Parallel kinematics meet well the first two requirements but are limited regarding workspace size and tilting abilities. By combining serial and parallel machine axes and thereby integrating handling and machining capabilities into one machine structure, these disadvantages can be eliminated while additionally reducing redundant degrees of freedom. In order to find the optimal allocation of machine axes, a systematic approach was developed which helps to reveal synergetic potentials that emerge from integrating the two different fields of function.
The authors present the prototypal implementation of a machine concept which is combined out of a four-axes parallel kinematics and a serial kinematics and allows the integrated handling and machining of lightweight extrusion structures. In diesem Artikel wird eine Methodik vorgestellt, mit der ein fallspezifisches, interorganisationelles Controlling zwischen Betreiber und Hersteller aufgebaut werden kann.
Powder Injection Molding PIM offers a high potential for fabrication of micro-mechanical parts manufactured in metal or ceramic material providing a large variety of properties. To ensure an economical Micro-PIM production in large lot sizes and high quality automation of the process beginning with demolding, handling, debinding and ending with sintering is a necessity. Within the field of automation research focus is to optimize critical processes like sprue separation, demolding and handling as well as the set-up of an autonomous and automated process-chain which are presented in this article.
Improving the efficiency of manufacturing processes becomes more and more important. This paper describes a new approach where two technologies are combined to manufacture wear-resistant mold inserts for powder injection molding. By combining laser ablation and electrical discharge machining EDM specific advantages of the respective technology can be utilized while drawbacks can partially be eliminated. Furthermore the combined machining center is presented. Using the innovative process of rounding during extrusion, spatially curved extruded profiles can be flexiblymanufactured.
This facilitates the cost-effective production of lightweight structures with curved profiles even for smallseries. Due to the extrusion process a continuous flow of material is unavoidable. The profiles have to be separatedreactionlessly during the extrusion following the complex trajectory of the cut-off point in space. Because of the highaccelerations which occur during the spatial motion of the profile the trajectory is separated into the slow motion of anindustrial robot guiding the cut-off device and a fast superposed movement generated by a specially designed clampingdevice with redundant axes.
To synchronize the motions according to the real extrusion velocity a server-based centralcontrol unit is used. Based on this background, the paper discusses a method for generating the trajectories andprogramming and controlling the movements. Anhand einer ersten prototypischen Umsetzung der automatisierten Trenneinheit werden die wesentlichen Parameter zur Auslegung und erste Ergebnisse vorgestellt.
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Damit stellt sich ein Kostenvorteil im gesamten Produktionsanlauf ein. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Job-Shop-Problem modelliert und damit die Reihenfolge der Maschinenabnahmeschritte optimiert. Die Funkenerosion hatte sich bereits im Bereich des Werkzeug- und Formenbaus als hochgenaues Bearbeitungsverfahren etabliert. Therefore production ramp-ups are gaining more and more importance. Production ramp-ups are characterized by instable business-processes within the organization, new products and new production technology.
This combination often causes quality and availability problems which are the main challenges for a product launch in time and costs. Thus, fast reactions to quality and availability problems are crucial for competitiveness. In this paper, a new simulation based decision support system for production ramp-ups is presented. The system allows the simulation of influences on technically critical processes under the dynamic environment of a production ramp-up.
Next to the theory, so called quality simulation, a prototypical implementation and simulation results are presented. Research in micro production technology mainly focuses on the development and optimization of a dedicated manufacturing process. However, for industrial application, it is of foremost importance to know which alternative technologies are capable of manufacturing a specific work piece or a specified quality feature and which of these technologies are the best to choose.
By means of altered quality function deployment QFD and a web based structure catalogue, different micro manufacturing technologies such as micro milling, laser ablation and Electric Discharge Machining EDM have been benchmarked concerning their capabilities to fabricate micro molds consisting of wear-resistant materials. Besides process comparison with regard to accuracy and efficiency, the new architecture of the House of Quality of the QFD facilitates the identification and optimization of critical process parameters.
Furthermore, by means of the developed structure catalogue, the verification of machinability of product designs is assured. This is due to the fact that process loads and errors in machine components lead to a displacement of the Tao! An increase in the machining accuracy of machine tool components is often either not sensible for economical reasons or not technically feasible.
