John, and was chosen grand-master; defended Rhodes against , Turks, and thus stayed the career of Mahomet II. Daumier, Henri , a French caricaturist of great fertility and playfulness of genius, born at Marseilles; became blind in his old age Daun, Karl , German theologian, born at Cassel, professor at Heidelberg, sought to ground theology on a philosophic basis, and found what he sought in the philosophy of Hegel Daun, Leopold, Graf von , an able Austrian general, born at Vienna; distinguished himself by his prudence and valour in the Seven Years' War, gained a victory over Frederick the Great at Kolin in , and another at Hochkirch in ; could prevail little or not at all against Frederick afterwards as soon as Frederick saw through his tactics, which he was not long in doing The word signifies dolphin in French.
David, Gerhard , a Flemish painter; painted religious subjects, several from the life of Christ David, King of Israel , 11th century B. David, Louis , a French historical painter, born in Paris; studied in Rome and settled in Paris; was carried away with the Revolution; joined the Jacobin Club, swore eternal friendship with Robespierre; designed "a statue of Nature with two mammelles spouting out water" for the deputes to drink to, and another of the sovereign people, "high as Salisbury steeple"; was sentenced to the guillotine, but escaped out of regard for his merit as an artist; appointed first painter by Napoleon, but on the Restoration was banished and went to Brussels, where he died; among his paintings are "The Oath of the Horatii," "The Rape of the Sabines," "The Death of Socrates," and "The Coronation of Napoleon" David, and characterised by James VI.
David's; founded churches, opposed Pelagianism, and influenced many by the odour of his good name. Davidson, Andrew Bruce , Hebrew scholar and professor, born in Aberdeenshire; a most faithful, clear, and effective interpreter of the spirit of Hebrew literature, and influential for good as few men of the time have been in matters of biblical criticism; b. Davidson, John , poet and journalist, born at Barrhead, Renfrewshire; has written novels and plays as well as poems; b. Davidson, Samuel , biblical scholar and exegete, born near Ballymena; wrote Introductions to the Old and the New Testaments; was pioneer in the higher criticism Davies, Sir John , poet and statesman, born in Wiltshire; wrote two philosophic poems, "The Orchestra," a poem in which the world is exhibited as a dance, and "Nosce Teipsum" Know Thyself , a poem on human learning and the immortality of the soul; became a favourite with James I.
Davis, Jefferson , President of the Confederate States, born in Kentucky; entered the army; fought against the Indians; turned cotton-planter; entered Congress as a Democrat; distinguished himself in the Mexican war; defended slave-holding and the interests of slave-holding States; was chosen President of the Confederate States; headed the conflict with the North; fled on defeat, which he was the last to admit; was arrested and imprisoned; released after two years; retired into private life, and wrote a "History of the Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government" Davis, John , an English navigator, born near Dartmouth; took early to the sea; conducted three expeditions to the Arctic Seas in quest of a NW.
Davis, Thomas , an Irish patriot, born at Mallow; educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and called to the Irish bar; took to journalism in the interest of Irish nationality; founded the Nation newspaper, and by his contributions to it did much to wake up the intelligence of the country to national interests; died young; was the author of "Songs of Ireland" and "Essays on Irish Songs" Davitt, Michael , a noted Irish patriot, born in co.
Mayo, son of a peasant, who, being evicted, settled in Lancashire; joined the Fenian move ment, and was sentenced to 15 years' penal servitude; released on ticket-of-leave after seven years; founded the Land League; was for over a year imprisoned again for breaking his ticket-of-leave; published in "Leaves from a Prison Diary"; entered Parliament in for co. Davos-Platz , a village ft.
