Fourthly, There are but two nouns in nte, feminine ; to wit, la gtnt. Fifthly, The other different terminations in e keep the same gender, as in French aud Latin: We say likewise il gregge, in the masculine. Italian language has hut seventeen nouns termi- nated in i ; they are the same in the plural as in the singular, and are distinguished by the articles ; To wit, il di, the day, i d , the days, il Lunedt, Monday, i Lunedi.
U Venerd , Friday, t Venerd. V estasi, an ecslacy, gli estasi. V enfasi, an emphasis, le enfasi. This last noun is of all genders and numbers; and we say, u? There are also some proper names in i, as, Giovanni, Parigi, Ndpoli; and the numeral nouns, as, died, undid, dbdici, tredid, quatlbrdici, quindid, sedici, vtnti. Of the Nouns in o. Generally speaking the rest are mas- culine, and make their plural in i: Febrdro, and Febraio, February.
Calzoldro and calzoldio, a shoemaker. Mortar o and niortdio, a mortar. There are some nouns in o that end more elegantly in the plural in a than in i, and then they are feminine in the plural ; they are as follow: I' anello, le an'ella, the rings. U dito, le dita, the fingers. V orecehio, le orecchia, the ears. V bsso, le bssa, the bones. V ubvo, le ubva, the eggs. Nouns ending in co and go, of two syllables, take an h in the plural to avoid a harsh pronunciation: The following words are excepted.
Astrblogo, astrologer, makes astrbloghi "andastrologL In like manner mbnaco, a monk, forms in the plural mb- nachi, and mbnaci. Antko, antkhi, the ancients. They are in the right, if the final io makes but one syllable; as ba- ch, baci, kisses; figlio,figli, sons; saggio, saggi , sages ; bcchie, bcchi, eyes: In the other examples above produced, the reason why we do not put the long j, is to avoid the harsh pronuncia- tion which would follow from the junction of two its.
And yet the long j is sometimes admitted in order to avoid any ambiguity in the sense. And for this reason we write tempj, temples, and principj, principles, which otherwise would be confounded with tempi, times, an4 principi, princes. Nouns ending in cio, chio, gio, and glio, generally make but one syllable of io, and their plural by changing io into i: Of Nouns in u. Example, fieur, fibre; Wane, bumcho; blanche, bidnca ; piein, pltno ; temple, ttmpio ; plumb, piombo. Augmentatives are words which by the increase o a syllable, increase also in their signification.
There are two sorts of augmentatives ; the "first termi- nated in one, to express any thing great and large ; as, cdp- pello, a hat, change the last Jetter o into one, and you make- it cappellbne, a great large hat ; said, a hall, change a into one, and you will find salbne, a great large hall ; frate, a friar, jratbne, a fat overgrown friar ; casa, a house, casbne, a great house ; libro, a book, librene, a huge large book: Cdsa, casdcda, a great filthy house. Nouns terminating in ame denote plenty or abundance ; as gentdme, abundance of people, ossdme, abundance of bones.
There are two sorts of diminutives, one of kindness and flattery, another of compassion. The diminutives of kindness and flattery have their ter- minations in ino, etto, ello, for the masculine ; and in ina, etta, ella, for the feminine ; example, from pbvero, poor, come poverrno, poveretto, poverelle, a poor little man ; po- verina, poveretta, povertlla, a poor little woman.
The diminutives of compassion end in uccio, uzzo, icci- uvio, for the masculine, and in uccia, uzza, icciuola, for the feminine; example, from ubmo, a man, is formed, uomiiccio, uomuzzo, uomicciuolo, a poor little man. In her pretty little chamber, net suo bel camerino. Cdne, a dog, makes its diminutive cagnuolino, a little pretty dog. Tavola, makes tawlino, a little table. Berretta, berrettino, a little cap: Of Nouns-Adjective, npHE adjectives always agree with their substantives hi gender, number, and case.
The adjectives in o serve for the masculine: To make these adjectives of the feminine gender, you must change into a, as Mllo, btlla ; dotto, dbtta ; ricco, ricca: The other adjectives ending in e are of the masculine and feminine gender, without ever changing their termination, and they form their plural in 1, as well for the masculine as feminine: From the adjectives we may form comparatives and; superlatives. The Italian comparatives have before them, piu, ineno, or meglio; as, piu dotto, more learned; meno dotto, less learned ; piu bella, more handsome ; meno btlla, less hand- some.
The comparatives serve to compare one thing with ano- ther: In these examples we compare- the sun with the earth, the sister with the niece. To which may be added superiore, superior, and infe- riore, inferior, or lower. Observe, that the Italians never make use of the words peggio and meglio, but when they want to express the French words pire and mieux, that is worse and better, taken as adverbs.
When the comparative is to agree with the substantive, they say, peggiore and miglibre. Clearer than the sun, piu chidro del sole. More white than the snow, piii bianco della neve. More learned than the scho- lar, piii dbtto dello scoldre. Longer than the days, piu lunghi dei gibrni.