This suggests thinldng about the compensation of displacement by means of intelligent machine components. In this context the article describes a cost-effective technology for the adaptronical compensation of component errors and the increase of sti. Based an the example of a strut for parallel kinematics machine tools, the concept, the realization and first accomplished measurements with the adaptronical sensor-actuator integration are introduced and the realized cost reduction is estimated.
This paper introduces a new approach to handle and machine spatially curved profiles using a flexible and intelligentclamping system. Firstly, requirements to the clamping system are specified which have to be fulfilled for a flexible smalland medium batch production of light-weight frame structures. Subsequently, the design of the flexible clamping systemis described. To maintain a once reached condition of order over the entire process chain, an in-line measuring systemhas to be integrated.
Several metrological processes have been tested regarding their application on spatially curvedprofiles. To allow an exact positioning and orientation of the profiles within the clamping system for machining andhandling, additional marks were placed on the profile surface in well-defined distances. The functionality of thispositioning and orientation process will be illustrated in dependence on the gaging process of an incremental measuringsystem.
Also, an outlook to an extended use of the part-specific scale for an integrated quality assurance is given. Grundlage bilden Betriebs- und Servicedaten. Als Ergebnis der Datenerfassung wurden die wesentlichen Baugruppen identifiziert. The quotation of hybrid products by integrating investment goods and services combined with innovative business models is essential for the successful disposal in the machine and plant engineering industry. But so far, there is no capable method allowing both manufacturers and operators of production facilities to calculate and control the performance of hybrid products.
This article presents an approach to close this gap. Furthermore, first research results are presented. Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems RMS enable industrial companies to adapt to frequent and unpredictable changes of production requirements in a cost-efficient way. RMS are constituted by modular machine tools that provide variable overall functions with the ability to add, remove, rearrange and replace functional sub-units.
The performance of these machine tools as regards the quick and flexible arrangement of modules and high work piece quality strongly depends on the properties of the mechanical module interfaces. Then flexibly arrange-able quick-coupling interfaces as a promising solution for module assembly were analyzed. Finally, tools for the determination for those interface performance parameters are presented, which require technical testing.
In diesem Artikel wird eine Methode zur systematischen Bewertung der Instandhaltungsfreundlichkeit einer Werkzeugmaschine und deren Baugruppen entwickelt. Up to now the consideration of forces between flexible, moved structures, e. Thereby neither the representation of the complete mechanical behavior nor the optimization of the frame structure depending on different workspace positions is possible. Furthermore the present frame structure is replaced by a design space for topology optimization in different workspace positions.
Micro production, with an annual forecasted growth rate of 20 per cent will clearly be a key technology of the 21st century. High-precision engineering, which uses miniaturized conventional manufacturing techniques, e. Owing to its flexibility and its ability to produce complex three dimensional geometric shapes in a broad variety of different materials, micro cutting is ofspecial importance both for small scale and mass production environments.
However, cutting in micro dimensions follows special rules caused by size effects. Successful micro cutting depends on statistically reliable and robust processes and therefore on knowledge about parameter adjustments and process characterization. Statistical analyses of experimental micro cutting data and modelling studies are used to study the effects and interactions of process parameter variations for workpiece material, cutting edge radii, cutting speed, depth of cut, and application of a lubricant.
The results show a significant influence of most of the mentioned factors on the response variable surface roughness and specific cutting force. Based on the experimental data and the statistical modelling studies, linear models for the specific cutting force and surface roughness are proposed. In addition, the outcome is compared to theempirical cutting model of Victor-Kienzle derived for application in macro dimensions. Die Beschreibung eines Vorversuchsstandes sowie der ersten Ergebnisse zur Markierungsdetektion mittels digitaler Bildverarbeitung runden das Thema ab.
Simple geometrical considerations form the basis of the prototypically implemented clampingsystem design. The approach presented in this article allows for accuracy improvements regarding the positioning of the profile in the clamping system on the basis of markings applied onto the surface of the profile.
Besides, the preliminary test rig set up and first results on the detection of themarkings by means of digital image processing are presented. Bei einem innovativen Fertigungsverfahren zur Herstellung von Strangpressprofilen z. In the field of micro-technology the productionof metallic and ceramic micro-components by powderinjection molding PIM has become a more and moreestablished fabrication method. But in order to fulfill thedemand for more complex-shaped high-precision microcomponentsfurther development work has to be performed.