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Davy, Sir Humphry , a great English chemist, born at Penzance; conceived early in life a passion for the science in which he made so many discoveries; made experiments on gases and the respiration of them, particularly nitrous oxide and carbonic acid; discovered the function of plants in decomposing the latter in the atmosphere, and the metallic bases of alkalies and earths; proved chlorine to be a simple substance and its affinity with iodine, which he discovered; invented the safety-lamp, his best-known achievement; he held appointments and lectured in connection with all these discoveries and their applications, and received knighthood and numerous other honours for his services; died at Geneva Davy Jones's Locker , the sailors' familiar name for the sea as a place of safe-keeping, though why called of Davy Jones is uncertain.
Davy-Lamp , a lamp encased in gauze wire which, while it admits oxygen to feed the flame, prevents communication between the flame and any combustible or explosive gas outside. Dawson, George , a popular lecturer, born in London; educated in Aberdeen and Glasgow; bred for the ministry by the Baptist body, and pastor of a Baptist church in Birmingham, but resigned the post for ministry in a freer atmosphere; took to lecturing on a purely secular platform, and was for thirty years the most popular lecturer of the day; no course of lectures in any institute was deemed complete if his name was not in the programme; did much to popularise the views of Carlyle and Emerson Day, John , an English dramatist, contemporary of Ben Jonson; author of the "Parliament of Bees," a comedy in which all the characters are bees.
Day, Thomas , an eccentric philanthropist, born in London; author of "Sandford and Merton"; he was a disciple of Rousseau; had many a ludicrous adventure in quest of a model wife, and happily fell in with one to his mind at last; was a slave-abolitionist and a parliamentary reformer Dayton 85 , a prosperous town in Ohio, U. Deal 9 , a town, one of the old Cinque ports, oil the E. Dean, Forest of , a forest of 22, acres in the W.
Dean of Guild , a burgh magistrate in Scotland who has the care of buildings, originally the head of the Guild brethren of the town. Patrick's , Jonathan Swift, who held that post from till his death. Debreczen 56 , a Hungarian town, m. Decameron , a collection of a hundred tales, conceived of as rehearsed in ten days at a country-house during the plague at Florence; are of a licentious character, but exquisitely told; were written by Boccaccio; published in ; the name comes from deka , ten, and hemera , a day.
Decamps, Alexandra Gabriel , a distinguished French painter, born in Paris; brought up as a boy among the peasants of Picardy; represented nature as he in his own way saw it himself, and visited Switzerland and the East, where he found materials for original and powerful pictures; his pictures since his death have brought great prices Deccan , a triangular plateau of from to ft. December , the twelfth month of the year, so called, i. Decius , Roman emperor from to ; was a cruel persecutor of the Christians; perished in a morass fighting with the Goths, who were a constant thorn in his side all through his reign.
Decius Mus , the name of three Romans, father, son, and grandson, who on separate critical emergencies , , B. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , the immortal work of Gibbon, of which the first volume was published in Decretals, The , a collection of laws added to the canon law of the Church of Rome, being judicial replies of the Popes to cases submitted to them from time to time for adjudication.
Dee, John , an alchemist, born in London; a man of curious learning; earned the reputation of being a sorcerer; was imprisoned at one time, and mobbed at another, under this imputation; died in poverty; left 79 works, the majority of which were never printed, though still extant in MS. Defender of the Faith , a title conferred by Pope Leo X.
Deffand, Marie, Marquise du , a woman of society, famed for her wit and gallantry; corresponded with the eminent philosophes of the time, in particular Voltaire, as well as with Horace Walpole; her letters are specially brilliant, and display great shrewdness; she is characterised by Prof. Saintsbury as "the typical French lady of the eighteenth century"; she became blind in , but retained her relish for society, though at length she entered a monastery, where she died Defoe, Daniel , author of "Robinson Crusoe," born in London; bred for the Dissenting ministry; turned to business, but took chiefly to politics; was a zealous supporter of William III.