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Fairer than the stars, piii belle delle stelle. Clearer than the glasses, piu chidri degli speech]. Bigger than my bock, piii grdnde del mio libro. Larger than my hand, piii larga della mi a mono. Bigger than the whole earth, piu grdnde di tutta la terra. Richer than that man, piu ricco di quhto ubmo. More poor than rich, piu porero che ricco: He writes more than he speaks, 'sbrive piii che nan parla.
It is better late than never, e meglio tdrdi che mat. When the Italians have a mind to heighten their compa- risons, they make use of via piii, assai piii, molto piu, a great deal or much more: Example — Caesar is much more esteemed than Pompey -; Cesar e t via piii stimdto di Pompeo. Chare e assai piii stimdto di Pompeo. Chare h molto piii stimdto di Pompeo. Pompey was much less happy than Caesar. Pompeo e stato via meno, assai meno, molto meno Jelice di Chare. In all these examples one may say also, eke Pompto, che Chare. The Italian superlative is formed from the noun adjective, by changing the last letter into issimo, for the masculine, and into issima, for the feminine ; thus from grande you form grandtssimo, most great ; from hella, bellissima, most handsome.
The most is expressed by il piu, la piu ; as, the most fair, or fairest, il piu hello, la piu Mlla, i piu belli, le piu belle ; the most large, or largest, il piu grande. You are also to take notice, that th posiiive is some- limes used in the Italian language instead of the superla- tive, as, e la hella dtlle belle', as if one were to say, she is the fairest of the fair. Tnere is also another species of superlative ; for we say, un iiomo dbtto dbtto, to signify a very learned man.
Observations on some Nouns. Before the feminine nouns we put Una, hella, grande, savta, quella, hubna. None but gran is shortened before feminities. Frdte signifies a friar, or brother of a religious order. We must remember that fra. Ordinal JTIRST, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, se- venth, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thir- teenth, fourteenth, fif- teenth, sixteenth, seven- teenth, twentieth, one-and- twentieth, thirtieth, forti- eth, fiftieth, sixtieth, se- ventieth, eightieth, nine- tieth, the hundredth, the thousandth, the last.
The proportional numbers are semplice, dbppio, tripli- catOy quadruplicate, centuplicato, single, double, three- fold, fourfold, a hundredfold. The distributive nouns are ad uno ad uno, one by one: In French and English all ordinal numbers may be formed into adverbs, but in Italian they have only primi- eramenie, and secondariamente.
To learn a great number of Italian words in a short time, we must observe the following rules. Those in ence in French ; as clemence, diligence, prudence, end in Italian in enza ; clembnza, diligenza, prudenza. Agne makes agna; montagne, montagna ; campagne, campagna. Ogne makes ogna; Catalogue, Catalbgna; charogne, carbgna.
Ie makes ia ; comedie, comedia ; here you lean the ac- cent upon the e, and not upon the i as in French, poesie, pocsia. Te makes t a ; purete, purita ; liberalite, liberalitd. See what has been said in the exceptions of nouns termi- nating in a. Al, ale ; cardinal, cardinale ; mal, mule. Ant, ante; vigilant, vigiUtnte ; amant, amdnte. Ent, adjective, ente ; prudent, prudente; diligent, dili- gente.
Ier, iere ; cavalier, cavalitre ; picquier, picchiere. Ion, ione ; union, unibne ; portion, porzibne. On, one; charbon, carbbne; canon, canbne ; baron, ba- rbne. Ont, onte; front, fronte ; pont, ponte. Ude, udine ; inquietude, inquietudine. Age, aggio; page, pdggio ; equipage, equipdggio. A in, ano ; vilain, villano ; humain, umano. Aire, ario; salaire, saldrw; temeraire, temerdrio.
Eau, elh; chapeau, capcllo; manteau, mant'tllo. Ent, substantive, ento ; sacrement, sacramento. Eux, oso ; genereux, generuso ; graoieux, grarMso. In, ino ; vin, vino ; jardin, giardino. I F, ivo ; actif, attivo ; passif, passivo. C, co ; pore, pbrco ; Tare, Tiireo ; Grec, Greco ; escroc, scrbeco, doubling the letter c.
Er, are ; aimer, amare ; parler, parlare. Endre, endere ; prendre, prendere ; rendre, rendere. Is, he; partir, partire ; sentir, sentire. The participles in t make ato; aime, amuto; orne, orndto ; chante, cantuto ; parle, parldio. The particles in i make tYo; dormi, dormito; senti, sentUo ; pati, patito ; menti, mentito.
