Un bouleversant contrat (Azur) (French Edition)

Alex Lutz Collaboration artistique: Un show savoureux Le Parisien: La harpe rythme leurs propos et les accompagne dans le tourbillon de leurs vies…. Marion Bernardin Assistante de Production: Rue de Nesle, minuit. Et le verbe de Hugo fait merveille. Dans cet esprit de compagnies et compagnonnage, S. Le fils est devenu Solenna. Sabine Desternes 06 11 91 38 57 Presse: Fontaine Solaire et les clowns de Daniel Maximin, M. Cathy Gracia Contact Pro: Catherine Eschapasse - Elle est soutenue par: Serge Barbuscia Conception sonore et musicale: Jerome Pouvaret des Ateliers Decors.

Polyfolies et Opus II Chant et violoncelle: Peter Hens Piano et chant: Bart Van Caenegem Collaboration artistique: JeanLouis Rassinfosse Relations presse: Camilla Colella, Octavio de la Roza Compositeur: Toys for Theater Arrangeur: Ville de Lausanne, Prohelvetia Dossier du spectacle sur demande: Bert De Raeymaecker Arrangements: Ville de Lausanne, Prohelvetia Dossier sur demande: Sonia Leveau - Voix-off: Une adaptation claire, magistrale. J-Y Perruchon - Illustrateur sonore: Tina Wolters 06 10 58 42 Alors que te raconter? Philippe Osmalin Collaboration artistique: Maeva Le Hir Costumes: Mais ce serait sans compter sur Le Clou du spectacle!

La meilleure ambiance du Festival Un jour, il en a assez. Mais heureusement, les choses ne sont pas si simples Texte paru aux Ed. Ditte Van Brempt Directrice de production: A quoi nous servent-ils? Emile a quinze ans. Jean-Luc Chanonat Ambiances sonores: Clotilde Daniault Collaboration artistique: Les lapins sont Chiche! Qui est le voleur? Cette fantastique histoire se termine en happy end! Mais quelque chose de magique se passa. Avec un simple jeu de cartes, Maurice manipule cette histoire du bout des doigts.

Le 1er stand-up pour enfants! De comprendre les rouages secrets de cet Art? Comme dans tous les couples, ils connaissent des hauts et des bas. Au bord de la rupture, ils consultent un psy pour sauver leur union. Mais que se passe-t-il quand le psy tombe amoureux de sa patiente? Franck Benard, Simon Pozzoli. Ariane et Vanessa, elles, osent tout. Un ministre vient visiter le chantier.

Christophe Moyer Collaboration artistique: Claire Lorthioir Administratrion de production Filage: Morane Asloun Collaboration artistique: En allant vers les autres pour dire, chanter, faire passer. Pierre-Jean Beray Dessin affiche: Sa belle gueule attire, sa connerie nous fait marrer. Olivier Chastang Productrice executive: Apolline Reymond Diffusion region Centre: Anne Allaire Presse et Management: Apolline Reymond Presse et Management: Mathias Pradenas raconte et chante la vie de Jean-Charles Costa avec son coeur.

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Landscape as a Project 4. Landscape, Handle with Care, Franco Zagari Projects in the Po Valley, Annalisa Metta It was no coincidence that Berlin was chosen as the site of the conference and the ideal location for an exchange of views on the city of today and the city of tomorrow. All the viewpoints expressed, which are interdisci- plinary in nature, flow from a single realization, namely, that the city is a landscape.

It is increasingly so now that it has come to penetrate, through countless rivulets, into the surrounding countryside, swallowing up ever larger tracts of farmlands and wood- lands. But what sort of landscape are we talking about? We can leave the city and come into contact with the nature that surrounds it; however, we can also return to the city in order to indulge, from within, in the contemplation of its architecture, in its various forms and styles.

At the same time, however, we need to be wary of typically ideological actions on the part of some social groups. Those who deface the walls of historic buildings while they support organic food stores engage in unaccepta- ble contradictions. We often think of urban design as a philosophy, but this type of reflection is not nec- essarily the exclusive domain of specialists.

There is also a popular vision of what the nature of developed land is and what it should or could be. What we wish to underscore here is the interrogating gaze of citizens in the face of the present forms of the grow- ing city where the senses are assaulted by empty spaces, unfinished projects, stylistic and environmental incongruities, abandoned, bare, or marginal zones, as well as ware- houses, road networks, mines, and landfills are seen of as opportunities for people to reinvent their urban environment. In their minds, citizens pursue the pleasurable, the tasteful, and the beautiful which, from place to place, can produce architecture with- out architects, and without involving great technical or structural revolutions.

Not every city is like Copenhagen or Stockholm. Except for a few important examples, we are discussing the typical city. The cityscape, therefore, refers to the transformation of the land, but also to the great gamble of the times, the challenge of giving a human face to the cementification craze. Vertical gardens and green balconies appear on sections of our high-rise apart- ments; abandoned industrial areas are being transformed and converted for new use social uses; thin strips of green appear, like avenues of freedom, amid the solid mass of buildings opening up onto open spaces, between impromptu gardens, then fields, and woodlands.