The closing years of his life were occupied mainly with literary work, and it was then, in , he produced his world-famous "Robinson Crusoe"; has been described as "master of the art of forging a story and imposing it on the world for truth. Deianeira , the wife of Hercules, whose death she had been the unwitting cause of by giving him the poisoned robe which Nessus q. Deiphobus , a son of Priam and Hecuba, second in bravery to Hector; married Helen after the death of Paris, and was betrayed by her to the Greeks. Deir-al-Kamar , a town in Syria, once the capital of the Druses, on a terrace in the heart of the Lebanon Mountains.
Deism , belief on purely rational grounds in the existence of God, and distinguished from theism as denying His providence. Deists , a set of free-thinkers of various shades, who in England, in the 17th and 18th centuries, discarded revelation and the supernatural generally, and sought to found religion on a purely rational basis.
Dekker, Thomas , a dramatist, born in London; was contemporary of Ben Jonson, between whom and him, though they formerly worked together, a bitter animosity arose; wrote lyrics as well as dramas, which are light comedies, and prose as well as poetry; the most famous among his prose works, "The Gull's Hornbook," a pamphlet, in which he depicts the life of a young gallant; his pamphlets are valuable Delagoa Bay , an inlet in the SE. Delane, John Thadeus , editor of the Times , born in London; studied at Oxford; after some experience as a reporter was put on the staff of the Times , and in became editor, a post he continued to hold for 36 years; was the inspiring and guiding spirit of the paper, but wrote none of the articles Delaroche, Paul , a French historical painter and one of the greatest, born in Paris; was the head of the modern Eclectic school, so called as holding a middle place between the Classical and Romantic schools of art; among his early works were "St.
Delaunay, Le Vicomte , the nom de plume of Mme. Delphine, under which she published her "Parisian Letters. Delavigne, Casimir , a popular French lyric poet and dramatist, born at Havre; his verse was conventional and without originality Delaware , one of the Atlantic and original States of the American Union, as well as the smallest of them; the soil is rather poor, but porcelain clay abounds. Delectable Mountains , mountains covered with sheep in the "Pilgrim's Progress," from which the pilgrim obtains a view of the Celestial City.
Delft 27 , a Dutch town, S m. Delgado , a cape of E. Africa, on the border between Zanzibar and Mozambique. Delhi , on the right bank of the Jumna, once the capital of the Mogul empire and the centre of the Mohammedan power in India; it is a great centre of trade, and is situated in the heart of India; it contains the famous palace of Shah Jahan, and the Jama Masjid, which occupies the heart of the city, and is the largest and finest mosque in India, which owes its origin to Shah Jahan; it is walled, is 51 m. Delitzsch, Franz , a learned biblical scholar and exegete, born at Leipzig; his commentaries, which are numerous, were of a conservative tendency; he wrote on Jewish antiquities, biblical psychology, and Christian apologetics; was professor at Erlangen and Leipzig successively, where his influence on the students was distinctly marked Delius, Nicolaus , a German philologist, born at Bremen; distinguished especially as a student of Shakespeare and for his edition of Shakespeare's works, which is of transcendent merit Delia Cruscans , a set of English sentimental poetasters, the leaders of them hailing from Florence, that appeared in England towards the close of the 18th century, and that for a time imposed on many by their extravagant panegyrics of one another, the founder of the set being one Robert Merry, who signed himself Della Crusca ; he first announced himself by a sonnet to Love, in praise of which Anne Matilda wrote an incomparable piece of nonsense; "this epidemic spread for a term from fool to fool," but was soon exposed and laughed out of existence.
Delolme, John Louis , a writer on State polity, born at Geneva, bred to the legal profession; spent some six years in England as a refugee; wrote a book on the "Constitution of England," and in praise of it, which was received for a time with high favour in the country, but is now no longer regarded as an authority; wrote a "History of the Flagellants," and on "The Union of Scotland with England" Delorme , a French architect, born at Lyons; studied in Rome; was patronised by Catherine de Medici; built the palace of the Tuileries, and contributed to the art of building Delos , the smallest and central island of the Cyclades, the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis, and where the former had a famous oracle; it was, according to the Greek mythology, a floating island, and was first fixed to the spot by Zeus to provide Leda with a place, denied her elsewhere by Hera, in which to bring forth her twin offspring; it was at one time a centre of Apollo worship, but is now uninhabited, and only frequented at times by shepherds with their flocks.
