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Showing 2 Results Books: Provide feedback about this page. The largest group of recipients are premature infants who derive very substantial benefits from it. Human milk protects premature infants from necrotizing enterocolitis and from sepsis, two devastating medical conditions. Milk banks collect, screen, store, process, and distribute human milk. Donating women usually nurse their own infants and have a milk supply that exceeds their own infants' needs. In the milk bank , handling, storing, processing, pooling, and bacterial screening follow standardized algorithms.
Heat treatment of human milk diminishes anti-infective properties, cellular components, growth factors, and nutrients. However, the beneficial effects of donor milk remain significant and donor milk is still highly preferable in comparison to formula. Forms of human milk banking and donation have been present for more than a century worldwide, but, since , the Human Milk Banking Association of North America HM BANA has established guidelines to make the use of donor's breast milk safe and the second best form of feeding to maternal breast milk for a neonatal intensive care unit NICU infant.
The Indiana Mother's Human Milk Bank provides an extensive and meticulous process of selecting breast milk donors. The process begins with a phone interview with a potential donor and includes the review of the donor's medical records, blood laboratory screening, medication and dietary intake, as well as consent from the donor's pediatrician.
The milk bank follows steps of collecting, storing, and receiving the breast milk in accordance with the guidelines of the HM BANA. Pasteurization is the method used to ensure the proper heating and cooling of breast milk. Despite the rigorous pasteurization method, the donor's breast milk will not lose most of the important beneficial components needed for sick or ill NICU infants. Every batch of pasteurized breast milk will be cultured for any possible contamination and shipped to NICUs after it has been cleared by laboratory testing.
Human milk donation is an alternative to human milk bank. Human milk bank is a source of human milk supply in many neonatal intensive care units. However, there are some hospitals without this facility because of financial or religious impediments, such as the Muslim community. We introduced human milk donation as an alternative to human milk banking based on Islamic principles. The suitable donor is a healthy rooming-in mother whose expressed breastmilk is in excess of her baby's demand. The donor must fulfill the criteria for selection of donors and be nonreactive to human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis.
Once the recipient's family and the donor state their desire for the human milk donation, a meeting with both parties is made. Unpasteurized frozen-thawed donor's milk will be provided to the recipient after written consents are obtained from both parties. A total of 48 babies received donated breastmilk. Forty-two infants were from the special care nursery, and the remaining six were from the pediatric ward. Sixty percent of the infants who received donated human milk were premature. Two infants died because of the underlying nature of their disease.
Human milk donation is an option for hospitals without a human milk bank or in the Muslim community. New perspectives in human milk banks. Directory of Open Access Journals Sweden. It has been shown that feeding preterm infants with human milk is less related to major morbidities, enhances feeding tolerance and prevents metabolic syndrome in childhood. Currently, Holder pasteurization HoP: New methods to ameliorate the biological quality and safety of DHM are under investigation in the last years. Ultraviolet-C irradiation UV-C is another non-thermal method capable of reducing vegetative bacteria in human milk and it also seems to preserve higher levels of immunological proteins than HoP.
High-temperature short-time pasteurization HTST: Further researches are needed to define the optimal treatment of DHM. Human milk , widely understood to be beneficial for infants, can be lifesaving for preterm neonates, especially in reducing the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Donor human milk DHM is an option when mothers are unable to provide milk or have an inadequate supply for their infants.
Nonprofit donor human milk banks are established to provide safe, processed human milk from milk donated by healthy lactating mothers who have undergone a rigorous screening process. These milk banks , operating under the auspices of the Human Milk Banking Association of North America, obtain, process, and dispense human milk under strict guidelines set by the association. Increasing the supply of donor human milk to meet a dramatic increase in demand poses a significant challenge for nonprofit milk banks.
Efforts to increase supply nationwide include education of providers, use of social media to engage potential donors, and outreach to news media. In parallel, milk banks are establishing regional depots to collect donations, and additional milk banks are being developed. This article describes the current nonprofit milk bank industry in the United States, its challenges, and its future prospects.
To assess the operation status of human milk banks in the mainland of China. This retrospective study included a consecutive series of 14 human milk banks in the mainland of China from March to December The opened date, condition of donated breast milk , characteristics of donors and clinical application of donated breast milk were analyzed. There were 14 human milk banks successively founded in mainland China from March to December The number of human milk banks , the amount of donated breast milk , the number of eligible donors and the times of donation had increased each year.
Howere, the operation status among these milk banks varied greatly. Among them, one human milk bank has newly opened without relevant data, 6 banks could accept frozen breast milk , and the remaining 7 banks could only collect breast milk by the nurses in the bank.
