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In an extraordinary gesture, he invited me to breakfast at the Plaza the following morning, a pleasure most struggling blue collar college kids would not enjoy. Lloyd read some of my reviews and said he was suitably impressed or was kind enough to pretend he was. We spent a couple of hours talking about film history and movie making before parting company.

I would not see him again for about 25 years, but that one meeting was pivotal in convincing me to write about film as a living. I have indeed seen The Wild Geese numerous times over the years. The film's release was somewhat botched in America but it was a mega-hit for Lloyd worldwide.


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The story, in the tradition of Dark of the Sun, is based on a novel by Daniel Carney. It involves four middle-aged, seemingly over-the-hill mercenaries who are hired by a London millionaire to rescue a deposed African President from his captors and restore him to office. Something about copper rights is at the heart of the scheme, but the mercenaries Richard Burton, Roger Moore, Richard Harris and Hardy Kruger are largely apolitical and only get involved for their own self-interests. Only the Harris character is somewhat reluctantly drawn to the mission on the basis of human rights issues: The old friends are reunited and go about recruiting an eclectic group of hard-bitten fellow mercenaries who are parachuted into Africa to accomplish this deadly mission.

All goes well until an unexpected plot development leads them stranded in a barren wasteland as an army of vicious Simbas advance upon them. Now the Wild Geese ust devise desperate plans to escape certain death. This is the best movie ever directed by Andrew V. McLaglen, an old hand and pro at directing action movies. He is surprisingly at ease in this most British of story lines and deftly handles his talented cast, bringing out each actor's best qualities.

The movie is so exciting that it seems unfair to provide many more details, as it might spoil at some of the film's many pleasures. Lloyd, a former protege of legendary producer Cubby Broccoli, hired many crew members from the James Bond series including editor John Glen, title designer Maurice Binder, stunt coordinator Bob Simmons and production designer Syd Cain. These were the best in their chosen professions and the film benefits greatly from their contributions. There is also a rousing score by Roy Budd and a fine title song written and performed by Joan Armatrading.

One of the great joys of the movie is watching the three middle-aged leads accentuate their ages. Those who were amazed Burton could still carry off an action film with Where Eagles Dare were even more impressed he could do so again a decade later with this movie. The supporting cast is wonderful, with stalwart tough guy Jack Watson particularly good as the hard-as-nails R. M who whips his aging recruits into shape.

Granger gives a fine, late career performance as the erudite baddie and the final confrontation between him and Burton is wonderfully written the impressive screenplay is by Reginald Rose, who wrote Twelve Angry Men and performed by the two seasoned pros.

The film's scene-stealer is veteran British character actor Kenneth Griffiths, who plays an effete gay medic who nonetheless is a vicious warrior on the battlefield. Lloyd's films are filled with such progressive messages that denounce stereotypes based on sex, race or sexuality.

The film's pleas for racial understanding come across as a bit too pat by today's standards, but this was edgy stuff in in the era of apartheid. Lloyd broke racial barriers by hiring black actors and crew members and insisting they be housed, paid and treated equally- a rather controversial notion in Africa at the time. They are rewarded for their labours by prosperity, which enables the ritual enactments of aristocratic fantasies such as the harmonious tea party.

Alayne and Eden, the characters with experience of the American city, are the catalysts for most of these conflicts. Alayne has a further importance in terms of the gradual change she undergoes at Jalna. Despite her initial identification with modern sophistication, she is revealed to have a certain natural sympathy for quite opposite values, something which increases under the influence of her new Canadian home. It was glorious, she thought. It is not, however, her husband who effects this transformation.

Eden is too lazy to assist with any of the farm work, and wishes to move permanently to New York to pursue his writing career.


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Of all the family, he is the least committed to Canada, and to agrarian life. Renny, absorbed in agricultural life, is heir to the estate and the primary representative of the Whiteoak values. This, it seems, was a Canadian mythology which the s readership endorsed wholeheartedly. In his essay on the Canadian tradition in fiction, T. The Northern is the novel of passion denied and sentiment repressed in the name of reason and social custom. With the exception of Grove and Stead, these writers began their careers much later than Ostenso.