Delphi , a town of ancient Greece in Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus, where Apollo had a temple, and whence he was wont to issue his oracles by the mouth of his priestess the Pythia, who when receiving the oracle used to sit on a tripod over an opening in the ground through which an intoxicating vapour exhaled, deemed the breath of the god, and that proved the vehicle of her inspiration; the Pythian games were celebrated here.
Delphine , a novel by Mme. Delta , the signature of D. Macbeth Moir in Blackwood's Magazine. Deluge , name given to the tradition, common to several races, of a flood of such universality as to sweep the land, if not the earth, of all its inhabitants, except the pair by whom the land of the earth was repeopled. Demavend, Mount , an extinct volcano, the highest peak 18, ft.
Dembea , a lake, the largest in Abyssinia, being 60 m. Dembinski, Henry , a Polish general, born near Cracow; served under Napoleon against Russia, under Kossuth against Austria; fled to Turkey on the resignation of Kossuth; died in Paris Demerara , a division of British Guiana; takes its name from the river, which is m.
Earth-mother , the great Greek goddess of the earth, daughter of Kronos and Rhea and sister of Zeus, and ranks with him as one of the twelve great gods of Olympus; is specially the goddess of agriculture, and the giver of all the earth's fruits; the Latins call her Ceres. Demetrius , the name of two kings of Macedonia who ruled over the country, the first from to B. Demetrius , or Dimitri , the name of several sovereigns of Russia, and of four adventurers called the four false Dimitri. Demetrius Phalereus , an eminent Athenian orator, statesman, and historian, born at Phalerus, a seaport of Athens; was held in high honour in Athens for a time as its political head, but fell into dishonour, after which he lived retired and gave himself up to literary pursuits; died from the bite of an asp; left a number of works B.
Demidoff , a Russian family distinguished for their wealth, descended from a serf of Peter the Great, and who amassed a large fortune by manufacturing firearms for him, and were raised by him to the rank of nobility; they were distinguished in the arts, in arms, and even literature; Anatol in particular, who travelled over the SE. Demigod , a hero elevated in the imagination to the rank of a divinity in consequence of the display of virtues and the achievement of feats superior to those of ordinary men.
Demi-monde , a class in Parisian society dressing in a fashionable style, but of questionable morals. Demiurgus , a name employed by Plato to denote the world-soul, the medium by which the idea is made real, the spiritual made material, the many made one, and it was adopted by the Gnostics to denote the world-maker as a being derived from God, but estranged from God, being environed in matter, which they regarded as evil, and so incapable as such of redeeming the soul from matter, from evil, such as the God of the Jews, and the Son of that God, conceived of as manifest in flesh.
Democracy has been defined to be government of the people by the people and for the people, or as a State in which the government rests directly with the majority of the citizens, but this under the protest of some that it is not an end but a means "to the attainment of a truer and truer aristocracy, or government again by the Best. Democrats , a political party in the United States that contends for the rights of the several States to self-government as against undue centralisation.
Democritus , a Greek philosopher, born in Abdera, Thrace, of wealthy parents; spent his patrimony in travel, gathered knowledge from far and near, and gave the fruits of it in a series of writings to his contemporary compatriots, only fragments of which remain, though they must have come down comparatively entire to Cicero's time, who compares them for splendour and music of eloquence to Plato's; his philosophy was called the Atomic , as he traced the universe to its ultimate roots in combinations of atoms, in quality the same but in quantity different, and referred all life and sensation to movements in them, while he regarded quiescence as the summum bonum ; he has been called the Laughing Philosopher from, it is alleged, his habit of laughing at the follies of mankind; b.