Among the 3 eligible donors, 1 The use of donor breast milk , the number of recipients and the average received amount of breast milk every person varied greatly among these banks. The human milk banking developed quickly in the mainland of China. Howere, the number of donors and the amount of donated breast milk which could not meet the clinical demands should be improved.
And it was urgent to establish the standards or guidelines of the human milk banking as soon as possible in China. Full Text Available Breastfeeding is the most appropriate source of nutrition also for preterm infants. Infants fed DHM grow at a slower rate than formula-fed infants. Given the wide variability of DHM content and its generally low macronutrient content, individualised fortification represents a more valid option than standard fortification in order to meet the high nutritional requirements of preterm infants.
Pasteurization is necessary to reduce bacterial count in DHM. Holder pasteurization, which is recommended in most HMB guidelines, has several limitations, because it impairs macronutrient and functional components of DHM. Alternative methods of pasteurization, which would be capable of retaining the bioactive properties of DHM with the highest level of microbiological safety, are currently under investigation.
Characteristics of the first human milk bank in Taiwan. The benefits of feeding human milk to infants, even in prematurity, have been well documented. Well-organized donor milk processing has made the milk bank a good source of nutrition for premature or sick infants if their own mother's milk is not sufficient or suitable. The Taipei City Hospital Milk Bank was established in and is the first nonprofit human milk bank to operate in Taiwan. The clinical characteristics of the eligible milk donors, the recipients, and the donor milk were reviewed retrospectively.
In the past 6 years, eligible donors donated a total or 13, L mean The mean age of these donors was Most had term delivery A total of infants had received bank milk , with these indications: The pass rate of raw donor milk was around The most common reasons to discard raw milk were Gram-negative rods contamination Proper management and operation of a human milk bank can support breastfeeding, and provide a safe alternative to artificial formula for feeding preterm or ill infants in Taiwan.
Sustainability of the milk bank needs more propagation and financial support by health authorities. Published by Elsevier B. Quality of human milk expressed in a human milk bank and at home. To evaluate the quality of the human milk expressed at home and at a human milk bank. This a retrospective, analytical, and observational study, performed by assessing titratable acidity records and the microbiological culture of human milk samples expressed at home and at a human milk bank , in For the statistical analysis, generalized estimating equations GEE and the chi-squared test were used.
The quality of human milk expressed at home and at the milk bank are in agreement with the recommended standards, confirming that the expression of human milk at home is as safe as expression at the human milk bank , provided that the established hygiene, conservation, storage, and transport standards are followed. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. Variation in macronutrients in human bank milk: Influencing factors and implications for human milk banking. There was a large variation in the concentration of energy-yielding macronutrients. The contents of P, F, C, and E in the samples with the highest values The F content decreased during the 1st 4 months, followed by an almost linear increase.
The possible influence of different maternal characteristics on the macronutrient content of the milk was examined Thus, by continuous monitoring of macronutrient content in human bank milk it is possible to develop a "high-protein" milk with sufficient P and E content Evaluation of losses for a human milk bank ]. In France, human milk banks pasteurize milk for the mother's own hospitalized baby personalized milk and for donation. There is specific legislation regulating the activity of human milk banks with bacterial screening of donor milk before and after pasteurization.
Milk should be tested for Staphylococcus aureus and total aerobic flora. The real pathogenicity of the total aerobic flora is actually debated as well as the usefulness of systematic postpasteurization screening. The aim of this study was to quantify milk losses related to prepasteurization contamination by total aerobic flora in a regional milk bank , to identify losses due to contamination with S. This was a prospective observational study conducted in the regional human milk bank of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais area in France. Variables were the volumes of personalized milk collected by each center, volumes of contaminated milk , and the type of bacteria identified.
During the study period, the regional human milk bank treated L liters of personalized milk and L Postpasteurization tests were positive in 25 samples 0. Only five of these 25 samples were positive before pasteurization and in all cases with S. A total of L were destroyed because of prepasteurization contamination with total aerobic flora, while the postpasteurization culture was sterile. There was a great difference between centers in the percentage of. A review of human milk banking and public health policy in Australia.
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Breastmilk is the perfect food for human infants. It is markedly different from, and uniquely superior to, artificial baby milk. Human milk banks are services which collect, screen, process and distribute donated breastmilk. Recipients are generally ill and premature infants whose mothers are unable to breastfeed them. This review of human milk banking in Australian public health policy draws from local and international research. This history of human milk banking and contemporary Australian policies, pertaining to breastfeeding and milk banking , are examined.