This is especially true if more efficient production routes formulti-component-micro-assemblies consisting of differentmaterials or sub-components are envisaged. To meet thesechallenges, investigations are performed to realize and toestablish two primary shape micro-processes. The realization of these technologies willlead to a markedly reduction of the efforts for handling,adjustment, and assembling of metallic and ceramic microassemblies. Furthermore, an increased integration level andfunctionality can be yielded.
For an effective transfer ofscientific results to industrial applications the whole processchain must be considered, from development and constructionof the tooling as well as of the components to thequality assurance and determination of the properties of theassemblies after sintering. These primary shape processesshall enable the mutual processing of different materialswithin the fabrication process, so avoiding separatemounting or assembling steps. Additionally fixed and loosejunctions between at least two components shall be realized. The progress in research and development will be demonstratedespecially by the implementation of shaft-to-collarconnections between micro-gearwheels and correspondingshafts.
Regarding two-component micro-injection molding,the tool construction for shaft-to-collar connections will bepresented as well as first experimental results on the propertiesof selected ceramic powders and feedstocks for thespecial requirements of the 2C-MicroPIM process. With theassembly step being performed outside the injection moldingtool before sinter-joining different parts and geometriescan be combined quite easily.
The presented article gives anoverview on the concept and on preliminary testing resultsfor the fabrication of a shaft-to-collar-connection. Additionally,a solution for an automated assembly of a shaftand a toothed wheel outside the injection molding tool ispresented. Within traffic engineering, the importance of lightweight space frame structures continuouslygrows. The space frame design offers many advantages for light weight construction but also bringschallenges for the production technology.
For example, the important requests concerning productflexibility and reconfiguration can only be achieved with a high technical effort, if current machinetechnology is used. An important component in space frame structures are curved extrusion profiles. Within theinvestigated process chain, the extrusions must be machined mechanically in order to apply holesand to prepare the extrusion ends for the following welding operation.
The machining is currentlydone by clamping the profile into a fixture and processing it within a machining center. Thisprocedure has two disadvantages due to the complex geometry and the partially high length of theextrusion profiles: On the one hand, a complex fixture is needed for clamping the work piece. On the other hand, a machining center with a large workspace and five machine axes is required. Due to this, the product flexible machining with current technology is only possible with hightechnical and economical effort. For this reason, a new machine concept for the product flexiblemachining of three dimensionally curved extrusion profiles was developed at the University ofKarlsruhe.
In this paper, the function of the machine is explained and a prototype is presented. Inaddition, investigation results of the machining accuracy are shown and possibilities for improvingthe precision are discussed. Die industrielle Herstellung von Mikrobohrungen erfordert Verfahrenmit kurzen Bohrzeiten und geringer Prozessstreuung. Industrial manufacturing of micro holes demands methods with shortdrilling times and high process reliability. In this article an overview ofthe processes drilling, punching, erosion, laser drilling with ultra shortpulses, electron beam drilling and micro bore sizing is given.
Standardise d experiments for enhancing the comparability wereaccomplished. The results are presented in this article. Micro manufacturing processes are characterized by high process variability and an increased significance of measurement uncertainty in relation to tight tolerance specifications. Therefore, an approach that separates the superposition of measurement and manufacturing variation is demanded. A novel design for a quality control chart that makes it possible to monitor, control and extract measurement variation from manufacturing variation is proposed.
Thus, a definite cause diagnosis on the approval or rejection of micro components due to errors either in the measurement or in the manufacturing process is possible. Results indicate that performance of mould inserts in micro powder injection moulding depends not only on hardness, surface condition and homogeneity of the mould insert materials but also is strongly influenced by the characteristics of the feedstock, like composition of the binder or amount and hardness of the ceramic particles. The accuracy and process reliability of both laser ablation and EDM depend on various influences like machine tool performance, temperature, material properties and process parameters.
This paper focuses on the variation of the most important process parameters to reduce surface roughness and machining time. For the experiments standard tool steel X38CrMoV was used.