There are a great many Italian words that have no manner of analogy or resemblance with the French ; as h ciglia, the eyebrows; fazzoleito, a handkerchief; gbbbo, crooked ; chiamare, to call ; scherzdre, to play ; and many others, which hinder these rules from being general. The Latin ablatire generally makes the Italian no- minative; as, colore, onhre, petihic, vcrgine. But if the last syllable of the nominative begins with a consonant, the consonant continues, and the vowel o is added to it: The neutral nominatives in en drop the letter n ; as nomen, nbme; flumen, flume; changing also the letter I into i, as hath been already observed, where we treated of nouns ending in u.
The greatest part of the Latin infinitives, of the se- cond and third conjugation, make the Italian infinitives ; as, dolere, tenere, solere, tcmere, vedere, credere, leggere, dijendere: HTHE pronouns personal are io and noi for the first person, and they serve for the masculine and femi- nine.
Ikt and voi, for the second, and these serve also for the masculine and feminine. Egli for the third person of the masculine gender, and it makes eglino in the pluml. Hence we never say lui or tee mi dia una presa di tobacco, give me a pinch of snuff. Us, after the imperative, is rendered by cj; example, tell us, diteci: In these examples gu is not a pronoun personal, but con- junctive as you will see hereafter. Though there are instances of lui, lei, and loro, being used hi the nominative,. We therefore say, for him, per lui ; for her, per hi ; for them, per loro ; with him, con lui, or seco ; with her, con lei, or seco ; with them, con loro.
Of the Pronoun se, one s self, or himself. There is another pronoun personal, that serves in- differently for the masculine and feminine: It is often joined with the pronoun stesso or stessa, and then it is more elegant: There are seven pronouns conjunctive, viz. They are expressed in Italian by mi, ti, si, gli, or le, ci, w t loro. I will tell her, io le dirt. The pronoun conjunctive, to him, is expressed in Italian by gli, and to her, by le: We like- wise make use of gli in the plural, to signify loro ; but then observe, that you are to put gli before the finite mood ; as, io gli ho initso dire cose mirabili ; and lor o after the infinite mood, as ho veduto far loro cose mirabili.
But gli for loro is seldom used in prose. We is the nominative of to pray, of which it makes the action ; and so ye is the nominative of to sing: In like manner, to render in Italian, we speak to you, we must say, not vi parliamo, and not noi voi parliamo ; because we is the nominative, and makes the action of the verb, and not you, which in- stead of making it, receives it.
Yet we may say, il ma- estro parla a noi, noi parliamo a voi. To clear up this matter, you must express them here as underneath, changing the letter i of the pronoun conjunctive into e; as to say to me of it instead of mine, you must say mene ; in like manner, instead of mi lo, you are to say melo, pronouncing the two syllables short.
And the same is to be observed in all the following pronouns conjunctive. C it, to me, melo, mas. Me, mi ; me of. Thee, ti ; thee of J.. C it, to him, g-lielo, mas. To them, loro ; to them of it, ne loro ; putting always loro after the verb. If the verbs are in the infinitive, or the gerund, the pronouns conjunctive must be transposed ; as to tell me, per dirmi ; to tell me of it, per dirmene ; to give it to me, per darmelo ; in telling me it, dicendomclo ; to give it to us, per darcelo ; so as to make, it as it were, but one word of it, remembering that we must always pro- nounce short melo, mene, telo, tene, celo, celi, cele, and the rest after the same manner.
Other examples concerning the pronoun conjunctive loro, them. I promise them, prometto loro. To promise them some, per promttterne loro. In promising them some, promettundone loro. After imperatives, and before infinitives and gerunds, the pronouns are never personal, but conjunctive ; ex- ample, give us, dated ; to see you, per vedervi ; in speaking to you, parldndovi. After verbs, when a question is asked, the pronouns are personal, and not conjunctive: Perche, irudo destin, ne drsunisci tu, s' amor ne strtnge? E tu perche ne str'mgi, se ne parte il destin, perfido amort?
Why, cruel fate, dost thou part us, if love unites us? And thou, perfidious love, why dost thou unite us, if fate parts us. T H , E E English have no article in the nominative be- fore the pronouns possessive, but the Italians have ; as my, il mio, la tnta, fern. There are six pronouns possessive, viz. Loro, as you see, never changes, but is always loro ; it is put before the masculine as well as the feminine, before the singular as well as the plural number. The pronouns possessive are declined by the definite ar- ticle il for the masculine, and by la for the feminine.
To render them easy to decline, I shall give the follow- ing example. Norn, my book, il mio libro, Gen. Norn, my books, i miei libri. Decline all the other masculines after the same man- ner, and the feminiues by the article la ; as, la mia serva, della mia serva, alia mia serva, dalla mia serva: Your majesty, vostra maesta. Of your majesty, di vostra maesta. To your majesty, a vostra maesta.
From your majesty, da vostra maesta. If the nouns of..
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Your brothers, i vbstrifratelli, or ifratelli vbstrL Your sisters, It vbstre sorelle, or le sorelle vbstre. Of your brothers, de' vbstrifraUlli, or de'fratelli vbstrL Of your sisters, delle vbstre sorelle. To your brothers, a' vbstrifratelli. To your sisters, alle vbstre sorelle. Their highnesses, le altezze loro, or le loro altezxe.