Architects design these kinds of structures, but they are not the only ones to do so since many groups of citizens also create them. Every architectural form, even if improvised, is increasingly landscape and, as such, is conducive to a productive, educational, and creative rapport between the environment and the spirit of the shared city. In the social context, our gaze and our body in motion activate waves of emotions, images, intentions, and forms of industriousness, both within and without, between what is outside and far from us and what is inside and close to us.

Today especially, as noted, the appropriate correlation between our experience of the natural environment and our experience of urban landscape in a reciprocal interchange is clear. As humankind inhabits the earth, so too do we inhabit the city. Urban conglom- erates large and small may have been the realization of the utopia of tradition or of mo- dernity, but the city, and even more so the modern megalopolis, with its diversification of zones, namely, its public squares, neighborhoods, buildings, monuments, and open spaces, can inspire many different and positive actions.

To inhabit a city aesthetically means to appreciate the dignity of the visible, struc- tural features of the whole in which we live. Furthermore, there exists in the vast expanse of masses and materials, a precise relationship with the very soul of storytelling, which has always accompanied the human adventure.

This is a new story of humankind, a new mythology that unites us. We may think of the city as a text made of stones, a graphic invention, a green weft, an arabesque of symbols and meanings with grammatical and syntactical elements forming a rhetoric of space enlivened by many recurring figures of speech.

We discover an infinite number of ideal labyrinths in which to move while experienc- ing the pleasure of doing, building, and living aesthetically. In the future, where a positive relationship among the environment, architecture, and nature is possible, we may rediscover the captivating spirit of the Middle Ages, which perhaps will bring peace to a lacerated earth. Reinventing border landscapes2 Anna Lambertini Open spaces are heterogeneous, changeable and fragile, because they are constantly exposed to the risk of being filled, eroded and consumed in the construction of human settlements.

Nevertheless, at every possible scale of analysis and interpretation geo- graphic and topographic , they make up a primary resource that is fundamental for the protection and implementation of the web of life meant in a biological, ecological, and even cultural and social meaning. Open spaces are the negative spaces in built volumes: For the informed designer, this empty space always has a positive and promising meaning, expressed by the potentiality inherent in the dynamism of life.

It should be read in dialectic terms, as a dialoging entity with the full weight of what has been constructed. Furthermore, each open space contains an image of complexity, it is an open process, it has various vocations, and it has its own poetic dimension.

The story of the transformation of the modern city Josephina Gomez has accustomed us to coming to terms with the precariousness of open spaces, both inside and outside the urban fabric, and with the restlessness of the ideas of beauty and of the behaviors of the society that has shaped them over time Franco Zagari.

The multiple, discontinuous and uncertain margins of the city, that we describe as spread-out, polycentric, endless and sprawling, are in great part the product of the poli- cies and projects founded on the belief that predominated for decades: Reinventing border landscapes 13 It was thought that the natural elements could be controlled without investigating the living processes.

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Abrupt changes in scale, accelerations of gravity, fraying, sudden contractions and dilations of the empty and full spaces characterize what is called the peri-urban area. Here, the unresolved tensions of urbanization lurk and the conflict between the compatibility of various materials, life rhythms, users and uses, and tem- poral stratifications becomes more evident. However, these landscapes still represent a rich deposit of possibilities.

They are made up of a kaleidoscope of situations, spaces, and habitats that we can see coexisting and that we can encourage to co-evolve. They are laboratories where responsible strategies and practices for living our time can be tried out. In these territories that have been hybridized by this de facto complexity, an advanced and eco-responsible vision of the landscapes of the XXI century can still be constructed if a primary structuring and con- nective role is assigned to the open spaces.

From whatever disciplinary perspective one wishes to consider, open urban and peri- urban spaces reveal their multiple potential, qualifying themselves each time as: From the very first page, this is the common foundation that the reflections, design visions, and research trajectories that make up the multidisciplinary framework presen- ted to the reader follow. Peri-urban landscapes need to be analyzed through interpretive categories and forms of alternative perceptions Andreas Kipar and Giovanni Sala, Henri- que Pessoa Pereira Alves and to be managed through the application of new multidiscipli- nary visions of change.

Regarding this point, both explicitly and indirectly, many of the contributions collected in this volume invite reflection: Centounovoci per i paesaggi quotidiani, Editrice Compositori, Bologna. In their descriptions of scenarios and experiences, some of the authors suggested ac- tions and themes to be emphasized in design: A wealth of perspectives and voices who invite the reader to consider the territory of urban sprawl without prejudice, in such a way as to bring out all of the different existing realities in order to favor new relationships in the present.

In this light, the term peri-urban reveals its semantic weakness5. Not only because it tends to evoke incorrect visions of contemporary settlements city-centers with another territory around it , based on an antagonistic relationship between the city and the countryside, but also because it risks encouraging a generic use of the terms urban and agricultural, and as a consequence flattening the meanings and images of reality that re- ally have a multiple and changeable identity.

Decades of the application of certain urban planning policies have demonstrated that evolutionary visions of places and landscapes cannot be based on the delimitation of mono-functional homogenous zones, floating on the flattened space of the zoning map like islands subject to separate rule. The concepts are others: Acknowledging the complexity of the processes of urbanization, however, does not only mean more consciously focusing on the multi-functional role of open space: Some contributions to this volume, in their rereading of the relationship between urban and agricultural, between central and peripheral, rotate around the theme of limits: Historically, each time a crisis has come up regarding the interpretation of the city, of its form and its evolution, the spatial and temporal instability of the city itself as well as its bor- ders was noted.