Human milk banking is noted to be largely invisible from national breastfeeding policies. The barriers to establishing human milk banks in the Australian context are explored. Strategies which have helped generate support for human milk banking are discussed. International research has demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of banked donor milk. It is time for human milk banking to become an integral component of Australian breastfeeding policies, viewed as one of several initiatives to protect and support breastfeeding.
Human milk bank under the perspective of the donating woman. This is a descriptive study with eleven nursing mothers of a bank of human milk of a university hospital through the systematized observation and individual interview. The concerning of the nursing mothers with a transforming action, willing to donate their milk , believing that this is a way for the transformation of the world. The values engendered in the action of donation of human milk emerge from the symbolic domains of acting of the health professionals, characterizing the imaginary myth of the nursing mothers. The donations require practices which reinforce the social imaginary during the care to health offered by the Milk Bank.
Purpose The aim of this study was to determine Turkish women's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors on wet-nursing, milk sharing, and human milk banking in a primary care setting located in a semi-rural area. Description Donated human milk is a feasible option for feeding infants and children. Currently, there is a debate on the topic starts with the preparations to launch a human milk bank in a large city in Turkey.
Several previous papers reported women's opinions in large hospital based studies. Little is known about women's views and practice on donated human milk in the rural areas of Turkey. Assessment The study sample was recruited among married women aged years who had given birth within the past 5 years and who were in a family health center for any reason in Honaz, Denizli, Turkey.
A total of women were included in the study. The data were collected by questionnaire created by the researchers and consisting of two parts: Results Thirty women However, only 46 women Possibility of marriages between milk siblings Women's education was another factor affecting their opinion on breast milk sharing and donation to human milk banks. Conclusion Wet-nursing decreased over the years in Turkey, but still an ongoing small child feeding method. When human milk is unavailable, banked milk is recommended for feeding premature infants.
Milk banks use processes to eliminate pathogens; however, variability among methods exists. The aim of this study was to compare the macronutrient protein, carbohydrate, fat, energy , immune-protective protein, and human milk oligosaccharide HMO content of human milk from three independent milk banks that use pasteurization Holder vs. The concentrations of protein and fat were significantly p milk samples that had undergone retort sterilization had significantly less immune-protective proteins and total and specific HMOs compared with samples that had undergone Holder and vat pasteurization.
These data suggest that further analysis of the effect of retort sterilization on human milk components is needed prior to widespread adoption of this process. Iron concentrations in breast milk and selected maternal factors of human milk bank donors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between iron concentration in mature breast milk and characteristics of donors of a Brazilian milk bank.
Iron, vitamin A, zinc, and copper concentrations were assessed in human milk and maternal blood. Data were collected on maternal anthropometrics, obstetric, socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle factors. Iron, zinc, and copper in milk and zinc and copper in blood were detected by spectrophotometry. Vitamin A in milk and blood was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hemoglobin was measured by electronic counting and serum iron and ferritin by colorimetry and chemoluminescence, respectively. Transferrin and ceruloplasmin were determined by nephelometry.
According to multivariate linear regression analysis, iron in milk was positively associated with vitamin A in milk and with smoking but negatively associated with timing of breast milk donation P milk of Brazilian donors may be influenced by nutritional factors and smoking. Mothers' knowledge of and attitudes toward human milk banking in South Australia: The beneficial effects of breastfeeding for mothers and babies are well recognized. When maternal breast milk is not available in sufficient quantity, donor breast milk is recommended as an alternate source of nutrition, particularly in preterm and other high-risk infants.
Australia lags behind the rest of the developed world in establishing and promoting human milk banks ; there is no human milk bank in South Australia and little is known concerning mothers' perceptions of using human milk banks in that state. This study explored mothers' knowledge of and attitudes toward human milk banks , to inform the development of human milk banking policies and guidelines in South Australia should a milk bank be established. Breastfeeding mothers, as potential donors, unanimously supported donating their breast milk to a human milk bank , provided it would be easy especially if required to drop off milk and not overly time consuming.
Mothers of preterm or sick infants would use a human milk bank if they were assured the milk was safe and appropriate for their babies. Study participants would welcome having access to a human milk bank for both donating and receiving milk in South Australia. The thematic content analysis and the theoretical framework of Pierre Bourdieu allowed mediation of the objective and subjective Characteristics of the regional human milk bank in Poland - donors, recipients and nutritional value of human milk.
The clinical characteristics of the recipients was made on the basis of medical documentation from the Holy Family Hospital in Warsaw, Poland. Analysis of nutritional value was performed with the human milk analyzer MIRIS AB In the first year of activity, 45 voluntary donors established cooperation, donating from to ml of human milk. The content of nutrients in milk provided by donors was variable - protein 0. The average length of using donated human milk was 4 days and the average volume of milk for one infant was ml The donor profiles have a significant impact on the milk composition form HMB.