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In the following the variation of process parameters is described and validated by selected machining examples for EDM and laser ablation, respectively. During straight turning of workpieces withnon-cylindrical geometry or during milling operations onworkpieces with hard surfaces such as the scale layer oncast iron the cutting edge has to withstand high recurrentimpact loads. These loads can destroy the cutting edgerather spontaneously than by continuous wear. Commonlyused criterions such as a flank or crater wear are not suitable.
As part of the research presented in this papermechanical system properties such as resilience anddamping are varied and the influence on tool life is presented. Variation was done passively by changing thematerial of a shim which was positioned directly under thecutting insert and actively by using a piezo actuator tochange the pressure of an oil reservoir close to the cuttinginsert.
The results of this research confirm the potentialadvantages of a properly adjusted resilience close to thecutting edge.
Manufacturers of machine tools face worldwide competition which is tightened by demands for total cost of ownership TCO contracts, requiring a guarantee of a certain availability of their products. This availability is naturally affected by wear of machine components. It depends on the use of the machine tool in daily operation and correlates with the occurring load spectrum. The real load spectrum, however, is widely unknown. The real loading from cutting operations and motion usually highly differs from these assumptions.
Hence,multibody simulation in combination with controls and CNC simulation offers the possibility to investigate the realistic load spectra of several machine components when performing the simulated operation of a given CNC program. The load levels can be accounted for, and the overall wear time can be accumulated and allocated to wear regions on the components with respect to the stressing. This paper will present a practical approach to the estimation of machine tool component life based on simulation. Flexible and automated small-batch production requires a high degree of facility adaptability for the product to be manufactured.
Here spatially curved profiles pose a particular challenge in terms of the exact positioning and the assurance of component quality during the machining process. This paper describes the concept and implementation of a metrological approach to the positioning of spatially curved tube profiles for profile machining.
Single laser markings put on the component surface are combined into a component-specific scale. The design of the markings is derived systematically considering the boundary conditions. The component-specific scale also constitutes the basis for an incremental identification of the profile contour, allowing for flexible inline quality assurance for almost any type of curved profile contours. Profile geometries can be described regardless of contours by means of cubic spline interpolation.
Analyzing and revising current machine tools with regard to their maintenance-friendliness, servicing and inspection activities leads to a split-up between production and maintenance responsibilities. The illustrated algorithm allows for the identification of collateral components which require replacing when adjoining components are replaced even though their own service life is not yet exceeded. A modularization approach was elaborated for the application of this method reducing the design of a machine tool to maintenance-relevant parameters.
The respective routines were programmed in a software environment for an easy and quick implementation and launched for an exemplary machine tool. Due to the lack of coolant in dry machining processes, there is an increase of heat input into workpieces during the cutting process. As a result, an inhomogeneous temperature distribution occurs, which can lead to problems concerning compliance with critical tolerances, because of distortions of the workpiece.
Using the FEM simulation it is possible to calculate and handle these distortions. This paper contains a mathematical model developed to calculate the surface heat flux as input data for FEM simulation. In comparison to former publications, this paper deals not only with single results, but rather with an overview of the results of the past two years. The following article presents an approach for a novel positioning stage as basic component of a small machine tool. It is a parallelkinematic machine BiGlide mechanism , which converts the linear motion of two linear axes into a planar motion.
The novel features, which were identified to be crucial for the transition from conventional machine tools to small ones, are: The proposed implementations are: Some of the simulation results are presented along with measurements of a currently designed prototype. Two-component micro powder injection moulding experienced significant progress in the recent past. Starting as a manufacturing method for integrating two different plastics, the extension of two-component injection moulding 2C-IM from pure plastics to more resistant materials like ceramics or metals 2C-PIM provided sophisticated and challenging applications.
Up to a certain extend sinter joining is an alternative to 2C-PIM. It allows for component assemblies to be moulded as separate low-complexity parts which are then joined into complex assemblies. This procedure considerably reduces the time and cost required to manufacture the injection moulding tools. Static, quasi-static and dynamic displacements influence the accuracy of machine tool results. The lowfrequency parts of these displacements can, on the one hand, be traced back to static stresses resulting from gravity as well as process loads and, on the other hand, to geometrical machine errors and the faulty positioning in the working area resulting from this.
