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Should I pay a subscription fee to always have free shipping? July or later. Defence of the present coinage and of the tender accepted against the printed complaint of the disappointed tenderers and three letters of Richard Jones. Newton has accepted not the cheapest tender but the most reliable one. Mint disapprove of coining foreign money, but see no objection to allowing the moneyers and engravers to make medals for him. Following a protest by the Irish Parliament against Wood's licence to coin, asks Newton to send an expert to Bristol to examine his coins.

Having heard that his sample has been approved, he submits his proposals for consideration by the Treasury and hopes in a few months to supply two tons of copper per week or something approaching it. Asks for money to have a suit of clothes made up, and acknowledges previous kindnesses. Holograph memorandum deprecating a new alloy of silver and zinc in unknown proportions.

Detailed report on the trial at London of Wood's copper coinage for Ireland, which was found satisfactory, with an account of the amount of Wood's coinage up to 28 March Recommends rejection of Charles Fryth's claims for consignments to the Chester Mint: Laudatory account of the services of the late comptroller James Hoare during the recoinage. Response to a petition from Anthony Redhead [former master of the Norwich Mint] against unjust and over-long imprisonment. Draft warrant to the Sheriff of London for the temporary release of Anthony Redhead, former master of the Norwich Mint and now in gaol, to present his accounts.

Report of Queen's Counsel's opinion on the case of Anthony Redhead: Holograph drafts of legislation to recompense the Mint for the fact that the money coined from premium plate came to less than the amount spent on the plate: Copy of royal warrant to the Mint to receive plate at premium rates as specified in the Parliamentary ruling of 1 May , issue receipts for it, and melt it at once into shillings and sixpences to be paid into the Exchequer. Holograph draft regulations on hallmarking and provision for regular trials by the Mint's assay master, with notes on past legislation.

After 19 June Two holograph drafts of queries arising out of the lack of provision for payment for plate received after 14 May , with a summary of the relevant legislation. Soon after 14 May Holograph draft memorandum on disputes between Newton and the warden [Craven Peyton], particularly the warden's opposition to Newton's proposal to pay vendors of plate 5s. Holograph draft memorandum on recent legislation concerning the purchase of plate at a premium by the Mint and the validity of Mint receipts for payments to the government.

Between 19 June and 24 July Before 1 May Summarises the history of the plate-collection and requests a warrant to pay the suppliers at least some of what is owed to them. Before 30 July Report on the coining of a consignment of gold from New England, with details of the quality of the metal and the expenses incurred in receiving it.

Later life of Isaac Newton

Holograph fragment of an account for the Mint's receipt of silver recovered from the shipwreck off Mayo. Holograph fragment of a report on the Mint officers' inspection of the silver recovered from a shipwreck off the Isle of Mayo, advising that the Mint has all the facilities necessary to deal with it and there is no need to set up a new office. Copy of a pamphlet [not by Newton] entitled 'Reasons for new-Coyning our Money so as to increase and preserve it, And for paying the Publick Debts'.

Printed ready-reckoner, compiled by George Brown, of the value in sterling silver of varying finenesses of bullion for the use of merchants supplying bullion to the Mint Edinburgh, Extract from the London Mint indenture allocating poundage, followed by an extract from the warrant requiring the Edinburgh Mint to follow the rules set out in the London Mint indenture. Royal warrant to George Allardes [Allardyce, Allardice, master of the Edinburgh Mint] to coin crowns, half-crowns, shillings and sixpences in the proportion Proposed measures to be taken in the wake of Daniel Stewart's recent death.

Edinburgh Mint officers summoned by Council order to the pyx trial in London cannot be excused except by the Council itself, which Newton thinks unlikely.

Between 4 and 25 July Minute of the Edinburgh Mint Board recommending the appointment of an assistant to the assay master. Deplores the Edinburgh Mint's non-payment of fees and salaries and asks Newton's advice as to how this can be remedied. Corrected account of the total bullion brought into the Scottish Mint during the recoinage, with a covering letter containing apologies for errors in the previous account and a repeated enquiry about the allowance for waste. On the need to supply the Edinburgh Mint with trial plates, weights, dies and Mint marks. On equipment still needed by the Edinburgh Mint, especially crown and half-crown puncheons, which are to be sent overland as this is the quickest way.