Democritus Junior , a pseudonym under which Burton published his "Anatomy of Melancholy. Demogorgon , a terrible deity, the tyrant of the elves and fairies, who must all appear before him once every five years to give an account of their doings. Demoivre, Abraham , a mathematician, born in Champagne; lived most of his life in England to escape, as a Protestant, from persecution in France; became a friend of Newton, and a Fellow of the Royal Society, and was of such eminence as a mathematician that he was asked to arbitrate between the claims of Newton and Leibnitz to the invention of fluxions Demon , or Daimon , a name which Socrates gave to an inner divine instinct which corresponds to one's destiny, and guides him in the way he should go to fulfil it, and is more or less potent in a man according to his purity of soul.
De Morgan, Augustus , an eminent mathematician, born in Madura, S. India; was professor of Mathematics in London University from till his death, though he resigned the appointment for a time in consequence of the rejection of a candidate, James Martineau, for the chair of logic, on account of his religious opinions; wrote treatises on almost every department of mathematics, on arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, differential and integral calculus, the last pronounced to be "the most complete treatise on the subject ever produced in England"; wrote also "Formal Logic" Dempster, Thomas , a learned Scotchman, born in Aberdeenshire; held several professorships on the Continent; was the author of "Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Scotorum," a work of great learning, but of questionable veracity; has been reprinted by the Bannatyne Club; his last days were embittered by the infidelity of his wife Denarius , a silver coin among the Romans, first coined in B.
Denbigh 6 , the county town of Denbighshire, in the Vale of the Clwyd, 30 m. Denbighshire , a county in North Wales, of rugged hills and fertile vales, 40 m. Dendera , a village in Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, 28 m. Dengue , a disease peculiar to the tropics, occurs in hot weather, and attacks one suddenly with high fever and violent pains, and after a relapse returns in a milder form and leaves the patient very weak.
Denham, Sir John , an English poet, born at Dublin, the son of an Irish judge; took to gambling and squandered his patrimony; was unhappy in his marriage, and his mind gave way; is best known as the author of "Cooper's Hill," a descriptive poem, interspersed with reflections, and written in smooth flowing verse Denina, Carlo , an Italian historian, born in Piedmont; banished from Italy for a cynical remark injurious to the monks; paid court to Frederick the Great in Berlin, where he lived a good while, and became eventually imperial librarian in Paris under Napoleon Denis , a king of Portugal from to ; the founder of the University of Coimbra and the Order of Christ.
Denis, and became the mausoleum of the kings of France. Denison, Edward , philanthropist; distinguished by his self-denying benevolent labours in the East End of London Denison, George Anthony , archdeacon of Taunton, born in Notts; was charged with holding views on the eucharist inconsistent with the teaching of the Church of England, first condemned and then acquitted on appeal; a stanch High Churchman, and equally opposed to Broad Church and Low; b.
Denison, John Evelyn , Speaker of the House of Commons from to , brother of the above Denmark 2, , the smallest of the three Scandinavian kingdoms, consisting of Jutland and an archipelago of islands in the Baltic Sea, divided into 18 counties, and is less than half the size of Scotland; is a low-lying country, no place in it more above the sea-level than ft. Dennewitz , a village in Brandenburg, 40 m. Dennis, John , a would-be dramatist and critic, born in London, in constant broils with the wits of his time; his productions were worth little, and he is chiefly remembered for his attacks on Addison and Pope, and for the ridicule these attacks brought down at their hands on his own head, from Pope in "Narrative of the Frenzy of John Dennis," and "damnation to everlasting fame" in "Dunciad"; he became blind, and was sunk in poverty, when Pope wrote a prologue to a play produced for his benefit Dens, Peter , a Catholic theologian, born at Boom near Antwerp; author of a work entitled "Theologia Moralis et Dogmatica," a minute and casuistic vindication in catechetical form of the tenets of the Catholic Church, and in use as a text-book in Catholic colleges Curius , a Roman of the old stamp; as consul gained two victories over rival States and two triumphs in one year; drove Pyrrhus out of Italy B.