Dynamic loads, however, are characterised by the distribution of masses and stiffnesses. This paper aims to present an approach to adaptronically compensate for static and quasi-static displacements while, at the same time, showing how a component can fulfill the functions of a sensor and an actuator. In order to achieve this, an intelligent adaptronical strut was designed for which the piezoelectric transducer can fulfill actuated as well as sensoric tasks at the same time. Based on the principle of vibrating strings, a vibrating string is used to induce vibrations which allow for the static, quasi-static and dynamic machine displacements to be recorded using the developed integrated sensors and actuators.
A first prototype was integrated into a machine tool to verify the concept. Static and dynamic measurements endorse the functionality of this approach. Machining trial runs show the effectiveness of this approach in a parallel kinematic machine tool with regards to adaptronically compensating for geometrical machine errors.
Dies stellt sowohl Betreiber als auch Hersteller von Produktionsanlagen vor Herausforderungen. In the future automotive market an increasing number of lightweight constructions like space frame structures in multi material design will be used. For this purpose, new lightweight suitable joining methods are needed.
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In the paper an innovative joining method is presented, which is based on the filament winding process. The article describes the developed winding process and the validation and characterization of the connected components. Further the paper describes the possibility to give the joint specific targeted properties like stiffness and strength which are dimensioned by the use of a simulation tool.
There is also a production solution for automated winding of components by industrial robots presented. Daher sind eine systematische Vorgehensweise und eine Charakterisierung der Batterien als Handhabungsobjekt erforderlich. Handling of battery cells To realize a cost-efficient production of lithium ion battery systems an automated production is necessary. For the automation of the production of battery modules, new handling systems need to be developed.
Therefore, a method for an efficient selection and the characterization of the batteries are needed. In the assembly, efficient part feeding is a decisive factor for a successful automation. Therefor an automated modular and part-flexible feeding System for micro parts on the basis of piezoelectric vibratory conveyors has been developed at the wbk Institute of Production Science. Very different parts can be conveyed, positioned and partly be rotated around their vertical axis by the system.
The sliding conveyance offers also the possibility to feed extremely delicate parts. In this article the design and the commissioning results of the system are presented. In the end an outlook is given on future work to increase productivity and Efficiency of the system. During scaling of cutting processes size-effects occur due to not similarly scalable input parameters, e. These effects not foreseen by conventional similarity mechanics result in altered behaviour regarding cutting forces, sensitivity for various parameters, chip formation, surface texture and surface layer.
This paper identifies effects associatedwith the transition frommacro to microcutting by means of a turning process. Different available models for macroprocesses have been analysed and one has been extended by a term for the cutting edge radius. This results in a significantly better prediction of the acting forces and an enhanced understanding of the process.
The manufacturing of lightweight shafts, pipes and profiles often uses hollow structures made from fiber reinforced plastics FRP due to their better density related properties. For applications with locally high tribological stresses, the use of FRP is not yielding proper results. In terms of lightweight construction, a hybrid design with a hollow FRP basic structure and local metallic elements in areas of high tribological stress is ideal for these applications.
A promising approach for the production of these parts is rotational molding. Rotational molding for FRP— metal profiles is understood as a manufacturing process where machined, metallic elements and dry continuous fiber structures will be assembled and laid in a closed mold. Afterwards, the liquid matrix will be casted and the mold is then rotated at high speed until the fiber structure is fully impregnated and the matrix is cured.
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As there are short flow paths, this process is offering the potential to realize short cycle times of only a few minutes. Within this paper, the manufacturing of polygon profiles via rotational molding is described. These profiles can be produced by using centrifugal cores which were developed at the wbk Institute of Production Science. These cores are made of an elastomer composite material and they expand during the rotational molding process. The modeling of these cores and their impact on the impregnation pressure is shown here as well as their contribution in achieving higher fiber volume fractions.
Light-weight aluminum space frame structures are frequently used for small-volume products, suchas sports cars. The assembly of these products has so far been mainly manual and requires the use ofcomplex and expensive fixtures. To increase the profitability the research conducted at wbk Institute ofProduction Science is aiming to achieve an automated, fixtureless assembly of such structures by the useof industrial robots.