Of their highnesses, delle altezze loro. To their highnesses, alle altezze loro. Take notice, that when the pronoun possessive is ac- companied by a pronoun demonstrative, they do not put the article in the nominative. We do not say, il questo mio Jibro, but questo mio Ubro. In all other cases they make use of the indefinite article: HTHE pronouns demonstrative are the following: They are expressed in Italian after the following man- ner: This woman or thing, Questa, quella, or colei. He, or that thing, Quel, or quello, or colui. She, or that thing, fyc. These women or things, Queste, quelle, 3f costbro.
They, or those, fyc. They, or those, Sfc. Quelle, fern, or colbro. That, Questo, or do. They make use of questo, questi, questa, queste, ia shewing a thing near at hand ; and quel, quello, quelli, quel, quella, quelle, in shewing or speaking of a thing at a distance. Cosiiri, colui, costei, colei, are also pronouns demonstra- tive, and never used but in speaking of a rational sub- stance ; as, of a boy, a man, a woman, Sfc.
They do not often make use of colui, costui, colei, costei, in the nominative. Costui and costei, form in the plural, costbro, these men or women ; colid and colei make in the plural colbro, they or those men and women. They seldom make use of colbro or costbro, either in the feminine or nominative. We make use of costui, colui, costei, colei, costbro, colbro, when they are the last words of a sentence, but never in the beginning or middle of it. We frequently meet with cotesto and cotesta, and they signify that man or thing, that woman or thing: Foreigners, and sometimes the Italians them- selves, are mistaken in the use of those two pronouns.
We ought never to use cotesto, but in speaking of a thing which concerns the person who hears us. Therefore you must not say, cotesto mio dbito, but questo mio dhito. In the beginning of a sentence, we must say, cie che: Example, Who is it? What will you have? What are you doing? What book is this? What house is it? That, when it is a pronoun relative, is expressed in Italian, by che, or by il quale in the masculine, and by la quale in the. La mbglie ch' ho' or la qual' ho, the wife that I have. But it is better lo make use of che than of qu.
Of whom or whose is expressed by di chi or di cut, ' To whom is expressed by a cki or a cui. From whom, in the ablative, by da chi. See the following examples ; but observe, that you will never find this pro- noun there in the nominative. Whose fair visage, il cui bel viso, or il di cui Uel viso, for il hel vrso di cui. YY hose beauties, le cui bellezae, or le di cui bellezzc, for le bellezze di cui.
To whose father, al cui padre, or al di cui padre, for al padre di cui. From whose brother I have received, dal cui, or dal di cui fratello horicevuto. The French relative, dont, of ivkich or of whom, is rendered in Italian by di cui. Dont le, il di cui, or il cui. Dont la, la de cui, or la cui. Dont tes, le di cui, for the feminine. Him, as we have already observed in the chapter of articles, is rendered by lo: If the verb begins with a vowel, there must be elision ; as, I caress him, io Vaccarezzo. Her, is expressed by la ; example, I know her, io la conosco ; you want her, vol la volete.
Them is expressed by li for the masculine, and by le for the feminine ; as, 1 see them, li vedo, or le redo. Esso, he himself, or it, is likewise a pronoun relative ; it makes in the plural essi, themselves ; essa, she herself, or it, makes esse, themselves, fern. Of improper Pron ouns. TpHESE pronouns are called improper, because indeed they are not properly pronouns, but have a great resemblance to pronouns as well as lo adjectives.
They are the following, Tidto, tutti, m. Veruno, veruiia, not one man or woman, is used for the affirmative as well as for the negative. Tutto, comprehends a totality, and agrees with the thing spoken of; example, all the world, tutto il mbndo, or tutto 7 mondo; all the men, tutti gli ubmini.
The whole earth, tutta la terra. All the women, tutte le dbnne. But if after the word all there is no article, we must use ogni; example, all men that say so, speak amiss, ogni umno die dice questo, pdrla male ; all women that, ogni donna che. Observe, nevertheless, that this pronoun is used with- out the article; and is productive of great elegance, especially in verse, Che tutte altre vellhze indietro vanno.
Sciblti da tutte qtialitdde umdne. It is used be- fore masculines as well as feminines, and especially when the pronoun all may be rendered by each or every; exam- ple, all or every scholar, ogni scblare ; for all or every thing, per ogni cosa. There are some examples of ogni in the plural. But the examples are so uncommon, that they hardly de- serve notice. Altro makes in the plural altri; altra, feminine, makes altre.