The striking novelty, in , of the psychological themes and bleak landscapes of Wild Geese may be one reason why Canadians reacted less enthusiastically to this novel than to the less disturbing Jalna. The farmhouse is ruled by Caleb Gare, a tyrannical, jealous, and vindictive patriarch, given to reading aloud ominous passages from the Old Testament to his cowering family.

He is eventually punished for his fanatical possessiveness about his land by being literally swallowed by it when he drowns in a bog. The land demonstrates an active hostility: Numerous critics have read the novel purely in terms of the opposition between man and nature, but Daniel Lenoski and M.

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The domination of Caleb, however, ensures that the bleak atmosphere of Wild Geese makes a far greater impression on most readers than do the elements of hope and idealism in the text. Taking an opposite approach, Mazo de la Roche reverses all the tendencies of the Northern. Jalna is presided over by a woman, Adeline Whiteoak, who is mischievous, forgetful, and comic, and emotional development and self-expression are certainly not inhibited among the Whiteoaks. The environment is never hostile, but rather flowery, verdant, and warm, and its impact on the characters is negligible.

They are transporting the coffin for burial: So the two of them rode on the seat of the wagon over the twenty miles to the Catholic mission that lay to the south. Cranberry bushes hung in red cascades along the trail, and the thorn apple trees were heavy with clusters of waxy fruit, already tinged with pink. The day was still save for sudden little gusts of wind that lifted a whirl of dry leaves now and then in the road before them.

Once they saw a giant hawk swoop down over the marsh and keep low to the earth until it rose suddenly almost straight into the air. Then it vanished against the sky with some little animal fast in its claws. The relentless heat and the cruelty attributed to the hawk echo the relentless cruelty of Caleb Gare, who has forced Mark to drive the coffin twenty miles by refusing to allow the dead man to be buried in the Protestant graveyard. The loneliness of the empty prairie echoes the loneliness Mark experiences, sitting beside the silent child. But the passage also provides a precise, detailed picture of the Manitoba landscape.

Distances, directions, species of tree, bush, and bird, colours, and climactic conditions are all specified. In Jalna , the occasional descriptive pieces are almost all connected with a romantic plot development.

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When, for example, Piers Whiteoak, goes to meet his girlfriend Pheasant, the scene is set in some detail: The path wandered then down into the ravine; … wound up the opposite steep, curved through a noble wood; and at last, by a stile, was wedded to another path.

The setting of Jalna is an unspecified and vaguely described part of Ontario, and it is also a fantasy land, whereas Ostenso creates a fully realized, precisely located prairie landscape. Yet it was de la Roche who received a congratulatory letter from the prime minister, Mackenzie King, praising her for setting her novel in Canada and thereby familiarizing readers abroad with her home country qtd. There is certainly no illicit or explicit sex.

This is about as exciting as it gets between Alayne and Renny: A swirl of smoke, perfumed by pine boughs, enveloped them. A rushing, panting sound came from the heart of the fire. The violins sang together. All the sexualized passages focus on the heroine Judith Gare, and the most intensely physical scene is the one in which she wrestles with her lover, Sven: Her panting body heaved against his as they lay full length on the ground locked in furious embrace.

Judith buried her nails in the flesh over his breast, beat her knees into his loins, set her teeth in the more tender skin over the veins in his wrists. Suddenly her hand, that was fastened like steel on his throat, relaxed and fell away. The plot of Wild Geese hinges on two extra-marital liaisons: His daughter, Judith, engages in a sexual relationship with a man whom her father has forbidden her to see, and it results in an illegitimate pregnancy. In the Jalna books, by contrast, transgressive behaviour is always limited by the larger force of clan loyalty.

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The potentially adulterous relationships remain unconsummated until they can be legalized through divorce and remarriage, and the disobedient and lecherous Eden is eventually disposed of through tuberculosis. In its most autoerotic scene, Judith goes alone to the woods and lies naked on the ground, an episode which for C. Lying on the forest floor, Judith thinks of Lind Archer, as she does in all the scenes relating to her sexual awakening. The novel repeatedly emphasizes the physical attraction between Lind and Judith: Judith came up to Lind in the loft and sat down on the bed, watching the Teacher wash her face and neck and long smooth arms with a fragrant soap.

Nice smelling powder and a tiny drop of perfume in your hair.


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What a beautiful, challenging body she had! With a terrible beginning of consciousness, like a splendid she-animal, nearly grown. The Teacher sat down on the floor beside the bed and Judith loosened the long skeins of bronze hair that fell all about her shoulders.