Currently, its taken for granted that this condition makes up the character of the city: In dwelling culture, an uncertain border tends to generate bewilderment, to make our inner compass waver6 and an etymologic reading confirms that the limit is inherent in that same concept of urban. This limit evokes the design of a constructed set- tlement with an ordered layout contained within a wall.

It is a concept of city that only partially remains in the contemporary European reality as a historic testimony, but does not exist as a whole nor in what we imagine as its evolution. Not withstanding the fact that it is currently abused, that notion maintains in nuce the principle still largely disregarded that natural resources and free soil are finite. This limit exists in contemporary urban culture as part of the idea of a responsible management of life on our planet, and has been invoked in various interna- tional conventions and agreement protocols. Margins, fringes, edges and hems: Margins, fringes, edges and hems mark changeable and sensible interfaces that relate between different proximate environments.

In particular, fringes, hems, and edges, have an additional nuance of meaning, because they go back to the idea of a fabric, of a warp and weft Sophie Bonin. If the concept of fringe has a more consolidated use in the European planning lexicon, that of hem and edge seem much more convincing from the figurative and semantic point of view, as interpretative categories for landscape planning and design.

In this exploration of the margins, fringes, edges and hems as landscape figures, we believe that the concept of pro- ximity7, with its simultaneous, different projections of meaning, provides a convincing design orientation as well as an inventive analysis of what exists. Speaking of proximity, in fact, allows the designer to refer to the idea of physical and spatial contiguity as much as to affectionate and relational contact between people and between people and places; furthermore, through its interpretation as nearness in a temporal sense, proximity invi- tes us to take responsibility for the changes in progress and predict upcoming forms of change and management actions.

The primary field of human and social relationships as well as cultural exchanges, of potential mediations and conflicts, the space of proximity is a critical space of meeting and confronting the other. Therefore, the space of proximity is ontologically a field of interaction and by its very nature has an ambivalent role, a cha- racter of unpredictability that is impossible to erase. Thus, discontinuity and breaks are intervals to reread and reconfigure, introducing gra- dients of approximation between places, areas, and landscape layers with different characte- ristics.

Luoghi prossimi e pratiche di resistenza estetica, Editrice Compositori, Bologna. Reinventing border landscapes 17 connected, to involve them in dialectic co-evolutionary processes, favoring multiple and differentiated timing for change. Proceeding through gradients of approximation, which means that spaces and landscapes of proximity are also intercepted and reinvented throu- gh viewing them as well as by actively involving those that live there.

Not only sharing the experience of site-specific interventions, but also recognizing fight-specific social processes. By extension, one could speak of approach grafting landscapes and imagine looking at urbanization processes through the lens of landscape architecture, a discipline that deals with places as if they were living structures, bases design on themes of growth, of movement, of narration, on the construction of rela- tionships between different entities, in space and time, in area and in depth.

The Lan- dscape project embraces the indeterminacy and randomness inherent in every living dynamic and even in this sense functions by gradients of approximation: The fact that the concept of edge is also contained in the definition of ecotone reinfor- ces this position. Aside from making up, as is known, an ecologic zone of tension cha- racterized by an elevated biologic diversity, the ecotone is also an area of structural and functional connection9 that takes on a determinative role in the exchange of materials and energy between contiguous ecosystems, exercising a selective filter and regula- tory buffer action those exchanges.

A landscape approach graft takes these functions into account, but in a broad sense, seeking to favor the figurative, socio-symbolic, and temporal diversity of proximate landscapes as well as their biological diversity. With this perspective, working on multiple margins, on the irregular borders of the metropolitan areas with the materials and the methods that belong to landscape archi- tecture, would allow for the re-composition of a connective tissue, without stitches or rips after Mac Harg, A continuous living fabric, heterogeneous and stratified, made by the multiplicity of spaces, of habitats and of nature that characterizes the hu- man settlements of the new millennium.

Cultivating spaces and hybrid transformation times with an inventive attitude, we take this occasion to work on the quality of our proximate landscapes. The question at stake was how to engage in responsible planning of the landscape in and around cities, as a precondition for a healthy future environment for all citizens. The speakers in this session have chosen a variety of challenging points of view, all attempting to pioneer in shifting the boundaries of traditional landscape planning practice.

It seems that the authors largely agree on some challenging issues: Especially the degradation of allotment gardens in the former socialist countries is in- dicative for the huge change in the relationship of society with nature: This evokes the question: Urban fragmentation and open spaces in cities undergoing transformation 19 Kerstin Gothe The Economy of Rural Spaces focusses on the possibility to involve students in rural settlement planning.

Three Models, from Agricultural Town to Garden Town proposes a new concept, agriurbanity, in the description of urban agriculture. Some examples already exist among which the Barnim Nature Park at Berlin and the three agro-rings around Xi-An in China where public policy is actively promoting agri-urban landscape as a common good. Many different variants of garden cities and peri-urban developments are subsequently described, where three basic models can be identified: Between Biodiversity and Landscape argues that as long as green plots and hedgerows are remnants of former functional landscape elements, they are bound to degrade and finally disappear.