Denver , the capital of Colorado, U. Deodar 25 , a small protected independent State in the NW. Deparcieux , French mathematician, born at Cessoux, dep. Department , a territorial division in France instituted in , under which the old division into provinces was broken up; each department, of which there are now 87, is broken up into arrondissements.
Deptford , a town on the S. Derbend 14 , capital of Russian Daghestan, on the W. Derby, Charlotte Countess of , wife of the 7th Earl who was taken prisoner at Worcester in , and was beheaded at Bolton; famous for her gallant defence of Lathom House against the Parliamentary forces, which she was obliged to surrender; lived to see the Restoration; d. Derby, 15th Earl of , eldest son of the preceding; entered Parliament as Lord Stanley in ; was a member of the three Derby administrations, in the first and third in connection with foreign affairs, and in the second as Secretary for India, at the time when the government of India passed from the Company to the Crown; became Earl in ; was Foreign Secretary under Mr.
Disraeli in , but retired in ; in joined the Liberal party, and held office under Mr. Gladstone, but declined to follow him in the matter of Home Rule, and joined the Unionist ranks; was a man of sound and cool judgment, and took a deep interest in economical questions Derby Day , the last Wednesday in May, or, as may happen, the 1st of June, being the second day of the Summer Meeting at Epsom, on which the Derby Stakes for colts and fillies three years old are run for, so called as having been started by the 12th Earl of Derby in ; the day is held as a great London holiday, and the scene is one to which all London turns out.
Derbyshire , a northern midland county of England, hilly in the N. Derg, Lough , an expansion of the waters of the Shannon, Ireland, 24 m. Patrick's Purgatory, a place of pilgrimage to thousands at one time. Dervishes , a name given to members of certain mendicant orders connected with the Mohammedan faith in the East. Of these there are various classes, under different regulations, and wearing distinctive costumes, with their special observances of devotion, and all presumed to lead an austere life, some of whom live in monasteries, and others go wandering about, some of them showing their religious fervour in excited whirling dances, and others in howlings; all are religious fanatics in their way, and held sacred by the Moslems.
Derwentwater , one of the most beautiful of the Cumberland lakes, in the S. Derwentwater, Earl of , a Jacobite leader; was 3rd Earl and the last; several warrants were issued for his apprehension in ; he joined the Jacobite rising in ; was taken prisoner at Preston, and beheaded on Tower Hill, London, next year, after trial in Westminster Hall, confession of guilt, and pleadings on his behalf with the king.
Derzhaven, Gabriel , a Russian lyric poet, born at Kasan; rose from the ranks as a common soldier to the highest offices in the State under the Empress Catharine II. Desault , a French surgeon, born in dep. Desbarres, Joseph Frederick , military engineer and hydrographer, aide-de-camp of General Wolfe at Quebec; fortified Quebec; surveyed the St. Lawrence; revised the maps of the American coast at the outbreak of the American war; died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, aged Descamps , a French painter, born at Dunkirk; painted village scenes Deschamps, Eustache , a French poet, born at Vertus, in Champagne; studied in Orleans University; travelled over Europe; had his estate pillaged by the English, whom, in consequence, he is never weary of abusing; his poems are numerous, and, except one, all short, consisting of ballads, as many as of them, a form of composition which he is said to have invented; he deals extensively in satire, and if he wields the shafts of it against the plunderers of his country, he does no less against the oppressors of the poor Desdemona , the wife of Othello the Moor, who, in Shakespeare's play of that name, kills her on a groundless insinuation of infidelity, to his bitter remorse.
Desmond, Earldom of , an Irish title long extinct by the death of the last earl in ; he had rebelled against Elizabeth's government, been proclaimed, and had taken refuge in a peasant's cabin, and been betrayed. Des Moines 62 , the largest city in Iowa, U.