To achieve the required accuracies regarding the alignment of the joining partners, anew approach based on component-inherent markings has been developed. Different tests have alreadybeen conducted in order to validate the approach. The test results demonstrate that the approach issuitable for the spatial alignment of components. This article describes the theoretical foundations of the required measurement approach as well as theexperimental results. A broad variety of materials can be found in modern machine tool structures ranging from steel and cast iron to fiber reinforced composite materials.
In addition, material combinations and hybrid structures are available. Furthermore, innovative intelligent and smart materials which incorporate sensor and actuator functionality enable the realization of function integrated structures. Consequently, material design and application discloses manifold degrees of freedom regarding a sophisticated layout and optimization of machine frames and components. This keynote paper presents the current state-of-the-art with respect to materials applied in machine tool structures and reviews the correspondent scientific literature.
Thus, it gives an overview and insight regarding material selection and exploitation for high performance, high precision and high efficiency machine tools. Due to economical, ecological and functional reasons, lightweight-construction is continuously gaining importance. Today, the lower limits of the production range of lightweight space frames are set by joining processes that require jigs. For a flexible variation in a small-scale production, the use of latching elements for the pre-attachment in the jig-free assembly of frame structures serves as a good approach.
In consideration of the analysis of the actual situation this article takes up this approach and points out the potential enabled by latching elements. Subsequently, the implementation of laser cutting will be motivated and the results of the first experiments on reinforced and unreinforced profiles will be discussed. To conclude this article, the challenges and approaches for the integration of this procedure to an existing handling and machining kinematics will be pointed out, and finally the implementation potentials of the procedure within an entire process-chain will also be mentioned.
The innovative process of curved profile extrusion facilitates the cost-effective production of lightweight structures with spatially curved profiles even for small series. The profiles have to be separated reactionlessly during the extrusion following the complex trajectory of the cut-off point in space. This paper discusses the challenges for a flying cut-off device. In addition to a concept to generate the trajectories and control the movements, the main parameters for dimensioning a cut-off device are presented.
A specially designed clamping device permits to generate high accelerations. Further on, cutting results are shown especially for extruded sections with continuous reinforcing elements of steel. The profiles resulting from this process give proof of the potential involved in both, the novel curved profile extrusion CPE and the automatic supporting and cutting device. For subsequent automated processing to become possible, however, the reliably achievable accuracy of extruded profiles needs to be further improved. By the example of the extruded profiles produced so far, this article discusses potential factors that may impair profile accuracy and presents approaches and methods for the improvement of accuracy.
The combination of construction parts made of fibre-reinforced plastics FRP and metal holds great lightweight design potential but places high demands on the necessary joining technologies. Metallic load introduction elements that are embedded in the manufacturing process of FRP components are a promising joining technology. In order to fully exploit the potential of this technology, approaches to increase the load bearing capacity of inserts, particularly under pull-out loads, have been missing.
The aim is therefore to derive a method for the simulative structural optimisation of embedded inserts. The increase of the load bearing capacity of the optimised insert geometry is confirmed through experimental validation. The use of topology optimization is helpful to obtain "systematic and proper" solution variants for a given static and dynamic design problem.
Those solutions, which can be generated automatically provide the designer with new, previously unknown proposals of machine part structures. Up to now, the static and dynamic behaviour of the workspace was not recognized in such an optimization. The paper introduces the topology optimization of machine tools applying the finite element method FEM coupled with the multi-body simulation MBS.
The exclusive Raffaella di Montalban line was created using this approach, and this model with quartz briolette and amethyst temples forms part of it. Theo A true piece of eyewear jewellery, created in four different versions, each one produced as a limited edition of only pieces. Two models are coated in gold and two in palladium for a distinctly luxurious look.
Called Hypnotic, it is an accessory that is destined to be noticed. For people who decide to dare, naturally. Their glasses are also works of art, whimsical and excessive pieces that are almost unique, such as this crystal-adorned model. An oversized transparent acetate shape is the starting point, leading the imagination to an enchanted forest, where precious and colourful flowers decorated by Swarovski crystals blossom. Sonia Rykiel An asymmetrical, unusual, half moon shape has been chosen for this Sonia Rykiel model that features a modern look with a vague hint of ss vintage.
Dsquared2 This limited edition Ophelia model fully reflects the ironic and transgressive character of the two Canadian twins, Dean and Dan Caten. A cascade of topaz and crystal coloured leaf-cut Swarovski elements adorns the sides of the oversized acetate profile. Opulent and glamorous, Ophelia is also available in a Havana version with black lenses.