The nutritional value can be improved by recruitment donors from mothers that gave birth prematurely and by beginning donation at earlier stages of lactation as soon as lactation is stabilized. In case of shortage of mothers own milk the immediate implementation of donors milk as a short-term support can significantly reduce the food intolerance incidence in the group of prematurely born infants.
A longitudinal study of human milk composition in the second year postpartum: While the composition of human milk has been studied extensively in the first year of lactation, there is a paucity of data regarding human milk composition beyond one year postpartum. Policies vary at milk banks around the world regarding how long lactating women are eligible to donate their milk. The primary purpose of this study is to describe longitudinal changes in human milk composition in the second year postpartum to support the development of evidence based guidelines regarding how long lactating women can donate human milk to a milk bank.
Human milk in the second year postpartum contained significantly higher concentrations of total protein, lactoferrin, lysozyme and Immunoglobulin A, than milk bank samples, and significantly lower concentrations of zinc, calcium, iron and oligosaccharides.
Accepting milk bank donations beyond one year postpartum is a potential strategy for increasing the supply of donor milk , but may require mineral fortification. In re-establishing donor human milk banking in Australia, the focus of the PREM Bank has been to develop a formal and consistent approach to safety and quality in processing during the operation of the human milk bank. There is currently no existing legislation in Australia that specifically regulates the operation of donor human milk banks. For this reason the PREM Bank has utilised existing and internationally recognised management practices for managing hazards during food production.
Donor screening procedures are consistent with those recommended by other human milk banks operating internationally, and also consistent with the requirements for blood and tissue donation in Australia. Controlled documentation and record keep requirements have also been developed that allow complete traceability from individual donation to individual feed dispensed to recipient and maintain a record of all processing and storage conditions. These operational requirements have been developed to reduce any risk associated with feeding pasteurised donor human milk to hospitalised preterm or ill infants to acceptable levels.
Banked preterm versus banked term human milk to promote growth and development in very low birth weight infants. Human milk banking has been available in many countries for the last three decades. The milk provided from milk banking is predominantly term breast milk , but some milk banks provide preterm breast milk.
There are a number of differences between donor term and donor preterm human milk. To determine the effect of banked preterm milk compared with banked term milk regarding growth and developmental outcome in very low birth weight infants infants weighing less than g. We searched reference lists of all selected articles, review articles and the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials.
We also searched abstracts from neonatal and pediatric meetings PAS electronic version from to , ESPR hand search from to We applied no language restrictions. We planned to perform assessment of methodology regarding blinding of randomisation, intervention and outcome measurements as well as completeness of follow-up.
We planned to evaluate treatment effect using a fixed-effect model using relative risk RR , relative risk reduction, risk difference RD and number needed to treat NNT for categorical data and using mean, standard deviation and weighted mean difference WMD for continuous data. We planned an evaluation of heterogeneity. No studies met the inclusion criteria. Evaluation of home collection performed by a human milk bank in a university hospital in Brazil. Full Text Available Objective.
Evaluation of procedures during household milking and transport of human milk associated with their quality control. Observations were made during home visits. The chi-square test, logistic regression and Spearman test p menor que 0. The results suggest that most donors assimilated the guidelines of the milk bank staff and procedures were satisfactorily performed. It could be demonstrated that milking and home collection are safe and effective ways for obtaining donated human milk.
Inactivation of high-risk human papillomaviruses by Holder pasteurization: Several studies have recently reported the detection of oncogenic human papillomaviruses HPV in human milk of a minority of lactating mothers. These findings raised safety concerns in the context of human donor milk banking given the potential risk of HPV transmission to recipient infants. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Holder pasteurization, a procedure currently in use in human donor milk banks for milk pasteurization, completely inactivates high-risk and low-risk HPV.
HPV pseudoviruses PsV were generated, spiked into cell culture medium or donor human milk and subjected to thermal inactivation. HPV PsV infectivity and morphological integrity was analyzed by cell-based assay and by electron microscopy, respectively. The Holder pasteurization completely inactivated the infectivity of high-risk types 16 and 18 and low-risk type 6 HPV both in cell culture medium and in human milk causing PsV particle disassembly.
The results presented here indicate that the Holder pasteurization is an efficient procedure to inactivate high-risk and low-risk HPV thus preventing the potential risk of their transmission through human donor milk. Prevalence and factors associated with breast milk donation in banks that receive human milk in primary health care units,.
To estimate the prevalence and to analyze factors associated with breast milk donation at primary health care units in order to increase the human milk bank reserves. Cross-sectional study carried out in in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A representative sample of mothers of children younger than 1 year attended to at the nine primary health care units with human milk donation services were interviewed.