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De Soto , a Spanish voyager, was sent to conquer Florida, penetrated as far as the Mississippi; worn out with fatigue in quest of gold, died of fever, and was buried in the river Africa, a negro imported into Hayti as a slave; on the emancipation of the slaves there he acquired great influence among the insurgents, and by his cruelties compelled the French to quit the island, upon which he was raised to the governorship, and by-and-by was able to declare himself emperor, but his tyranny provoked a revolt, in which he perished See Leopold of Dessau.
Destouches , a French dramatist, born at Tours; his plays were comedies, and he wrote 17, all excellent ; also a French painter Detmold 9 , capital of Lippe, 47 m. Detroit , the largest city in Michigan, U. Clair with Lake Erie; is one of the oldest places in the States, and dates from , at which time it came into the possession of the French; is a well-built city, with varied manufactures and a large trade, particularly in grain and other natural products. Deucalion , son of Prometheus, who, with his wife Pyrrha, by means of an ark which he built, was saved from a flood which for nine days overwhelmed the land of Hellas.
On the subsidence of the flood they consulted the oracle at Delphi as to re-peopling the land with inhabitants, when they were told by Themis, the Pythia at the time, to throw the bones of their mother over their heads behind them. For a time the meaning of the oracle was a puzzle, but the readier wit of the wife found it out; upon which they took stones and threw them over their heads, when the stones he threw were changed into men and those she threw were changed into women.
Deus ex machina , the introduction in high matters of a merely external, material, or mechanical explanation instead of an internal, rational, or spiritual one, which is all a theologian does when he simply names God, and all a scientist does when he simply says Evolution q. The Mosaic authorship of this book is now called in question, though it is allowed to be instinct with the spirit of the religion instituted by Moses, and it is considered to have been conceived at a time when that religion with its ritual was established in Jerusalem, in order to confirm faith in the Divine origin and sanction of observances there.
Deutsch, Emanuel , a distinguished Hebrew scholar, born at Neisse, in Silesia, of Jewish descent; was trained from his boyhood to familiarity with the Hebrew and Chaldea languages; studied under Boeckh at the university of Berlin; came to England, and in obtained a post in the library of the British Museum; had made a special study of the "Talmud," on which he wrote a brilliant article for the Quarterly Review , to the great interest of many; his ambition was to write an exhaustive treatise on the subject, but he did not live to accomplish it; died at Alexandria, whither he had gone in the hope of prolonging his days Deutz 17 , a Prussian town on the right bank of the Rhine, opposite Cologne.
Deva , the original Hindu name for the deity, meaning the shining one, whence deus , god, in Latin. Development , the biological doctrine which ascribes an innate expansive power to the organised universe, and affirms the deviation of the most complex forms through intermediate links from the simplest, without the intervention of special acts of creation.
De Vere, Thomas Aubrey , poet and prose writer, born in co. Thomas of Canterbury"; his first poem "The Waldenses"; also critical essays; b. Devil, The , a being regarded in Scripture as having a personal existence, and, so far as this world is concerned, a universal spiritual presence, as everywhere thwarting the purposes of God and marring the destiny of man; only since the introduction of Christianity, which derives all evil as well as good from within, he has come to be regarded less as an external than an internal reality, and is identified with the ascendency in the human heart of passions native to it, which when subject ennoble it, but when supreme debase it.
He is properly the spirit that deceives man, and decoys him to his eternal ruin from truth and righteousness. Devil, The, is an Ass , a farce by Ben Jonson, full of vigour, but very coarse. Devil-worship , a homage paid by primitive tribes to the devil or spirit of evil in the simple-hearted belief that he could be bribed from doing them evil.