Even when inhabitants tend to be attached to these relics of the landscapes which they still remember, or which they would like to see rehabilitated, the functions have changed and inevitably the expression of these green plots also undergo transition. Some nice examples are described of involvement of the local population part of which newcom- ers in the design of green plots in peri-urban landscapes, reconciling landscape identity with biodiversity through new functions.

Projects in the Po Valley makes the observation that in traditional Italian town and landscape planning the bond between architecture sensu strictu and landscape planning was inseparable until the sev- enties. This led to famous masterpieces of landscape planning, inspiring landscape ar- chitects abroad as well. However, since then a large gap has arisen between architecture and planning, where quasi-democratic procedures and norms characterise the latter and would-be aesthetics the former.

It seems that thus new opportunities are arising for structural cooperation between urban design and landscape architecture. The town planning history of Barcelona and Madrid shows that densification of the originally designed urban structure has often undone the abundance and social practicability of open spaces in town. On the other hand, spontaneous peri-urban developments tend to result in a non-city occupation of the rural area, characterised by discontinuity and frag- mentation, and a predominance of private car transport.

New visions are highly needed to create urban and peri-urban environments for new comfortable cities, encompassing sustainable landscapes. Interestingly the inhabitants do not share the idea of urban nature rep- resented in public space in St Denis, and rather in private property in Melrose , prefer- ring a much wilder image as nature.

European vision and local identity. Yet here in and groups of citizens chained themselves to century-old trees to prevent their felling to make space for a high-speed train station. The police did not take long to act, and the protesters eventually had to decamp. In Istanbul in the more brutal Gezi Park clashes were shown through- out the world. Although neither its history nor its present - characterized by a chaotic sprawl - make Istanbul comparable to Stuttgart, here too concerned citizens turned out to defend a green area threatened by new construction, at least in the early stage of the protest.

It has widely been noted that in both countries only a minority of the protest- ers belonged to radical political groups, while the majority were ordinary citizens1. The question arises spontaneously: The answer is equally straightforward: People are prepared to occupy urban spaces physi- cally to defend their resources and material and immaterial goods, including freedom itself. Occupation involves repossession by the community of a real physical space that would otherwise risk becoming no more than a virtual presence in the urban landscape2.

Protests enable citizens to restore to urban areas a meaning that their administrators seem to want to take away. Often, repossession may give rise to novel meanings: At the same time the occupa- tion becomes an opportunity for citizens to express publicly their notion of their terri- tory. The protests thus prepare the ground for something that transcends the individual sites: Urban landscape transformations give rise to a variety of aesthetic notions and trends that are closely related to social dynamics: Despite the unsettling pace and reach of the changes, the relationship between social and aesthetic aspects is not a novelty to those who study the landscape5.

Moreover, the awareness of green spaces as a finite resource certainly does not arise in the early 21st century, but is inherent to the origin and development of industrial metropolises: Acknowledging the value of public green areas in modern metropolises was the precondition for the emer- gence of the notion of urban landscape at least since F.

The most distinctive feature of the recent urban landscape transformations is their global diffusion. Accordingly, the phenomena related to the urban landscape are no long- 3 Heidegger, M. La Convenzione europea del paesaggio: The state of towns at the dawn of the industrial revolution is effectively described in the travel notebooks kept by K. Schinkel during his journey through England in The Social Dimension of Projects directed Toward the Recomposition of the Urban Landscape 23 er confined to a few metropolitan areas, but are affecting increasingly broad regions of the planet, hence increasingly large number of inhabitants.

As mentioned earlier, in such areas it is not only open green spaces that are perceived as limited and valu- able: From this standpoint the landscape is thus a system characterized by the interaction of the ecological, economic and social or socio-aesthetic dimensions. Such momentous changes have deeply affected landscape-related disciplines since the turn of the millennium. In this context it is interesting to describe the different ap- proaches that were adopted on the two sides of the Atlantic.

The north—American land- scape tradition, revisited in the second half of the 20th century by Ian McHarg8, found new exponents first in Landscape Urbanism and subsequently in the constellation of theoretical reflections and design experiences that has taken the name of Ecological Urbanism9.

Mohsen Mostafavi made this seminal observation: Every year, more cities are feeling the devastating impacts of this situation. What are we to do? What means do we have as designers to address this challenging reality? The development of new aesthetic approaches and the refining of new praxes become essential means to answer such crucial questions. In this framework the ability to take into account the dimension of the landscape becomes a precondition for providing ef- fective responses.

As noted by Charles Waldheim: The same changes were addressed in Europe in quite a different way, i. Inspiring traditions in urban planning, design history and related fields. Riccardo Priore, who followed its draft on behalf of the Council, highlighted the novelty of the approach: Power viewed as an opportunity is clearly apparent in the contemporary urban land- scapes of Europe.

In fact, more and more often portions of the urban landscape become the jousting ground for those who wield three different aspects of power: The analogy with the separation of pow- ers that characterizes democracies is clear. So is the fact that the instruments envisaged by the Convention offer to European urban landscapes the historic opportunity to be- come one of the more mature manifestations of democracy However, subsequent interventions demon- strate that the identity issue is never manifested univocally Sometimes it is the same citizens who take direct and informal possession of non- conventional sites such as viaducts and rail tracks.