A hierarchical approach was used to obtain adjusted preva Prevalence and factors associated with breast milk donation in banks that receive human milk in primary health care units. The dialog between health and foreign policy in Brazilian cooperation in human milk banks.
Mother's milk is the primary source of nourishment in early infancy. When this source is unavailable, secondary sources may be used, such as human milk banks. The first milk bank in Brazil was created in , and they have been used ever since.
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A national model was developed through a number of phases, culminating in the Brazilian Network of Human Milk Banks. This gave rise to a number of international cooperation projects, with the Brazilian model particularly relevant for developing nations.
The main objective of this analysis is to understand what drives Brazil to promote milk banks internationally. To do this we tried to understand the relationship between health and foreign policy, expressed here as soft power, as here the two areas dialog with one another. The results include gains in both areas and the affirmation of health as a central goal of the national interest cluster of the case.
Many hospitalized preterm infants do not exclusively receive mother's own milk , so milk from another mother may be sought. Therefore, strategies to boost donation rates should be identified. We draw upon the experimental literature on charitable giving of monetary donations to offer 6 strategies to promote breast milk donations to milk banks in North America. These strategies include 1 highlighting a potential identifiable recipient of donated breast milk as opposed to highlighting groups of potential recipients; 2 emphasizing similarities between the potential donor and potential beneficiaries; 3 emphasizing similarities between the potential donor and previous donors; 4 using negative arousal to promote donations; 5 emphasizing the self-interest of those asking for breast milk donations; and 6 highlighting the specific effect of breast milk donations.
Potential limitations of these strategies are discussed. The benefits of donor human milk compared with artificial formulas have been well demonstrated; nevertheless the impact in the clinical practice of opening a human milk bank within a neonatal unit has not yet been studied. A before and after study was designed, with the intervention being the opening a human milk bank.
The availability of donor human milk has led to quicker progression with enteral feedings and earlier withdrawal of parenteral nutrition. It has reduced the exposure to artificial formulas, and has also increased the intake of own mother's milk during the hospital stay and the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge. Published by Elsevier Espana. Human milk banks are a solution for mothers who cannot supply their own breast milk to their sick or hospitalized infants; premature infants, in particular, are unable to receive a full volume of breast milk for numerous reasons.
As of December , there was only one milk bank in a university hospital in Korea. We reviewed the basic characteristics of donors and recipients, and the amounts and contamination of breast milk donated at the Human Milk Bank in Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong in Korea from to The donor pool consisted of first-time donors and repeat donors who made 1, donations. A total of 10, L of breast milk was collected, and 9, Detectable bacteria grew in There were infant and 25 adult recipients; among new infant recipients, There was an increase in the percentage of preterm infants among new infant recipients in Based on the number of premature infants in Korea, the number of potential recipients is not likely to diminish anytime soon, despite efforts to improve the breastfeeding rate.
Sustainability and quality improvement of the milk bank need long-term financial support by health authorities and a nationwide network similar to blood banking will further contribute to the progress of milk banking. A report on operating a nationwide human milk bank in Korea. Full Text Available Purpose: A human milk bank collects, processes, eliminates, and stores breast milk from donors and provides breast milk to those in need. The authors hereby present the experiences and the objective lessons obtained through operating a nationwide human milk bank over a period of 2 years.
The characteristics of the donors and the recipients and the amounts of breast milk donated, processed, and received at the East-West Neo Medical Center Human Milk Bank were investigated from August to August The donor pool consisted of first-time donors and 39 repeat donors who made and donations, respectively. A total of 2, L of breast milk was collected, and 1, L were processed. The cumulative number of recipients was preterm or full-term infants and 21 adults, each group receiving the breast milk and 41 times, respectively.
In total, infants received 1, L and adults received L. Through the present study, the role and importance of a human milk bank in collecting, pasteurizing, and storing surplus breast milk in through sanitary, medically proven methods and providing this breast milk to recipients could be appreciated and reevaluated. The authors believe that a national support system is necessary to expand this practice to a nationwide scale.
Full Text Available Donor milk is the best alternative for the feeding of preterm newborns when mother's own milk is unavailable. For safety reasons, it is usually pasteurized by the Holder method Holder pasteurization results in a microbiological safe product but impairs the activity of many biologically active compounds such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, cytokines, growth factors, hormones or oxidative stress markers. High-temperature short-time HTST pasteurization has been proposed as an alternative for a better preservation of some of the biological components of human milk although, at present, there is no equipment available to perform this treatment under the current conditions of a human milk bank.