This is somewhat ironic since it is de la Roche, and not Ostenso, who was in later decades considered likely to have been a lesbian. In the cities of America, by contrast, the s was a period of intense attention to homosexual issues, but it was by no means a period of tolerance. Although there was considerable interest in unconventional sexuality among sophisticates of the s, the official voice was not remarkably different from that of earlier eras and lesbianism … was greeted with outrage by the guardians of morality, who were nowhere near ready to accept such autonomous sexuality in women.

Police raids closed down lesbian and gay restaurants in Greenwich village, and also Broadway plays depicting homosexuality, including The Captive and The Drag. Legislation was used against publishers and filmmakers to suppress homosexual references, though this of course only increased public interest in the subject. In Canada, the development of a noteworthy gay culture and literature came much later.

My speculation is that his somewhat defensive reaction to Wild Geese may stem from an awareness of its affinities with his own work and perhaps also from a perception of its homoerotic undertones. Interestingly, Settlers of the Marsh was itself banned from public libraries for its treatment of sex Grove 29 , which took the form of a triangulated relationship between two women and one man. Like Wild Geese , it was considered too frank for public taste in the s, and these novels only gradually won recognition as the earliest works of prairie realism. In a article, Mrs.

They call it Realism. They call it Truth. They call it anything but what it is: This sounds like an extreme example, but Mrs. Glynn-Ward spoke for a large constituency within the Canadian population. The period associated with naturalism in America is usually , but literary developments often occurred later in Canada, and Ostenso and Grove were the first Canadian writers to show the influence of naturalism. There is a shared preoccupation with the experience of ethnically marked immigrants, and a shared reaction against the exclusively middle-class subject matter of the nineteenth-century realists.

Most naturalists demonstrated a concern with the animal or irrational motivations for human behaviour, sometimes manifested in connection with sexuality and violence.

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The plot revolving around Lind Archer provides a counterpoint, since it is constructed as a more conventional romance, so that the novel looks backwards to traditional genres as well as forward to new literary methods. There was, to be sure, a significant minority of progressive writers and critics who welcomed the first Canadian efforts at social realism and naturalism as a sign of the growing maturity of the national literature, but the more general response was a marked hostility.

Blodgett, in Five-Part Invention: American taste in this period was significantly broader than Canadian. US bestsellers and Pulitzer prize-winners of the twenties encompassed a wide variety of styles, subjects, and settings, and ranged from war novels All Quiet on the Western Front and adventure stories Beau Geste to realist fictions of New York high society Edith Wharton , small-town America Sinclair Lewis , or African-American life Scarlet Sister Mary.

There was a large audience for regional fiction of all descriptions, evidenced by the high US sales of such varied writers as Edna Ferber, Willa Cather, Hugh Walpole, and Booth Tarkington.

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Naturalism had gained more acceptance by the s, however, and puritanism was in general rather less in evidence in American than Canadian literary discourse. It is, then, not difficult to understand how such different novels as Wild Geese and Jalna could find publishers, readerships, and critical approval in s America. Ostenso, whose novel demonstrates no interest in resisting American influence, and whose later fiction inscribes a geography of Minnesota which does not diverge markedly from the fictionalized Canadian landscape of Wild Geese , was not so amenable to the nation-building project of Canadian critics.

Douglas Daymond, however, adopts a quite opposite strategy in an effort to defend de la Roche, writing in his introduction to a collection of her short fiction published in , Together with Martha Ostenso, Robert Stead, Frederick Philip Grove, Raymond Knister, and Morley Callaghan, de la Roche contributed to the development of realism in Canadian fiction during the early decades of this century.

This reinvention of de la Roche as a radical, challenging writer may be rather improbable, but it is true that there is a greater measure of realism in her first books than in her most popular work. Possession and Delight focus entirely on working-class characters in a small-town setting, forming a marked contrast with the genteel, wealthy protagonists of Jalna in their isolated manor house. Already as a devotee of Frederick Philip Grove and Martha Ostenso, I felt that realism was the necessary ingredient for developing a Canadian literature.

Mazo, I believed, had the power within her to write the great Canadian novel which would forego sentimental romance and would be concerned with the way ordinary people really lived.