With regard to the contributions of the speaker at the last session of the conference, Henrique Pessoa demonstrates that we are not fully aware of the extent of this movement: Elsewhere repossession is achieved through a steady, systematic redesign of the urban landscape. The designs presented by Andreas Kipar and Giovanni Sala for Milan and by Lorenzo Vallerini for Florence provide a community with an opportunity to revive its sense of belonging to its past and its present. But in what kind of landscape can a community that has ceased to be characterized by a puta- tive ethnic identity identify itself?

What is a multicultural landscape? In other terms, what landscape results from the meeting, not devoid of strain and tensions, of different cultures hence of different ways to view the landscape itself? Such vital questions have been asked by Edith Pichler in her analysis of the changes undergone by urban spaces as a result of the presence of new migrant communities in Berlin. This is probably among the most challenging issues posed by urban landscapes to those who are called upon to design and manage them.

Today those who are called upon to design a landscape are therefore required to come to terms on the one hand with historic changes and on the other with citizen communi- ties seeking to redefine their identity. The broad spectrum occupied by these issues provides a measure of the power wielded by the designer today. Its exercise drives the landscape designer to evolve a strong public conscience.

The work carried out by Franco Zagari over the years is exemplary in this sense, too. Challenging conventional perceptions is not however an end in itself. On the con- trary, it is often a necessary step enabling the designer to meet his counterparts on a common ground, that of the imaginary. The stakes are high, because no landscape can emerge without mak- ing reference to the imaginary.

The European experiences are aiming at an even higher objective: Un contributo per la gestione del paesaggio culturale, pp. Architecture and Urbanism after Crisis, http: Biodiversity and ecosystem services. The article gives a brief overview of these two approaches with a focus on urban landscapes and shows possible contributions of ecosystem services that might cities and towns help to cope with current challenges they are facing.

Concerning the value of urban ecosystem services relevant processes, functions, services and benefits are indicated and also the economics of urban ecosys- tems is touched. Another focus will be laid on the implementation of the German National Strategy on Biodiversity in the urban context. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services It is a common misunderstanding that biodiversity is synonymous with ecosystem services Jessel The same applies to the hypothesis that biodiversity is the only basis of ecosystem services which leads to the wrong assumption that high biodiversity automatically leads to a high performance of ecosystem services.

That means biodiversity includes the biotic elements of nature whereas ecosys- tem services also include abiotic, spiritual and cultural resources. Being oriented on the preservation of life in all its manifestations the concept of biodiversity follows a more or less static approach whereas the safeguarding of ecosystem services is orientated on functions and includes dynamic and change. In contrast to biodiversity which might also reflect a value in itself or intrinsic values and resulting obligations for the preserva- tion of nature the concept of ecosystem services has an anthropocentric perspective.

In conclusion biodiversity and ecosystem services are not identical but complementary concepts which both deliver valuable arguments for nature conservation Jessel Ecosystem Services of Urban Nature The concept of ecosystem services includes provisioning services such as nutrition, provision of drinking water or genetic resources , regulating services such as climate regulation, regulation of water balance or protection from natural desasters , cultural services such as recreation, education and aesthetic values and supporting ones such as soil formation, nutrient cycles and primary production.

Within the concept of eco- system services biodiversity is not represented by a single service but contributes to many services. The concept of ecosystem services strongly supports the discussion on values of nature for people and society and it provides a channel to make evident dif- ferent types of values such as ecologic, economic and cultural ones.

It also enables the economic assessment of these services. Especially in the daily discussions of planning decisions, the services that ecosystems provide in cities and elsewhere are often taken for granted. Their value is regularly underestimated in comparison to the potential eco- nomic value added, by building development, for example. The role different services play for urban areas can briefly be demonstrated by two examples: Cities and metropolitan areas are facing the consequences of climate change already.

The frequency of extremely high temperatures in recent years with its fatal health consequences has given a bitter taste of the future. But urban areas also offer oppor- tunities for climate-friendly development and adaptation to climate change. The climatic regulation services of green and open spaces gain in importance in times of climate change.

These areas can mitigate impacts such as the increase in maximum temperatures and heat waves in summer. This is an important factor for human well- being in cities. Specifically, these welfare effects were investigated in the research and development project Urban Nature and Climate Change Mathey et al. Figure 1 includes two maps that show the analogy of the amount of green spaces in the city of Dresden to the model of the maximum cooling effect compared to a concrete area.

The concept of ecosystem services is appropriate to demonstrate and to raise aware- ness for different kinds of values, including cultural ones which tend to be neglected within decision making procedures. The authors are convinced that nature conserva- tion — especially in an urban context — should give greater consideration to cultural and sociological aspects.

In many German cities and towns for example people participate in the management of protected areas, urban green, etc. In this context cooperations of towns and mu- nicipalities with local nature conservation and environment associations are vitally important. Urban nature offers many possibilities for recreation. For instance urban gardening is currently booming. Urban areas also offer many possibilities for environmental education.

This is espe- cially important if we keep in mind that for many people urban green spaces serve as the only contact with nature and biological diversity. Awards can provide a useful incentive to promote such private engagement. Which are those main challenges for German towns and munici- palities from the perspective of nature conservation? One of the most important challenges is the land take for settlement and transport.

As figure 2 shows the rate of land take for settlement and transport has fallen since the four-year rolling aver- age dropped from ha per day in to 81 ha per day in but is nevertheless still far away from the target. The Value of Ecosystem Services in Urban Landscapes 33 In contrast to the growing land take for settlement and transport the German popula- tion has been decreasing since in the course of demographic change. If the current demographic trend continues it will further decrease from now 82 million people to 65 to 70 million people in Federal Statistical Office At the same time the area of derelict land has risen steadily in many cities since These areas often have unfavourable effects on the urban structure and the urban land- scape, and are often negatively perceived by the public.

On the other hand, they offer potential for many positive effects, like the conservation of biological diversity, climate protection and air pollution control, recreation and ecological urban development. Worldwide and in Germany, urbanization is one of the main threats for biodiversity. Ecosystems are directly destructed and indirectly affected by new settlements and new traffic infrastructure.

This indicator is part of the German National Sustainability Strategy and the National Strategy on Biological Diversity and consists of the population trends of ten bird species representative for urban areas BfN An index value for the respective German bird popula- tions is computed annually for each species from the number of territories or breeding pairs counted in statistically representative sample plots. The current population size is expressed as a percentage of the target population size determined for Another challenge that still has been mentioned is climate change with the expected increase of weather extremes as a challenge especially for big cities.

The cascade-model of ecosystem services from Haynes-Young and Potschin , see figure 4 distinguishes between: The assessment of urban ecosystem services and their values for planning purposes has to build on information from all the four levels of the cascade: Some examples shall demonstrate the benefits of urban green in terms of non-mon- etary and monetary values for society and individuals: Urban green can lower this effect substantially which does not only reduce death rates but also healthcare costs.

One way to calculate effects in monetary terms is to look at the costs of alternative measures to reduce particulate matter concen- tration in cities. Increased water infiltration in green areas gives opportunities to reduce sewage man- agement costs. Last but not least urban green areas provide opportunities for nearby recreation which is good for health and wellbeing and also reduces travel costs caused by longer distances to recreation areas outside of cities.

The hedonic pricing approach is one way to monetarily measure the benefits of environmentally sound living surroundings. In Berlin the land value of real estates within a distance of max. The higher mon- etary value can be regarded as an indicator of other values people associate with attrac- tive green spaces in their neighbourhood such as living quality and health. A statistical analysis of all urban green factors revealed that urban green is even re- sponsible for about one third of the market price of land in densely populated areas Gruehn Urban green is not only relevant for residents but also for investors.

The German Strategy on Biological Diversity: Vision and Aims for Urban Landscapes Not least for all the reasons that have been mentioned before the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban landscapes is reflected in the National Strategy on Biological Diversity, adopted by the Federal Government in Fed- eral Government The German Strategy on Biological Diversity formulates explicit visions, specific goals, tangible measures and indicators for urban landscapes.

The vision for urban areas states: A diverse range of plants improves the air quality and urban climate. Towns offer a wide range of recreational, play and nature experience opportunities for young and old alike. Obviously, the National Strategy on Biological Diversity can only be successful if it is implemented practically. To support the implementation a new federal funding pro- gramme on biological diversity was launched in It focuses on four funding priorities: Hotspot areas of biological diversity in Germany 3.

Protection and enhancement of ecosystem services 4. Other activities with special relevance for the national strategy on biological diversity. Especially the last two priorities are of special interest for municipalities.

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First ex- amples, like the restoration of the urban system of floodplains and watercourses in Leipzig, which might provide multiple benefits for flood prevention, climate regulation, biodiversity and recreation, are already on the way. However, beyond financial means an intensive dialogue with all stakeholders involved is needed.

Cities and municipalities are important partners because their local action is decisive for safeguarding biodiver- sity. Therefore, in the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation initiated a dialogue process with all German municipalities and cities aiming at the comprehensive consid- eration of biodiversity at decisions on the local level. Meanwhile this self-commitment for active safeguarding and development of local biodiversity has been signed by more than municipalities including big cities as Leipzig, Bonn and Frankfurt as well as medium towns and small villages all over Germany.

This alliance shall provide a platform for the intermunicipal cooperation. It supports the practical work in cities and towns by exchange of experiences and transfers municipal interests and needs in political processes www. Natural Capital Germany - TEEB DE Even though we know enough to esteem ecosystem services there is still a need to assess them in a broader context on a national scale. From to 4 reports will be published in the course of the project. One of them will focus on the benefits of ecosystems and their services in urban areas.

A core group of authors will prepare a compilation of existing knowledge and an evaluation of all relevant surveys in order to get the most complete and up to date picture of urban ecosystem services and their values. Scientists, practitioners and stakeholders will be involved in several workshops. The Value of Ecosystem Services in Urban Landscapes 39 Conclusions Urban nature provides a wide range of ecosystem services which gain importance against the background of current challenges such as climate change and demographic change.

For many people urban green spaces serve as the single contact with nature and biological diversity. The values of ecosystem services cover many dimensions. One way to evaluate ecosys- tem services is the economic assessment, which might provide important arguments for the conservation and development of these services and of biodiversity in urban are- as. However, we should not restrict our considerations to economic values of ecosystem services but lead a broader discussion in our society on values of nature and ecosystems. Last but not least biodiversity can contribute to the safeguarding of ecosystem ser- vices.