In this work, the specific needs of a human milk bank setting were considered to design an HTST equipment for the continuous and adaptable time-temperature combination processing of donor milk. Microbiological quality, activity of indicator enzymes and indices for thermal damage of milk were evaluated before and after HTST treatment of 14 batches of donor milk using different temperature and time combinations and compared to the results obtained after Holder pasteurization.
The HTST system has accurate and simple operation, allows the pasteurization of variable amounts of donor milk and reduces processing time and labor force. Donor milk is the best alternative for the feeding of preterm newborns when mother's own milk is unavailable. A hierarchical approach was used to obtain adjusted prevalence ratios APR by Poisson regression with robust variance. Encouragement to breast milk donation, and information and help provided by primary health care unit professionals to breastfeeding were shown to be important for the practice of human milk donation.
Full Text Available Abstract Objective: The promotion of Human Milk Banks is an important social service. The Human Milk Banks depend on donors, and knowing the profile of donors seems quite important. To study the demographics and lifestyles of the donors, the reasons or influences for donating, and to associate these variables with the length of the donation. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted on mothers who answered the written questionnaire when they agreed to become donors.
The mean age was Of the total A longer donation is associated with: The most common donor profile was a young woman, with university education and a stable partner. Having a term new born, starting donating early, and the conciliation with work is associated with longer donations. Milk pick-up at home would make donation easier. Peer-to-peer milk donors' and recipients' experiences and perceptions of donor milk banks.
To explore the intersection of peer-to-peer milk sharing and donor milk banks. A descriptive survey design containing closed and open-ended questions was used to examine women's perceptions of peer-to-peer milk sharing and milk banking. Closed-ended questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics and conventional qualitative content analysis was used to analyze open-ended responses.
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Ninety-eight milk donors and 41 milk recipients who had donated or received breast milk in an arrangement that was facilitated via the Internet. One half of donor recipients could not donate to a milk bank because there were no banks local to them or they did not qualify as donors. Other respondents did not donate to a milk bank because they viewed the process as difficult, had philosophical objections to milk banking , or had a philosophical attraction to peer sharing.
Most donor respondents felt it was important to know the circumstances of their milk recipients. No recipient respondents had obtained milk from a milk bank ; it was recognized that they would not qualify for banked milk or that banked milk was cost prohibitive. Peer-to-peer milk donors and recipients may differ from milk bank donors and recipients in significant ways. Cooperation between milk banks and peer sharing networks could benefit both groups. Human milk banking in the volunteer sector: Australia in the years It involved a retrospective study using sociodemographic data about the pregnancy and the baby, obtained from a nursing mothers care protocol These data were associated to steps related to educational practices from the "Ten Steps.
The guidelines about breastfeeding received during prenatal care step 3 prevailed among mothers aged years and the skin to skin contact step 4 prevailed among oriented mothers. Breastfeeding training step 5 predominated among those who breastfed exclusively. Higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding step 6 , breastfeeding on demand step 8 and use of artificial nipples step 9 were noted among infants whose mothers were oriented. The guidelines indicated the need to improve in order to reduce the use of artificial nipples and enhance exclusive breastfeeding.
Perceptions of community-based human milk banks before and after Human breastmilk provides gold standard nutrition and immunological support to infants. For low birth weight, HIVinfected, HIV-exposed or otherwise vulnerable babies, it can mean the difference between life and death. When a mother's own milk is not available, safe, donated human breastmilk is an excellent The use of illegal drugs and tobacco is an exclusion criteria for accepting a nursing mother as a milk donor.
The detection window for human milk testing is typically a few hours. Hair testing has been considered the gold standard to assess chronic exposure to these toxic substances. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of illegal drugs, nicotine, and caffeine in breast milk and hair samples from donors to assess whether these substances were being used during the donation period and the months leading up to it. Thirty-six samples of hair and breast milk were obtained from 36 donors. The tests performed identified nicotine, caffeine, morphine, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, codeine, methadone, and other substances derived therefrom.
No illegal drugs were found in any of the samples analyzed. Nicotine and cotinine were found in Among these 12 samples, 10 had cotinine concentrations consistent with cutoff values for unexposed nonsmokers, 1 had concentrations consistent with cutoff values for passive smokers, and 1 had concentrations consistent with cutoff values for active smokers.
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Caffeine was found in Donors do not use illegal drugs during either the donation period or the months leading up to it. They are occasionally exposed to tobacco smoke and almost all of them consume caffeine. Breast milk is the best choice to feed premature and ill babies, but when there is not enough mother milk available donor breast milk is the best alternative. Nowadays, Milk Banks are present worldwide. There are no international recommendations for processing breast milk , therefore other Milk Banks guidelines are the only standards to follow. Lack of legislation for human milk processing in Spain has led to BLHDO complying with Spanish Law on blood and tissues donation with its strict regulations on safety issues and record keeping.
