosperous Sowetans have built houses that are similar in stature to those in more affluent suburbs. Many people who still live in matchbox houses have improved and expanded their homes, and the City Council has enabled the planting of more trees and the improving of parks and green spaces in the area.
Hostels are another prominent physical feature of Soweto. This was the single largest valuation ever undertaken in Africa. The channel studios are situated on one of the most popular streets in Soweto, Vilakazi Street; well known for being the only street in the world to have the historical residences of two Nobel Prize winners, namely Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Being part of the urban agglomerations of Gauteng , Soweto shares much of the same media as the rest of Gauteng.
There are however some media sources dedicated to Soweto itself:. Soweto is credited as one of the founding places for Kwaito and Kasi Rap , which is a style of hip-hop specific to South Africa. The experiences of other developing nations were examined at the Soweto entrepreneurship conference, which looked for ways to help turn the economic tide in townships.
The restrictions on economic activities were lifted in , spurring the growth of the taxi industry as an alternative to Soweto's inadequate bus and train transport systems. In Sowetans earned on average almost six and a half times less than their counterparts in wealthier areas of Johannesburg estimates. The committee believes that the South African government's privatization drives will worsen the situation. There have been signs recently indicating economic improvement. The Johannesburg City Council began to provide more street lights and to pave roads. Private initiatives to tap Sowetans' combined spending power of R4.
Soweto has also become a Centre for nightlife and culture. Soweto is home to two soccer teams that play for the top South African football league: Another club, the Orlando Pirates , originated from Soweto but moved to Parktown. Both the Chiefs and the Pirates feud in the rivalry known as the Soweto derby. The Soweto Wine Festival was started in Organised by the Cape Wine Academy , the festival attracts over wine enthusiasts, over of South Africa's finest wineries and well over fine wines.
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The Soweto Awards, which will become an annual event, honours those who have their roots in Soweto. By the Greater Soweto area consisted of 87 townships grouped together into Administrative Regions 6 and 10 of Johannesburg. Estimates of how many residential areas make up Soweto itself vary widely. Some counts say that Soweto comprises 29 townships, [55] whilst others find The total number also depends on whether the various "extensions" and "zones" are counted separately, or as part of one main suburb.
The Regional Spatial Development Framework arrived at 87 names by counting various extensions e. Chiawelo's 5 and zones e. The City of Johannesburg's website groups the zones and extensions together to arrive at 32, but omits Noordgesig and Mmesi Park. The list below provides the dates when some of Soweto's townships were established, along with the probable origins or meanings of their names, where available:. Other Soweto townships include Phomolong and Snake Park [ citation needed ]. Many parts of Soweto rank among the poorest in Johannesburg, although individual townships tend to have a mix of wealthier and poorer residents.
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In general, households in the outlying areas to the northwest and southeast have lower incomes, while those in southwestern areas tend to have higher incomes. The economic development of Soweto was severely curtailed by the apartheid state, which provided very limited infrastructure and prevented residents from creating their own businesses. Roads remained unpaved, and many residents had to share one tap between four houses, for example.
Soweto was meant to exist only as a dormitory town for black Africans who worked in white houses, factories, and industries. The Natives Urban Areas Consolidation Act and its predecessors restricted residents between and to seven self-employment categories in Soweto itself. Sowetans could operate general shops, butcheries, eating houses, sell milk or vegetables, or hawk goods.
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The overall number of such enterprises at any time were strictly controlled. As a result, informal trading developed outside the legally-recognized activities. Using fire for cooking and heating resulted in respiratory problems that contributed to high infant mortality rates 54 per 1, compared to 18 for whites, figures. Soweto has also become a centre for nightlife and culture.
The uprising is depicted in the film A Dry White Season , starring Donald Sutherland , Marlon Brando , and Susan Sarandon , who portray white South Africans pursuing justice for the deaths of black Soweto residents which followed the demonstrations. The American film Stander portrays the story of Andre Stander , a rogue police captain who sympathised with the state of apartheid and its corruption by becoming a bank thief. The Soweto uprising riots provided Stander's breaking point in the film. Sara Blecher and Rimi Raphoto's popular documentary, Surfing Soweto , addresses the phenomenon of young kids " surfing " on the roofs of Soweto trains and the social problem this represents.
The film District 9 was shot in Tshiawelo, Soweto. The originally benign attempts to aid them turn increasingly oppressive due to the overwhelming numbers of aliens and the cost of maintaining them, and to increasing xenophobia on the part of humans who treat the intelligent and sophisticated aliens like animals while taking advantage of them for personal and corporate gain. The aliens are housed in shacks in a slum-like concentration camp called "District 9", which is in fact modern-day Soweto; an attempt to relocate the aliens to another camp leads to violence and a wholesale slaughter by South African mercenary security forces a reference to historical events in "District Six", Cape Town , a mostly Coloured neighborhood subjected to forced segregation during the apartheid years.
The parallels to apartheid South Africa are obvious but not explicitly remarked on in the film. The marches by students in Soweto are briefly mentioned in Linzi Glass' novel, Ruby Red , which was nominated for the Carnegie Medal in Soweto is also mentioned in Sheila Gordon 's novel, Waiting for the Rain.