Draft indenture for the Edinburgh Mint, requiring conformity with London practice and allowing apprentices to be sent to London for training. After 25 July The articles ordered for the Edinburgh Mint have been embarked, all except the weights and seals, as authorisation to mark the weights has not yet been given: Late or early Lord Seafield Lord Chancellor of Scotland. Holograph draft of royal warrant to Lauderdale, General of the Edinburgh Mint, to settle the payment of salaries and expenses outstanding since Christmas Holograph draft of Treasury warrant to John Stanley [London warden] to have two sets of check weights made, one for London and one for Edinburgh.

Followed by a series of calculations. Rough holograph notes in Latin on calculating latitudes and longitudes, preceded by a list in English of the requisite mathematical, geographical and astronomical tables. The continued refusal of Stewart's executors to hand over money owed to the Edinburgh Mint has left them unable to carry on their business.

Begs Newton to sort the mess out: Printed proclamation calling in Scottish crowns and 40s. Holograph draft query as to whether the Queen cannot empower the master of the Edinburgh Mint to employ moneyers at his own discretion and on his own terms, as the master of the London Mint does.

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Similar but less elaborate printed reckoner for bullion values, without the compiler's name. Royal warrant appointing David Gregory to supervise the reorganisation of the Edinburgh Mint. Petition for recovery of income lost and expenses incurred through the reorganisation of the Edinburgh Mint.

James Clark Edinburgh engraver and die-sinker. Holograph drafts of royal warrants to the Edinburgh master and officers to undertake coining according to the rules set out in Newton's indenture. If pyx trials are to continue to be conducted in Scotland as the Lord Chancellor of Scotland wishes, new gold and silver trial pieces should be made and allotted to the English and Scottish Mints and Treasuries and to the Goldsmith's Company.

Clarification of Millar's duties as assistant to the commissioners: Recoinage is proceeding satisfactorily. Response to the petition of the former Edinburgh bullion clerk William Hamilton, referred by the Treasury to the London Mint. After 26 May Excuses delays in presenting his accounts by his agent's failure to send him relevant documentation. XXIV anent a free coinage'. Holograph list of editorial additions and emendations to be made to the Coinage Act.

Before 20 October After 25 August Detailed technical instructions to be given to Brandshagen and Hamilton for inspecting the mine at Alva: Holograph copy of information given by James Hamilton on the mine at Alva and traces of silver and copper in the neighbourhood. Holograph copy of various of Brandshagen and the Hamiltons' expense claims, with Newton's comments and revisions.

Two clerical copies of a royal warrant authorising payment of Justus Brandshagen [advisor on King George's mines in Hanover] and James Hamilton while in Scotland to inspect the mine at Alva. Detailed account of how all Brandshagen's legitimate claims were settled and refutation of the others. If he left any debts, his executors must pay them. Holograph draft report on the investigation of the Alva mine, in response to a petition for payment from James Hamilton.

Suggests various means by which Brandshagen and his party could save time and money in their investigation. Two holograph drafts of a report on Brandshagen's and the Hamiltons' expense claims, specifying which of the expenses Newton considers justified. Report on samples of ore sent to the Mint by Townshend for testing: Passes on a report he has received about the vein of silver ore in Alva and gives advice on conducting the inspection. Clerical copies of Earl Marshal's warrants, dated 13 June and 12 September , prescribing design of silver coin. Requests orders to draft new designs for coins as soon as the King's coat of arms has been decided on.

Holograph draft summary of warrants issued for altering the design of coins [evidently in preparation for submitting new designs following Anne's accession on 8 March]. After 8 March Royal warrant approving the Mint's proposed designs of gold and silver coin subject to certain alterations.

Submits his design for a medal [to commemorate the proclamation of Queen Anne's Bounty, a series of measures to relieve impoverished clergy]. Suggests that in future he be given authority to approve medal designs himself, to save the Treasury time. Holograph draft memorandum suggesting alternative designs and mottoes for the Coronation medal.

Holograph memorandum on Newton's design for a Union medal, with a detailed explanation of its symbolism. As requested, presents his six proposed mottoes, and descriptions of six proposed emblems, for the reverse of the Coronation Medal. August or September Printed price list of medals struck in the Mint during Anne's reign [] and from George's accession to Requests orders to coin Coronation medals and offers suggestions about the quality of metals to be used.