This article summarises the first year of operating the BLHDO and its future projects and developments. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms that indicate the hygienic and sanitary conditions of human milk samples collected at a Human Milk Bank.
Three hundred and thirty eight samples of human milk collected from a milk bank in a maternity in the municipality of. Human milk donated to a milk bank can become contaminated in a number of ways, but processes exist to eradicate pathogenic bacterial growth. Donor human milk may be cultured before or after pasteurization or both. The purpose of this article is to describe standard operations of the Mothers' Milk Bank of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, best practices to limit the bacterial contamination of donor human milk , and implications for future research.
Published by Elsevier Inc. Determination of Dornic acidity as a method to select donor milk in a milk bank. Dornic acidity may be an indirect measurement of milk 's bacteria content and its quality. There are no uniform criteria among different human milk banks on milk acceptance criteria. The main aim of this study is to report the correlation between Dornic acidity and bacterial growth in donor milk in order to validate the Dornic acidity value as an adequate method to select milk prior to its pasteurization.
From pools, 4-mL samples of human milk were collected. Dornic acidity measurement and culture in blood and McConkey's agar cultures were performed. Based on Dornic acidity degrees, we classified milk into three quality categories: High-temperature short-time HTST pasteurization has been proposed as an Mothers' views of milk banking: The studies on human milk banking in Turkey, has being carried out at a hospital in Izmir province.
There are different point of views about milk banking. The aim of the study is to determine the knowledge and the views of the mothers towards milk banking. This study is a cross-sectional survey. The study data were collected using a item socio-demographic questionnaire. The mothers' mean age was Of the mothers, Most mothers revealed positive approaches and opinions about establishment of milk banking and milk donation.
However, there were some concerns due to the risk of infectious diseases and religious beliefs. Efforts should be made to raise awareness and mothers should be informed about the importance of breast milk and breastfeeding so that milk banks can be regarded as an additional choice. Mothers' perception of the use of banked human milk for feeding of This descriptive and cross-sectional study involved Breast milk is the best source of food for baby Preference of infant formula The cultural myth in some parts of our society that ne Similar efficacy of human banked milk and bovine colostrum to decrease incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm piglets.
Preterm birth and formula feeding predispose to necrotizing enterocolitis NEC in infants. As mother's milk is often absent following preterm delivery, infant formula IF and human donor milk HM are frequently used as alternatives. We have previously shown that porcine and bovine colostrum BC Creating religiously compliant milk banks in the Muslim world: Human milk banks are vital for providing donor milk to infants for whom there are maternal or postnatal barriers to the mother's own milk.
Although more than 35 countries have active milk banks , not one of those is a Muslim country. The religious objection centres around the Islamic tenet that consuming human milk builds a kinship bond between individuals who have consumed the same woman's milk which prohibits future marriage between the ' milk -brothers and sisters.
The problem with milk banking is the step in the process during which the milk from individual donors is pooled and de-identified, making it impossible to trace its origins and acknowledge the newly formed kinship relationship. To meet the need for Muslim children to be able to access human milk while remaining compliant with the prevalent understanding of Islamic doctrine on milk -sharing, we propose a new approach to milk banking that we term the Conditional Identified Milk Banking System CIMBS. In this new system, both the donor's and recipient's identities are accessible to all parties through a voluntary registry, and the milk -pooling is limited to three milk donors.
Based on recent survey data, we believe that there would be receptivity among practicing Muslims and religious leaders to this alternative approach.
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Turkish women's knowledge and views regarding mother's milk banking. The main aim of the study was to determine the knowledge and views of Eastern Anatolian women towards mother's milk banking. The descriptive research was conducted between March and May The study population comprised married women aged between 15 and 49 years who gave birth and who were registered with a family health center in Erzurum, Turkey. The data were collected by a questionnaire form. The questionnaire form included open-ended and closed questions regarding the descriptive characteristics and about knowledge and views of mothers on milk banking.
The questionnaire form was completed by the women individually. Of the women surveyed, The hospital and maternity authorities may consider establishing a " milk mother file". This report addresses the first step in raising awareness of the valuable contribution of donor milk to babies and the organization of human milk donation for use in a neonatal intensive care unit.
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The American Academy of Pediatrics AAP strongly endorses that human milk is species specific and the optimal nutrition for infants, and that banked human milk is a suitable alternative. After the death of an infant, breast milk often is disposed of without consideration of donation because the public and healthcare providers are unaware of human milk banks. Donors are screened, and milk is pasteurized while preserving many of the beneficial components of breast milk.