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Devonport 70 , a town in Devonshire, adjoining Plymouth to the W. Devonshire , a county in the S. Devrient, Ludwig , a popular German actor, born in Berlin, of exceptional dramatic ability, the ablest of a family with similar gifts D'Ewes, Sir Simonds , antiquary, born in Dorsetshire; bred for the bar; was a member of the Long Parliament; left notes on its transactions; took the Puritan side in the Civil War; his "Journal of all the Parliaments of Elizabeth" is of value; left an "Autobiography and Correspondence" De Wette, Wilhelm Martin Leberecht , a German theologian, born near Weimar; studied at Jena, professor of Theology ultimately at Basel; was held in high repute as a biblical critic and exegete; contributed largely to theological literature; counted a rationalist by the orthodox, and a mystic by the rationalists; his chief works "A Critical Introduction to the Bible" and a "Manual to the New Testament" De Witt, Jan , a Dutch statesman, born at Dort; elected grand pensionary in ; like his father, Jacob de Witt, before him, was a declared enemy of the House of Orange, and opposed the Stadtholdership, and for a time he carried the country along with him, but during a war with England his influence declined, the Orange party prevailed, and elected the young Prince of Orange, our William III.
He and his brother Cornelius were murdered at last by the populace Dewsbury 73 , a town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 8 m. Dextrine , a soluble matter into which the interior substance of starch globules is converted by acids or diastase, so called because when viewed by polarised light it has the property of turning the plane of polarisation to the right.
Dezobry, Charles , a French writer, born at St. Denis; author of "Rome in the Time of Augustus" Dhagoba , a mound with a dome-shaped top, found to contain Buddhist relics. Dharma , the name given to the law of Buddha, as distinct from the Sangha, which is the Church. Dharwar 32 , a town in the S. Dhwalagiri , one of the peaks of the Himalayas, the third highest, 26, ft. Diabetes , a disease characterised by an excessive discharge of urine, and accompanied with great thirst; there are two forms of this disease.
Diagoras , a Greek philosopher, born in Melos, one of the Cyclades, 5th century B. Dialectic , in the Hegelian philosophy the logic of thought, and, if of thought, the logic of being, of essential being. Dialysis , the process of separating the crystalloid or poisonous ingredients in a substance from the colloid or harmless ingredients.
Regular expressions are a powerful mechanism for describing letter patterns. You can search the Web for regular expression to find more thorough explanations and tutorials, but the basic syntax is as follows: A letter in the regular expression matches the same letter in a word. Ranges such as k-q are allowed. Parentheses can be used to group multiple subexpressions into a single, new subexpression. Only words that are no shorter than the shortest word in the list and no longer than the longest word in the list are eligible for selection.
With Intelligently , the program selects the word or letter that is most likely to narrow down the list of remaining words. A word selected Intelligently from the original list is not necessarily a candidate for the mystery word. For instance, if the word is known to end with an E , there is little knowledge to be gained by guessing a word that also ends with an E ; the program may therefore use that last position to test a letter that it knows nothing about.
Intelligently guessing a word is a time-consuming process. Specifying a time limit tells the program to return the best word found at the point at which time ran out. One approach is as follows: The program begins with a list of letters. Process The word must contain exactly 5 letters. Process The word must contain the letter s P at position 1. This reduces the number of remaining words to Process Intelligently guess a word from the original list.
The program guesses arose. Suppose we're told that the A and E exist in the mystery word but not at their locations in arose and that none of the other letters in arose appear in the mystery word. Process The word must match the pattern ae with dashes matching any letter and The word must not contain the letter s ROS anywhere in the word.
Now only 15 words remain in the list. Click on Show words to see them. The program guesses gland. Suppose we're told that the mystery word contains D in the final position, the A at a position other than where it occurs in gland , and none of the other letters in gland. Process The word must match the pattern --a-D with dashes matching any letter and The word must not contain the letter s GLN anywhere in the word.
Now only 4 words remain in the list paced , paved , pawed , and payed. The program guesses chewy. Note how chewy contains the C from paced , the W from pawed , and the Y from payed. Suppose we're told that the mystery word contains an E but not at its position in chewy and that none of the other letters in chewy appear in the mystery word.
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