After 8 August Holograph notes and calculations relating to the cost and distribution of various gold and silver medals. An account of the medals coined for the last coronation [Anne's] and the time needed to coin medals for the forthcoming one [George I's]: Newton estimates six weeks to two months. After 2 June The Irish Mint, which Lucas [Lieutenant of the Tower] now demands possession of, was transferred from the Mint to the Ordnance during the civil wars but restored to the Mint in Holograph extracts from earlier masters' indentures relating to Mint independence and freedom of entry and exit.

Certificate exempting Christopher Priddeth, by virtue of his position as Mint clerk, from civic duties and taxation. Holograph copy of a clause in the master's indenture guaranteeing freedom of entry and exit. Detailed list of grievances against Lord Lucas Lieutenant of the Tower and his staff. Before 27 July Holograph notes on smiths, plumbers and repairs, with names of several officers and servants, dating back to Prophesies concerning Christs 2d coming Author: Letter to Henry Oldenburg, 16 March Author: Letter to Henry Oldenburg, 19 March Author: Newton's figure of his reflecting telescope with explanations Author: Letter to Henry Oldenburg, dated 13 April Author: Letter to Henry Oldenburg, dated 11 June Author: Letter to to Henry Oldenburg, dated 30 July Author: Copy of an extract of a letter to John Collins, dated 10 December Author: Copy of a letter to John Collins, dated 9 April Author: Answer to Huygens' critique of Newton's new theory of light and colours, dated 10 June Author: Response to Linus's second letter concerning Newton's new theory of light and colours, dated 13 November Author: Note about his reflecting telescope Author: Letter to Oldenburg answering Linus's second letter on Newton's new doctrine of light and colour Author: Letter to Oldenburg on his experiments to show colour and light Author: Letter to Oldenburg on the lengths and angles of prism images, dated 18 August Author: Letter to Oldenburg on delays conducting experiments Author: Letter to Edmund Halley on the doctrine of projectiles and motions of the heavens Author: Letter to Edmund Halley on work on ellipses and the descent of falling bodies Author: Letter to Edmund Halley on changes to the Principia Author: Letter to Edmund Halley on corrections to the Principia Author: Letter to Edmund Halley on the sun's parallax to the moon and other matters Author: Letter to Charles Montagu describing the solution to the mathematical problems proposed by John Bernoulli Author: Concerning experiments to show heat Author: Observations of the sun and moon at the spring equinox Author: Letter to Louis d'Aumont, dated 3 June Author: Fragmentary notes on Church history Author: Copy of note concerning the petition of the Provost and Fellows of the Corporation of Moneyers Author: Copy of report concerning the weight and value of the tools and utensils made for the late great coinage Author: Copy of note acknowledging surplussage of Newton's account for prosecuting clippers and coiners Author: Copy of draft of request for permission to repair building in the Mint Author: Copy of letter concerning the values of French and Scottish moneys Author: Letter concerning potential preventions of counterfeit money in the counties Author: Copy of letter concerning the petition and bill of Thomas Birdikin Author: Letter concerning the petition of the Mine Adventurers Author: Copy of response to the petition of Edward Courtney, including his bills Author: Copy of request for compensation for prosecuting clippers and coiners Author: Copy of letter concerning the funds for rewarding the place of engineer Author: Copy of letter concerning suggestions for the discouragement and reduction of counterfeiting Author: Copy of note concerning Mrs Morris's bill for her husband's prosecution of coiners Author: Copy of note concerning Mr Bond's petition Author: Copy of letter concerning the position of third Graver of the Mint Author: Copy of letter concerning the exemption of employees of the Mint from other civil duties Author: Copy of letter offering the results of the trial of the pix of 3 August Author: Copy of letter suggesting allowing gravers to maintain their skill through the production of medals Author: Copy of letter concerning the management of duties on stamped vellum Author: Copy of letter concerning the petition of Thomas Silvester Author: Copy of letter concerning several petitions concerning the coinage of copper Author: Copy of response to a petition from Abel Slaney and partners to coin a further tons of halfpence and farthings Author: Freeman, and their proposal to coin tin Author: Copy of letter concerning the costs associated with coining copper Author: Copy of letter concerning the values of standards Author: Copy of response to the memorials of Henry Smithson, with an account of a meeting with John Thompson Author: Copy of letter concerning the passing of French currency in Ireland Author: Copy of letter concerning the present state of the Mint Author: Copy of a letter concerning the renewal of a warrant for the production of medals Author: Copy of letter validating the bills for graving of Henry Harris Author: Copy of letter concerning the bills for engraving public seals Author: Copy of letter concerning bill and warrants relating to several public seals Author: Copy of letter concerning the petition of the widow of John Roos Author: Copy of letter concerning the coining of her Majesty's gold from Portsmouth Author: Copy of charges of bringing gold from Portsmouth and melting it into ingots Author: Copy of letter requesting funds for repairing of Mint buildings Author: Copy of Newton's response to the petition of Gabriel le Clerk Author: Copy of letter outlining the use of plate brought into the Mint Author: Copy of proposal to take on Beresford as apprentice Author: Copy of order to produce account of the Mint following the death of the assaymaster Author: Copy of Newton's response to order for gold and silver medals for the coronation Author: Copy of a second response to the order of medals for his Majesty's coronation Author: Copy of an account of the cost of medals produced for his Majesty's coronation Author: Submits draft designs for new George I coins Author: Copy of response to Sandford's memorial, detailing the salary and expenses allowance of a clerk for assistance in prosecuting clippers and counterfeiters Author: Copy of letter concerning the bill of Richard Barrow for the prosecution of clippers and coiners Author: Copy of letter concerning the synchronisation of practices of the Mint in Scotland and in the Tower Author: Copy of inventory of tools used by the Mint in Scotland Author: Copy of letter suggesting standards for the Mint in Scotland and in the Tower Author: Copy of a letter to Godolphin concerning the costs of relating to the establishment of the Edinburgh Mint Author: Copy of letter concerning covering the costs of coinage at the Mint in Scotland Author: Copy of letter discussing responsibility for payments during coinage Author: Copy of letter from the Mint concerning the transportation of pix from the Edinburgh Mint Author: Copy of response to the petition of James Penman Author: Copy of letter to the Chester Mint requesting account of hammered monies received and of monies paid out Author: Copy of letter to the Chester Mint with instructions concerning a levy on the salary of the deputy porter there Author: Copy of a note to the Chester Mint requesting an account of the weight and pix of monies received there Author: Copy of letter concerning Mr Molineux's suspicion of foul play among the tellers or in the melting house Author: Copy of letter to the Chester Mint concerning the storage of the new monies Author: Copy of letter to the Chester Mint requesting an account of persons who received, borrowed or issued any money belonging to that Mint Author: Copy of letter ordering all in possession of money from the country mints to be called to account Author: Copy of letter condemning the quarrelling at the Chester Mint and promising to resolve the issue Author: Copy of letter to the Chester Mint requesting money taken out of each journey to be sent to the Mint in London Author: Dr Edleston, in his preface to Newton's correspondence with Cotes, justly remarks: Newton, however, could not get the information he wanted from Flamsteed, and after the spring of his time was occupied by his duties at the mint.

Rumours, however, of his work, and of a new edition, were heard from time to time. Dr Bentley, the master of Trinity College, had for a long time urged Newton to give his consent to the republication of the Principia. In Newton's consent was obtained, but it was not till the spring of that he was prevailed upon to entrust the superintendence of it to a young mathematician of great promise, Roger Cotes , fellow of Trinity College, who had been recently appointed the first Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy. On 21 May , after speaking to Newton, Bentley announced this arrangement to Cotes: Although Cotes was impatient to begin his work, it was nearly the end of September before the corrected copy was given to him.

During the printing of this edition a correspondence went on continuously between Newton and Cotes. On 31 March , when the edition was nearly ready for publication, Newton wrote to Cotes: To prevent being blamed by him or others for any disingenuity in not acknowledging my oversights or slips in the first edition, I believe it will not be amiss to print next after the old Praefatio ad Lectorem , the following account of this new Edition.

In Libri primi Sect. In Libri secundi Sect. Newton's desire to avoid writing the preface seems to have come from a knowledge that Cotes was considering alluding to the dispute about the invention of fluxions. At last, about midsummer , was published the long and impatiently expected second edition of the Principia , and; on 27 July, Newton waited on Queen Anne , to present her with a copy of the new edition.

In the question of finding the longitude at sea, which had been looked upon as an important one for several years, was brought into prominence by a petition presented to the House of Commons by a number of captains of Her Majesty's ships and merchant ships and of London merchants. The petition was referred to a committee of the House, who called witnesses. Newton appeared before them and gave evidence.

He stated that for determining the longitude at sea there had been several projects, true in theory but difficult to execute.


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Newton criticized all the methods, pointing out their weak points, and it is due mainly to his evidence that the Committee brought in the report which was accepted by the House, and shortly afterwards was converted into a Bill, passed both Houses, and received the royal assent. The report ran "that it is the opinion of this committee that a reward be settled by Parliament upon such person or persons as shall discover a more certain and practicable method of ascertaining the longitude than any yet in practice; and the said reward be proportioned to the degree of exactness to which the said method shall reach.

Some argue that John Harrison , a developer of clocks, should have received the main prize, but in defense of Newton's decision not to award it, Harrison's work had no effect on maritime navigation. He made a total of four clocks, and at most one of these ever went to sea.

Isaac Newton’s Works

Newton was a very popular visitor at the Court of George I. Having one day been told by Sir Isaac that he had composed a new system of chronology while he was still resident at Cambridge, she requested him to give her a copy. Upon receiving a copy of this work, Newton printed, in the Philosophical Transactions for , a paper entitled "Remarks on the observations made on a Chronological Index of Sir Isaac Newton, translated into French by the observator, and published at Paris.

From an early period in life Newton paid great attention to theological studies, beginning his studies before That Newton was even then a powerful thinker was proved by his ability to attack the most difficult mathematical problems with success. For example, in Leibniz , in a letter to the Abbe Conti , proposed a problem for solution "for the purpose of feeling the pulse of the English analysts". The problem was to find the orthogonal trajectories of a series of curves represented by a single equation. Newton received the problem at about Sir Isaac was anxious for its publication but because his argument deprived the Trinitarians of two passages in favour of the Trinity , he became alarmed at the possible consequences.

He therefore asked Locke, who was on the way to the continent, to have it translated into French and have it published there. Locke copied the manuscript and sent it to Jean Leclerc on 11 April On 20 January Leclerc announced his intention of publishing it in Latin. Upon hearing this Newton responded "to stop the translation and publication as soon as he could.. This was done, but Leclerc sent the manuscript to the library of the Remonstrants , and it was later published in London in under the title Two Letters from Isaac Newton to M le Clerc.

This edition had many errors. Dr Horsley therefore published a genuine one, which is in the form of a single letter to a friend, and was taken from a manuscript in Sir Isaac's own hand. John which was published in London in Another work Lexicon Propheticum published in was a dissertation on the sacred cubit of the Jews. He wrote four letters to Bentley containing arguments for existence of a deity which were published by Cumberland, a nephew of Bentley, in Newton devoted much of his time to the study of chemistry, a great number of his experiments still remain in manuscript.

His Tabula Quantilatum et Graduum Caloris contains a comparative scale of temperature from that of melting ice to that of a small kitchen fire. He wrote another chemical paper De Natura Acidorum. Sir Isaac spent much time in the study of the alchemists including Jacob Boehme. In an earlier part of his life, Newton and a relation Dr Newton of Grantham had put up furnaces and had wrought for several months in quest of the philosophers tincture.

Scientists have discovered that before Isaac died he burned important papers in his fireplace and they think it might have been an important discovery he made while doing alchemy. In the last few years of Newton's life he was troubled by urinary incontinence [26] due to a gallstone [27] [28] likely developed due to lack of sleep and poor nutritional habits.

Isaac Newton’s Works

In January he was seized with violent cough and inflammation of the lungs which induced him to move to Kensington. In the next month he had a case of gout and then had an improvement of health. His duties from the mint were terminated and thus he seldom left home. On 28 February he went to London to preside at a meeting of the Royal Society but his health condition forced him to return to Kensington on 4 March when it was determined he had a gallstone.

He endured great suffering. On 18 March he became delirious around 6pm and stayed in that state until Monday 20 March when he died between one and two in the morning.