It is imperative that healthcare providers become educated regarding human milk banking because of the increase in informal sharing of breast milk via the Internet. Breast milk that has not been screened and treated has the risk of transmitting infections such as hepatitis and HIV. Healthcare providers should be familiar with the selection criteria for suitable donors and how to approach families when the death of an infant is imminent. Human milk banks are able to provide human milk to adopted, preterm, or ill infants whose mothers are unable to provide their own milk.
Cytokines in human milk. Epidemiologic studies conducted in the past 30 years to investigate the protective functions of human milk strongly support the notion that breastfeeding prevents infantile infections, particularly those affecting the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. However, more recent clinical and experimental observations also suggest that human milk not only provides passive protection, but also can directly modulate the immunological development of the recipient infant. The study of this remarkable defense system in human milk has been difficult because of its biochemical complexity, the small concentration of certain bioactive components, the compartmentalization of some of these agents, the dynamic quantitative and qualitative changes of milk during lactation, and the lack of specific reagents to quantify these agents.
However, a host of bioactive substances, including hormones, growth factors, and immunological factors such as cytokines, have been identified in human milk. They operate in networks and orchestrate the development and functions of immune system. Several different cytokines and chemokines have been discovered in human milk in the past years, and the list is growing very rapidly. This article will review the current knowledge about the increasingly complex network of chemoattractants, activators, and anti-inflammatory cytokines present in human milk and their potential role in compensating for the developmental delay of the neonate immune system.
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Quality control of banked milk in Brasilia, Brazil. Microbiological quality titrable acidity-Dornic, degrees D was suitable for infant feeding in It was observed that According to the study, According to the literature, the higher the educational level of the donors, the more information they are able to absorb through orientations andcampaigns on breastfeeding.
Of the total, Edmund Husserl's design of interpretive phenomenology and Colaizzi's method of data analysis were used for this study. Participants were interviewed using a face-to-face, semistructured interview format. Four themes represented the experience of donating breast milk: Donors felt proud and accomplished to provide hope for other infants and families. Nurses were crucial in facilitating and motivating donors and making donation achievable in a supportive environment. Donors felt compelled to share their experiences to teach and motivate others to donate.
For our participants, donation of human milk was a positive, valuable, and nurturing experience. Donors reported feelings of increased self-esteem during donation that motivated them to "give back" and continue. The support of a well-trained nursing staff is essential for donors to meet their personal goals. Recent findings substantiate that the optimal method of nourishing preterm, very low birth weight infants VLBW, born pasteurized donor milk.
The availability of donor milk for VLBW infants during initial hospitalization continues to increase with the launch of new milk banks in North America. The majority of North American neonatal ICUs now have written policies governing the provision of donor milk. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent evidence regarding the risks and benefits of pasteurization of human milk and outcomes associated with its provision to VLBW preterm infants.
Studies investigating the impact of collection, storage and pasteurization on the bacteriostatic, immunologic and nutritional aspects of human milk continue to be published, generally revealing a partial, but not complete reduction in bioactivity. Risk of contamination of pasteurized donor human milk with pathogenic agents is mitigated through pasteurization.
New pasteurization methods aiming to maintain the safety of pooled human milk while better preserving bioactivity are under investigation. Provision of a human milk -derived diet to preterm VLBW infants is associated with improved outcomes. Cow's milk protein allergy CMPA is the first allergy that affects infants. In this population, the incidence rate reaches 7. The multiplicity and aspecificity of the symptoms makes its diagnosis sometimes complicated, especially in the delayed type gastrointestinal, dermatological, and cutaneous. CMPA symptoms can develop in exclusively breastfed infants with an incidence rate of 0.
It, therefore, raises questions about sensitization to cow's milk proteins through breast milk. However, it seems that a small percentage of dietary proteins can resist digestion and become potentially allergenic. Moreover, some authors suspect the transfer of some of these dietary proteins from the maternal bloodstream to breast milk , but the mechanisms governing sensitization are still being studied. Theoretically, CMPA diagnosis is based on clinical observations, prick-test or patch-test results, and cow's milk -specific IgE antibody concentration. A positive food challenge test usually confirms the diagnosis.
No laboratory test is available to make a certain diagnosis, but the detection of eosinophil cationic protein ECP in the mother's milk , for example, seems to be advantageous since it is linked to CMA. Excluding cow's milk from the mother's diet is the only cure when she still wants to breastfeed. Usually, cow's milk proteins are reintroduced after 6 months of exclusion. Indeed, the prognosis for infants is very good: