Media phenomena which will be examined in more detail include: With German non-fictional autobiographical film and video made between and the present as the object of study, I determine that within that corpus the bios of autobiography plays a particularly prominent role, while the autos is a comparatively weak presence.
However contrary to traditional approaches, which tend to conceptualize the bios of autobiography in a temporal fashion and thus as a reference to the manner in which the personality of the individual took shape over a lifetime, this text makes a case for viewing the bios also as a spatial phenomenon. Thus in a departure from the majority of theoretical writing on medial autobiography to date and on the basis of recent neurological research into the perception of the self I offer a model of filmic autobiography which is simultaneously performative, spatially referential and medially intersubjective.
In this respect, the opportunity offered to the viewer for a physical — or indeed visceral — involvement with such film and video as these is key. Robin Curtis and Angelica Fenner. The Intermodality of Aesthetic Experience] Ed.
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Robin Curtis and Gertrud Koch. Robin Curtis and Christiane Voss. Architectural and Cinematic Spaces] Ed. Vorwerk 8 Verlag, Kultur und Kritik, Transcript Verlag Bielefeld. New peer-reviewed German-language scholarly journal devoted to theoretical perspectives on popular culture. Member of Editorial Board nachdemfilm [After Film] since Internet-based film and media theoretical journal based in Berlin. Print-based film and media theoretical journal based in Berlin. Aesthetics of Montage in Weimar Culture.
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Joseph and Barbara Anderson, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press, Julian Hanich, Emotion — Empathie — Figur: Second , taking mirror neuron activity as an indicator for action understanding is a tautological argumentation: If mirror neuron activity indicates action understanding, then action understanding has to occur if mirror neuron activity appears.
A tautology is not falsifiable and therefore disqualifies as a scientific theory Popper, This tautology is fortified in the latest version of the goal mirroring model by Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia The motivation for this appendix remains unclear.
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In order to show that its purpose is not only to save the own theory, it has to be justified. Even if mirror neuron activity was a proof for the monkey's action understanding, it would not be justified to make statements about human action understanding. The narrow definition of action understanding already masks the historical and cultural dimensions of human understanding, but it does not imply an equalization of monkeys' and human action understanding. Such equalization is not proven and not provable: Monkeys cannot be asked about their understanding in an experimental test. Thus, the relation between results, interpretation, and conclusion is methodologically incorrect.
Suppose equalizing monkeys' and human action understanding was justified and the results on monkeys could therefore be generalized on humans. But intuitive plausibility is not a scientific criterion. Musical knowledge or the communicative content are part of a broader concept of understanding that has not been tested experimentally. In order to test the primacy of a motor-based action understanding, not only must understanding be tested see section Taking Mirror Neuron Activity As A Proof For Action Understanding Interpretation , but the presumed gradation must be tested, too.
Changing definitions in order to account for incompatible results is not a scientific act.
It is therefore incorrect to conclude a primacy of a motor-based action understanding. In this paper we argue that—contrary to what is postulated in many articles—mirror neuron activity is no proof for action understanding. All cited studies test monkey's mirror neuron activity and make statements about human action understanding. We discussed three points why this is incorrect. First , a valid experiment must test both the independent variable mirror neuron activity and the dependent variable action understanding.
Taking mirror neuron activity as an indicator for action understanding is a tautological argumentation and an inaccurate reduction of the monkey to his brain. Second , even if mirror neuron activity was a proof for action understanding in monkeys, in order to generalize the results on humans, an equalization of monkeys' and human action understanding has to be presumed. Such equalization is not proven and not provable. Third , even if mirror neuron activity in monkeys was a proof for action understanding in humans, this would still not prove the primacy of a motor-based action understanding.
In support of the goal mirroring model revised , Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia do not present experimental results, but a modified yet still tautological definition of action understanding. We do not conclude that mirror neurons cannot have important social functions. We criticize that the existing experimental results do not support the conclusions.
They might be intuitively plausible, but this is not a scientific criterion for a theory to be true. Future studies should measure understanding if they make a statement about it. We conclude that there is no proof that mirror neuron activity leads to action understanding.
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We thank Pierre Jacob Institut Nicod, Paris for the insightful critical discussions on the function of the mirror neuron system during his visiting professorship at the University of Heidelberg. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. For the broken mirror theory of autism see Cattaneo et al. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Front Hum Neurosci v. Published online May Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Received May 22; Accepted May 2. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. The mirror neuron system and action understanding Mirror neurons, which have been discovered by single cell recordings in the parieto-frontal areas of the macaque's brain Rizzolatti et al. Development of the models linking action understanding to mirror neuron activity We distinguish between the direct-matching model, the goal mirroring model, and the revised goal mirroring model.
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