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The oblique cases are always altrui; nom. The feminine, as well in the singular as plural, always makes, like the nominative, Altra. AltrOy when it is not followed by a noun, signifies another thing. Altri is often put for the singular number; as, dltri pidnge, dltri ride, one weeps, another laughs. Important Remarks on the Conjugation, Before you begin to learn the conjugations, it will be proper to observe, that all the verbs may be conjugated without the pronouns personal, io, tu, egli, noi, voi, eglino, so you are at liberty to form them -with or without the pronouns ; and it will be right in you to follow the Latin rule, Supprimit orator, que rustic us edit inept e.
And in like manner all other tenses are distinguished by a star, except the single verb essere, to be. I have, io ho, or ho. He has, egli ha, Jia. We have, noi abbiamo, abbiamo You have, voi auete, avete They have, eglino hanno, hanno. I had, io ebbi Thou hadst, tu a vest i He had, egli ebbe. We had, noi avemma. I have bad, io ho avuto Thou hast had, tu km avuto He has had. I had had, io avevo avuto Thou hadst had, tu avevi avuto He had had, egli aveva avuto. We had had, noi avevamo avuto You had had, voi avemte avuto They had had, eglino avevano avuto.
Avero, awrai, averd, averemo, arercte, averdnno, are become obsolete, according to the modern taste. The imperative has no lirst person singular, because it is impossible to command one's self. Have thou, dbbi tu Let him have, abbia egli. Let us have, abbidmo noi Have you, abbiate voi.
Let them have, dbbiano eglino. I join them together, because their tenses are similar. That I may have, c he or ch f io abbia That thou mayst have, cite tu dbbi or abbia That lie may have, c h' egli abbia. That we may have, che noi abbidmo That you may have, che voi abbiate That they may have, cti eglino abbiano. That we had, che noi avessimo That you had, che voi aveste That they had, cK eglino accuser q. Averei, averesli, averebbe or averw, averSmmo, averiste, averibbero, or averiano, are grown out of use ; especially as this tense is always like the future of the in- dicative, changing ro iiito rei.
That I have had, ch' io dbbia avido Thou hast had, che tu dbbia avuto He has had, ch' egli dbbia avuto. We have had, che noi abbidmo avido You have had, che voi abbidte avuto They have had, ch' eglino dbbiano avido. It is compounded of the first preterimperfect subjunctive and the participle. If I had had, se io avessi avido Thou hadst had, se tu avessi avuto He had had, s' egli avesse avido. We had had, se noi avessimo avido You had had, se voi aveste avido They had had, s' eglino avessero avido.
It is compounded of the second preterimperfectsubjunc- tive and the participle. I should have had, io avrci avuto Thou shouldst have had, tu avresti avuto He should have had, egli avrebbe avido. We should have had, noi airemmo avido You should have had, voi avreste avido They should have had, eglino avrebbero avido.
It is compounded of the future of the indicative and the participle. When he shall have had, quand'egJi avra aiid6. To have had, aver avuto. Having, or in having, Having had, avendo avuto. By the generality of tenses of the verb avere, you plainly see how necessary it is to be perfect master of them in order to attain a speedy knowledge of all the rest, since there is such an entire conformity between them, except in the present, preter-imperfect definite, and the subjunctive.
When we speak by negation, we must use the word non ; example, I have not, non ho ; you must not know, non dovete conoseere ; thou hast not, non hai; he has not, non ha. But to express, have I none] hast thou- none? I -am, io sono, or sono Thou art, tu set, set He is, egli e, e. We are, noi si amo, siamo You are, voi siete, or sete, siete They are, eglino sono, sono.
It is compounded of the present indicative, io sono, and its own participle stdto or stata. I have been, io sbno stdto Thou hast been, tu sei stato He has been, tgli e stdto. We have been, noi siiimo stdti You have been, voi siete stdti They have been, eglino sono stdti. If we speak in the feminine, we must say, sono stata, sei stata, t stdta ; shhno state, siete state, sono state; and so in all the compound tenses. I had been, io ero stdto Thou hadst been, tu eri stdto He had been, tgli era stdto. We had been, not trdmo stati, or eravdmo stdti You had been, loierdte stati, or eravdtt stati They had been, tglino erano stdti.
I shall or will be, to sard Thou shalt be, tu sardi He shall be, tgli sard. Be thou, sii tu, or sia tu Let him be, sia egli. Let us be, siamo noi Be you, slate toi Let them be, sidno, siino, or skno eglinc. That I may be, che or cliio sia Thou mayst be, che tu sia He may be, ch'egli sia.
We may be, che noi siamo You may be, che vol sidte They may be, th'tglinosiano, siino, orsieiw, First Preterimperfect. That I were or might be, che or cliio fbssi, or fussi Thou weit, che tufossi, or fussi He were, ch' egli fosse, orfussc. I should cr would be, w sarei Thou shouldst be, tu saresti lie should be, egli sartbbe. We should be, noi sarhnmo You'sliould be, voi sartsie They should be,. It is compounded of the first preterimperfect subjunc- tive, and the participle.