The implementation process of the German National Strategy on Biodiversity takes this into consideration; its success will — among other factors — deeply depend on the close integration of towns and cities. The Federal funding programme on biodiver- sity will also contribute to these goals. References Federal Government - Bundesregierung Bonn Federal Government- Bundesregierung National Strategy on Biological Diversity. Begleitmaterial zur Pressekonfer- enz am November in Berlin Gabriel, K. Human vulnerability to heat waves in Berlin, Germany.

The links between biodiversity, ecosystem ser- vices and human well-being In: A New Syn- thesis. Potenziale und Grenzen eines aktuellen umweltpolitischen Konzepts. Reduction of airborne particulates by urban green.

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Stadtnatur und Freiraumstrukturen im Klimawandel. Doing this they reacted to natural conditions, which were always connected with change: Na- ture is not stable, permanently changing. Rocks are eroded, sediments deposited. Oceans and seas are formed and drained, plants, animals and men grow and pass away. Also abstract species and landscapes evolve and disappear. Inside unstable nature men aim to stabilize economical, political, social and cultural conditions so that their life could be as stable as possible.

This will never happen as nature still influences human life. Everyman will pass away, but perhaps some years later than without human interference. In the course of time, various economical, political, social and cultural systems were built up by men. As a result of them different landscapes were utilized and formed; remnants of them are still visible in recent environments.

Elements of landscapes had different functions and meanings inside subsequent land use systems1. The early evolution of hominids took place in the tropics. There, under non-season- al climatic conditions, fruits and carrion for human nutrition were available all year round. During the recent periods of the Ice Age, hominids migrated to grasslands of the northern hemisphere. There successful life was also possible at that time as a lot of her- bivores were living there which could be hunted. Humans developed successful hunting techniques.

Animals were killed by a group of humans and afterwards taken for nutri- tion. At that point of time meet was not fresh anymore; men went on to consume car- rion — as their ancestors also did in the tropical rain forests. Sometimes it was easier to kill an entire group of animals living together in flocks or herds. After killing of animals only a small part of the available meet could be taken for consumption, the remnants were consumed by wolves and other carrion consuming animals2.

An archaeozoological analysis oft he Magdalenian horizon. An archaeozoological analysis of a Magdalenian bone assemblage. As a result from this development herbivores left the area and migrated farther to the north where treeless steppe and tundra like ecosystems still existed at that time. Men had the choice: Either they migrated to the north, too, or they survived in the recently formed woodlands.

On the northern hemisphere, woodlands are seasonally developing — in contrast to tropical rain forests: They are only green in summer, and fruits for human consumption are only available in late summer and au- tumn. During this season also a lot of mushrooms can be collected.

There are also only a few animals which can survive in dense woodlands. Men are not able to detect sufficient nutrition in seasonally growing woodlands all the year round. On the northern hemi- sphere, they could only survive alongside rivers, lake and sea shores. There, fish and water fowl was available all year round. Only a very restricted number of men could sur- vive under the condition of the Mesolithic, as their culture is called by archaeologists. From the point of time, when woodlands were spreading, men tried to store and to cultivate plants near of his settlements to receive a harvest from them.

In some parts of Europe hazel nuts were collected and perhaps also propagated3. In several other parts of the world, in southwestern Asia, southeastern Asia and Central America, plant cultivation started resulting in the development of cultivated plants 4. Culti- vated plants were developed in several regions of the world.

For agriculture, environments had to be changed. In the Near East and along large rivers in other parts of the world, fields had to be irrigated. Wooded areas had to be cleared to allow the cultivation of plants. In the woodlands, farming was only practiced on the same places for some decades. Afterwards fields and settlements were given up and established at other locations. On the abandoned land, natural conditions alone prevailed allowing the re-establishment of woodland by mechanisms of secondary successions.

During these developments the originally occurring tree species did not spread solely. Other spe- cies took part in the re-formation of woodland, beech in central Europe5, hornbeam 3 M. Vegetation History and Archeobotany 21 1 , , Eine andere Geschichte der Menschheit. The Holocene 7 2 , , The ecological role of parks in Europe 43 in Eastern central Europe6, and spruce both in Scandinavia7 and in the western Alps8. In some parts of Europe the land use strategy changed during Roman times. An eco- nomical and administrative infrastructure was built up which allowed the transport of goods to each location in the range of the Imperium.

In consequence of this settle- ments were no more shifted from one location to another one. Settlements and their fields were permanently used. Therefore secondary successions of woodland did not take place anymore, so that the expansion of beech came to an end. But outside the Imperium Romanum shifting settlements still existed and beech continued to spread during secondary successions of woodland. This was also the case during the Migration period.

In Medieval times stable settlements became common to very many parts of Eu- rope. Beech expansion came to an end, but hornbeam could spread also to the western parts of Europe as a consequence of permanent woodland utilization. Hornbeam — in contrast to beech — can stand coppice utilization9. During middle ages land use was strongly intensified, especially after the foundation of urban settlements.