We had been, se noifbssimo stdti You had been, se voifbste stdti They had been, s'eglinofbssero stdti. It is compounded of the second preterimperfect subjunc- tive and the participle. I should or would have been, io sarti stdto Thou shouldst have been, tu saresti stdto He should have been, egli sarebbe stdto. We should have been, noi saremmo stdti You should have been, voi sareste stdti They should have been, tglino sarcbbero stati.
When I shall have been, quand' io sard stdto Thou shalt have been, tu sardi sidlo He shall have been, egli sard stdto We shall have been, noi saremo stdti You shall have been, voi sareie stdti They shall have been, eglinosar anno stdti. To have been, essere stdto. Been, stdto, for the masculine; stdta, for the feminine. Having been, essendo stdto. The verb essere has no need of any other auxiliary verb j and we must never put any of the tenses of the verb avere before the participle stdto ; as, I have been, you must say sbno stdto, and not ho stdto ; 1 had been, ero stdto, and not avevo stdto.
And this rule must be particularly at- tended to, because here it is that foreigners are apt to make blunders. For which reason, I shall use but three conjugations. Amdre shall serve as a rule for the verbs in are. Credere for the verbs in ere, Sentire for the verbs in ire. It is proper to observe here, that the infinitives of verbs, derived from the Latin, retain the same quantity as they have in Latin.
On the contrary, credere, cres- cere, having the second syllable short in Latin have it also short iii Italian. If you observe this rule ill pronouncing infinitives, you will avoid the mistakes which most learners of the Italian language are apt to commit. Eafy method of learning to conjugate, the Verbs, J HAVE reduced all the tenses of the verbs to seven, four of which are general, and have the same termi' nations in all the verbs; and the other three, by changing the one leiter in the third person, may be likewise made general, and all the conjugations reduced to one.
The general tenses are the preterimperfect, the future, the first and second preterimperfect subjunctive. The preterimperfect is terminated, in all the verbs, in vo, vi, va ; vdmo, vdte, vano. The future indicative is terminated in re, rai, ra ; rcmo, rtte, ranno. Therefore, in these tenses, after having made thechangeof re into rb for the future, and into rei for the second imperfect, you must also change the vowel that pre- cedes rb and rei, and say amerb, amerti; and so of the other verbs terminated in are.
The present indicative, the present definite, and the present subjunctive, are the oniy tenses you have to learn; for the other four, that I have given above, are ge- neral, IB Of the VERBS. For the present indicative, you change it into o through all the conjugations, so that of amdre, credere, sentire, you make amb, credo, scnto. As for the present subjunc- tive, the vowel that remains is changed into i in the first conjugation, and into a in the others; thus, ami, creda, senta.
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Preterperfect definite indicative, are, ai, tisti, b, ammo, dste, drono. The participles are, are, dt. Change the termination, are, ere, ire, with the letters and syllables opposite to thera, and you will find the present, the preterperfect deiinite, and the present subjunctive, oi" all the regular verbs. First conjugation, of the Verbs In are. I love, dm-o Thou lovest, am-i He loves, am-tb. We love, am-idmo You love, am-ate They love, dm-ano.
I did love, am-dvo, or am-dva, Thou didst love, am-dvi He did love, am-dva. We did love, am-avdmo You did love, am-avute They did love, am-dvano. I loved, am-di Thou Iovedst, am-dsti He loved, am-o. We loved, am-dmmo You loved, am-dste They loved, am-drcno. The poets often use amdr and amdro, for amdrono ; and so in all the verbs in are. This tense is composed of the participle a-mdto t and the present indicative of the auxiliary verb averc, 1 have loved, ho am-dto Tliou hast loved, hdi am-ato He has loved, ha am-dto.
We have loved, ubbidmo am-dto You have loved, avete am-dto They have loved, hdnno am-dto, Preterpluperf ect. This tense is composed of the participle amdtc, and the imperfect of the auxiliary verb avere. I had loved, avevo am-dto Thou hadst loved, avevi am-dto He had loved, aveva am: We had loved, avevdmo am-dto You had loved, avevdte am-dto They had loved, avevano am-dto. I shall or will love, am-ero Thou shalt love, um-erdi He shall love, am-erd. We shall love, am- ere mo You shall love, am-erete They shall love, am-erdnno Formerly they used amarb, but now they write amero, and so of all the verbs in are.
Love thou, dm-a iu Let him love, ami egli Let us love, am-idmo noi Love you, om-dte. That I may love, che or cliio tm-i Thou mayest love, c he tu ani-i He may love, che or ch'egli dm-i. We may love, che am-idmo You may love, che am-idte They may love, che or cliam-ino. The same rule is appli- cable to the following preterimperfect, and to the present optative and subjunctive of the second and third conjuga- tion. That I might or could love, che or ch'io am-dssi Thou mightest love, che tu am-dssi He might love, che or ch'egli am-dsse.
Young beginners are apt to transgress against this rule. It is composed of the participle amdto, and the present subjunctive of the auxiliary verb az'ere. That I have loved, c he or ch'io abbia am-dto Thou hast loved, che tu dbbia am-dto He has loved, che or ch'egli abbia am-ato.
We have loved, che noi abbidmo am-ato You have loved, che vol abbidte am-dto - They have loved, cheoxclieglinodbbianoam-dto. It is composed of the participle amdto, and the first pre- terimperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb avert. If I had loved, se io avessi am-dto Thou badst loved, se tu avessi am-dto He had loved, se or s'egli avesse am-dto. We had loved, se azessimo am-dto You had loved, se aveste am-dto They had loved, se avesscro am-dto. It is composed of the participle amdto, and the second pre terimperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb were, I should have loved, avrri dm-dto Thou shouldst have loved, avresti am-dto He should have loved, avrtbbt am-dto.
We should have loved, imrimmo am-dto You should have loved, avreste am-dto They should have loved, avrebbero am-dto. It is composed of the participle amdto, and the future indicative of the auxiliary verb avere. When I shall have loved, qua?
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To have loved, avere am-ato. Loved, am-dto, masculine, Loved, am-dta, feminine. Remarks on the Verbs in are. A LL the verbs ending in are, are conjugated in the same manner as amdre ; except four, which only devi- ate from this rule in some of their tenses; they are an- ddre, dare, fare, stare. You will find their conjugations after the regular verbs. FvAiwe, pecc -herd, I shall sin; pecc-herdi. The other tenses are conjugated like amdre. Conjugation of the verbs passive. Before we proceed to the second conjugation, it is ne- cessary to know, that the verbs passive are nothing more than the participles of verbs active, conjugated with the verb essere: I am loved, sbno am-dto Thou art loved, set am-dto II e is loved, e am-dto We are loved, sidmo am-dti You are loved, siete am-dti They are loved, sono am-dti.
I was loved, ero am-dto Thou wert loved, eri am-dto He was loved, era am-dto We were loved, eracdmo am-dti You were loved, eravdte am-dti They were loved, erano am-dti. I was loved, fid am-dto Thou wert loved, fbsti am-ato He was loved, fit am-ato. I have been loved, sono stdto am-ato Thou hast been loved, sei stdto am-dto He has been loved, e stdto am-dto.
We have been loved, sidmo stdti am-dti You have been loved, siete stdti am-dti They have been loved, sono stdti am-dti. I had been loved, tro stdto am-dto Thou hadst been loved, tri stdto am-dto He had been loved, era stdto am-dto. I shall or will be loved, sard am-dto Thou shalt be loved, sardi am-dto He shall be loved, sard am-dto. We shall be loved, saremo am-dti You shall be loved, sareie am-dti They shall be loved, scrdnno am-dti. I shall go no farther with the conjugation, because it is only a repetition of the verb sono, joined to the participle am-dto. Observe, that in the construction of the passive, the Italians make use of da or dal, and per, by, which answer to the French dti and par ; with this difference, that the latter more frequently use par than du, whereas the for- mer generally put da or dot: Second conjugation, of the Verbs in ere.
I believe, Thou believest, cred-o. You believe, They believe, cred-ete. I did believe, cred-evo. Thou didst believe, cred-evi. He did believe, cred-eva. They did believe, cred-evano. I believed, cred-ei or cred-etti. He believed, crede, or cred-ette. SThey believed, cred-erono, or cred-htero. Thou hast believed, hdi cred-uto. We have believed, abbidtno cred-uto. You have believed, avete cred-uto.
They have believed, hdnno cred-uto. I had believed, avevo cred-uto. Thou hadst believed, avivi cred-uto. He had believed, aveva cred-uto. They had believed, avevano cred-uto. I shall or will believe, cred-ero. Thou shalt believe, cred-erdi. He shall believe, cred-erct. We shall believe, cred-eremo. You shall believe, ered-erete. They shall believe, cred-erdnno. Let him believe, cred-a. Let us believe, ered-idmo. Let them believe, cred-ano. That I may believe, che or ch'fo cred-a.. Thou mayst believe, che tu cred-a. He may believe, che or ch'egti cred-a.
We may believe, che cred-idmo. Youroay believe, che ered-idte. That I might or could believe, Thou mightest believe, He might believe, We might believe, You might believe, Thoy might believe, the cred-essi. That I have believed, Thou hast believed, He has believed, We have believed, You have believed, che or cKio dbbia cred-uto. They have believed, ch'ebbiano cred-uto. If I had believed, Thou -hadst believed, He had believed, We had believed, You had believed, They had believed, se io avessi cred-uto.
When I shall have believed, quand' avro cred-uto. We shall have believed, avremo cred-uto. You shall have believed, avrete-cred-uto. They shall have believed, avrdnno cred-uto. To enjoy, godere ei etti uto, reap, mietere ei etti uto. Lsell, vendere ei etti uto. To All the other verbs in ere are irregular.
The regular verbs end with two vowels in the pre- terperfect definite ; as, am-ai, cred-ei, sent-ii or sent-j. All the regular verbs, in the same tense, end with the vowel i: Thus credere, which makes credei and credetti, is both regular and irregular. You will find, in the chapter of the irregular verbs in ere short, a very easy manner of learning the irregularity of the verbs, which I have reduced to one general rule.
Third Conjugation oj the verbs in ire. We hear, sent-iamo, You hear, sent-ite. I did hear, sent-ivo. Thou didst hear, sent-ivi. They did hear, sent-ivano. Thou heardst, sent-istL He heard, sent-i. I have heard, ho sent-ito. Thou hast heard, Mi sent-ito. He has heard, ha sent-ito.
We have heard, abbidmo sent-ito. You have heard, avtte sent-ito. They have heard, hdnno sent-ito. I had heard, avevo sent-ito. Thou hadst heard, avivi sent-ito. He had heard, avivd sent-ito. We had heard, avevamo sent-ito. You had heard, aievate sent-Uo. They had heard, avevano sent-itoo Future.
I shall or will hear , sent-irb. Thou shalt hear, sent-irdL He shall hear, sefit-ird. We shall hear, sent-iremo. You shall hear, sent-irete. Let him hear, sent-a. Let us hear, sent-idmo. Let them hear, sent-ano. That I may hear, che, or ch'io sent-a. Thou may'st hear, che tustnt-a. He may hear, ch'egli sent-a. We may hear, che sent-iamo. You may hear, che sent-idte. They may hear, che stnt-ano, Preterimperfect.
That I could or might hear, che sent-issi. Thou mightest hear, che sent-issn He might hear, che sent-isse. We might hear, che sent-issimo. You might hear, c he sent-isie. They might hear, che sent-issero. I should hear, sent-ivei. Thou shouldst hear, seni-iresti. He should hear, sent irebbe. We should hear, sent-iremmo. You should hear, sent-ireste. They should hear, sent-irebbero, Preterimperfect. That I have heard, che, or ch' to oibbia sent-ito. Thou hast heard, che tu tibbia sent-ito. He has heard, ch'egli ctbbia sent-ito. We have heard, ch' abbidtno sent-ito.
You have heard, ch' abbiate sent-ito. They have heard, ch' abbiano sent-ito, Preterpluperfect. If I had heard, se io ave'ssi-scnt-ito. Thou hadst heard, se tu avessi sent-ito. They had heard, se. I should have heard avrei sent-ito. Thou shouidst have heard, avresti sent-ito. He should have heard, We should have heard, You should have heard, They should have heard, avrebbe sent-ito. Gerund, in hearing, sent-endo. Conjugate after the same manner the following verbs, which are the only verbs in ire, that conform to the rule of sent-ire.
All the other verbs in ire are irregular in the present tense, which they make in isco ; as you will see in the chapter of irregulars in ire: When once you know how to conjugate these five verbs, avere t essere, amare, credere, senttre, you may be said to be master of almost all the rest, the termina- tion of the tenses and persons being the same, especially in the regular verbs: Your teachers will instruct you upon this head ; but if they should neglect to do it, or if you learn Italian without a master, your way must be to conjugate two or three of those verbs, or all five, at the same time.
This will enable you to learn them with greater ease, to retain them better in your memory, and to express yourself more readily. In order to conjugate the two auxiliary verbs together, you may say, for instance, Ho un cavallo, e ne sono contmto. I have a horse, and am satisfied with it. And thus you may exercise yourself through every tense and person of the whole conjugation. With regard to the other three, you will receive a great benefit, if you conjugate them by other similar verbs.
For instance, I buy my goods, sell them cheap, and serve my friends faithfully ; compro le mie mercan- zie t le vmdo a oubn mercdto, or prezzo, e servo con- Z5 fedeltd. The verb comprdre is conjugated like- amdre, vendere like credere, servire like sentire. If you enter upon this practice, you will find that in a very little time you will be able to speak and write with great ease ; for in the Italian language they write as they speak, and speak as they write. There are but four verbs of the first conjugation, which in some of their tenses depart from the rule of the verb amdre, viz.
Anddre, dare, fare, stare. The verb fare is, properly speaking, an irregular of the second conjugation, since it is only the Latin verb facere syncopated or abridged. Yet I place it here in com- pliance with, the method of other grammarians. Observe that these verbs are irregular ; some in the present, some in the preterdefmite, and others in the fu- ture tense. Of the Verb andare. TTHE Verb anddre is irregular no where but in the pre- sent tense. I went, thou wentest, he went; we went, you went, they went. Anddi, anddsti, andb ; anddmmo, anddste, anddrono.
I have gone, so no anddto. We have gone, sidmo anddti. You have gone, siete anddti. They have gone, sbno anddti.
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