Citizens had a high demand of grain, wood and timber. Wood- lands were also grazed by animals so that trees and shrubs could not regenerate after cutting. Heathlands were spreading instead of woodlands. Land devastation and soil erosion became severe problems. In consequence frequently famine and crises occurred. Large Gardens and Land Reforms After the years-war it became more and more obvious that land re- forms were necessary to allow further existence of men in many parts of Europe.

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Land reforms changed overexploited and deserted regions to designed landscapes. First of all, parks and gardens were designed in a new way. The change of the land use system is illustrated in two garden paintings by Johann Baptist Zimmermann on the ceiling of Steinhausen church near Biberach in Southern Germany.

Zimmermann designed these pictures at about On the rear part of the ceiling, above the organ gallery, the paradise is designed Fig. Adam and Eve are situated inside an over-exploited land- 6 M. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 33 2 , , Moe, The post-glacial immigration of Picea abies into Fennoscandia. Botaniska Notiser , , Markgraf, Palaeohistory of the spruce in Switzerland. Nature , , Part of the ceiling of Steinhausen church, S Germany ca. Such a landscape was regarded as being Arcadian later on, but it also showed over-exploitation. Beside the scene the continents being uncivilized at that time are depicted, Africa and America.

Inside this garden each plant is perfectly managed, and therefore the entire scenery is well in order. Water is running regularly through a fountain to a well. Soil erosion is prohibited. The garden is framed by pictures of the continents being civilized at that time, Europe and Asia. Australia was not yet known in the early 18th century. The management of such a park was hard work, very many gardeners were needed to keep such a garden well in order. But the result was striking: If trees and shrubs were cut every year, they could have the same appearance every year.

Parks represent very interesting models for the developments of ideas about ecology. Their appearance can be regarded as being sustainable. The aim of management of such a garden can be compared with the aim of sustain- ability which was developed in the same era. Only that amount of wood and timber should be cut which was formed at the same time by tree growth.

The aim of sustain- ability was a stable appearance of nature — not for aesthetic reasons as in the garden, but for economic purposes: It was understood that it should be necessary to cut the same amounts of wood and timber also in the future, and therefore forestry cared intensively for the principle of sustainability. Sustainable forest management was only one component of land reforms in which stability was aimed. Also agriculture was intensively transformed. Common grazed land which was also used for collecting wood and timber was re- claimed by private land owners.

Both principle agrarian activities, crop cultivation and grassland management, could be intensified — as well as forest management as woodlands were strictly sepa- rated from farming areas at that point of time. Animal grazing became more important as the number of horses was increasing. Horses were needed to transport agricultural products from farms and villages to the growing cities.

To save wood grazing areas were not fenced but often surrounded by hedgerows. There peasants were allowed to cut wood and timber which was strictly prohibited inside forests. If hedges were planted on walls young twigs sprouting after cutting could not be reached by grazing animals so that the bushes could redevelop as quickly as possible Fig. Road construction was another very important element of land reforms.

Alleys were planted to avoid that carts and coaches used parts of fields beside the roads if it was impossible to pass damp tracks during wet periods. By alleys and ditches, traffic was restricted to use roadways Fig. The idea of French parks was replaced by the idea of forming English landscape gardens Fig. But, in fact, one important idea of management was equal in the geometri- 10 H.

They were perfectly managed; trees were cut exactly, and shrubs were planted at exactly planned positions. But inside an English garden one should not notice that. Originally, Arcadia is a part of the Greek peninsula Peloponnesus and was transformed by Virgil to similar landscapes in southern Italy. Industrialisation and land reforms became strongly interconnected in the course of time. The development of steam engines allowed inten- sive coal and potassium mining.

By coal mining it became possible to receive another fuel; coal burning became an alternative to the use of fire-wood. Therefore, it was no more necessary to utilize high amounts of wood for firing. Potassium served as very important manure for fields. Yields could be enlarged enormously on fertile fields after manuring, so that less fertile fields could be transformed to plant additional woodlands.

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By steam railway and horse carts it became possible to transport coal and manure to each place wherever these goods were demanded. And it became easily possible to transport high amounts of crops and recently introduced potatoes from the countryside to the rapidly growing cities with their industrial reserves. Remnants of old commons, on the other hand, where regarded as nature reserves: In the first half of the 20th century, mainly heath-land and other extensively grazed areas as well as species-rich grazed woodlands and coppices were included to nature protection in many European countries.

Coppices should be cut; grass of grasslands should be removed. Such a state exists in a perfectly managed English garden, but not in formerly extensively utilized agrarian landscape. In connection with these ideas a central problem arose: In public discussions it is by no means clear what nature is. Does it equal the changing principle of life, which is the cen- tral object of a natural scientist, or is it aesthetically defined?

But this is only possi- ble in a fictional landscape such as Arcadia or the paradise. Therefore, it is often not clearly decided whether a wilderness concept with natural change is desired in a nature reserve or a special state, which should be preserved. In Germany, it is obvious that laws concerning nature protection were developed most successfully by the Nazis and the communists in the German Democratic Republic after Second World War. The Nazi law was not principally transformed after the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany for a long time.

It must be clearly described how environments are treated in landscape gardens, nature reserves and in all other parts of land. It must become clear that a decision is necessary whether land should be managed or not.