Miu Miu The form of these sunglasses reinterprets the shape of a butterfly, which is broken abruptly by a sharp cut for a contemporary look. They are made of acetate and feature a distinctly thick top bar, which is illuminated by rhinestones, while the lower part is rimless. This model is available in three other colour combinations. The INVU Premium collection has classic styles for both men and women, and uses premium materials such as TR 90, acetate and carbon fiber as well as temple embellishments and innovative frame treatments.
The INVU premium collection also features the ultra polarized lens technology from Swiss Eyewear Group, which gives consumers crystal-clear, glare-free vision with improved color contrasts as well as a best in class UV absorber. INVU ultra polarized continues to be one of the only, if not THE ONLY fully polarized global brand in the impulse segment targeted at young and young-at-heart customers, positioned on an average price of 49 Euro.
Positioned for retail from Euro 79 the new INVU Premium styles are aimed at the more discerning customer wanting something special. To effectively support optical retailers, the sought-after INVU Collection is backed by a state-of-theart marketing program that includes an INVU ultra polarized campaign and new color lens tester technology as part of the sleek, modern merchandisers and head-turning window displays.
For the consumer, SEG has put a color lens technology tester into the attractive sunglass case to encourage word of mouth advertising with family and friends. Color, personality and an unbeatable price are key to describing the new brand. MyWoodi originated at WooDone, already widely-recognized around the world for its eponymous collection of wooden eyewear, and known for its superior quality and craftsmanship.
With MyWoodi, entrepreneurs Klaus Tavella and Thomas Oberegger, and their new partner Alexander Fischnaller, intend to revolutionize the market for wooden eyewear, making it accessible to everyone. A challenge that was successfully tackled. After a year of trials and prototypes, the MyWoodi team constructed a wooden frame crafted by machines custom-engineered for this job. Manufactured in Italy, using wood from around the world, MyWoodi eyewear features a clean, linear style that is ultra-modern and extremely cool.
Featured in the first collection are 12 styles - 5 sun wear and 7 vision wear - in 6 different types of wood and colors. Composed of eight layers of wood, their exciting chromatic nuances are fresh and fashionable. Sixtyprocessing phases, 15 of which are carried out by hand, yield a feather-light product that weighs in at 13 grams less than half an ounce. An invisible side hinge completes the whole. Have you heard the latest news? We dubbed them GenEYE but to all intents and purposes most know this brood as the coming of age Millennial Generation and, trust me; these young folks are intent on replacing the baby boomer as the focus of any and everything when it comes to demanding a position of power in the global economic scenario.
And because of their enviable position you can be assured that even the baby boomer is going to be hungry for the products craved by this fastest growing demographic. Want some added opti-insight? And then there are those of you dedicated to the global consumer bent toward designer and lifestyle brands as delivered quite profusely in the eyewear arena.
W h a t y o u r e a l l y n e e d t o concentrate on is how you will approach what is likely to be the biggest issue facing the dispensing of eyewear now and well into the next few years. This new GenEYE demographic is huge and growing. They are looking for a spec-feast and you need to be ready for them.
What about those baby boomers? There you have it. They protect the eyes against dirt splashes, dust, wind, cold and harmful UV rays. There are also fewer high-impact risks from a squashball or striking stones. Through the use of contrast-enhancing tints, wrap-up glasses also enable optimum vision. And if the sportsperson is using prescription glasses, special lenses will ensure the best possible view in all angles. Finally, many sportspeople simply also believe sports glasses are cool.
Special sports frames and lenses help to achieve the best sportive results by providing optimal visual performance. In the field this trend has also spurred many sports lenses innovations. What are the demands for sports lenses? Wrap-up frames offer sportspeople many advantages. Curved frames provide protection while offering a good view on all sides.
A frame which follows the contours of the face imposes specific demands on the lenses. The high-base curve-wrap prescriptive lenses need to be able to translate corrections to vision deficiencies effectively into a sports lens. Certainly because athletes want to be able to see clearly from all angles, and want to perceive good contrasts.
Distortion can also occur in the peripheral areas of the field of vision. The visual system is driven by the peripheral retina. Large, curved lenses can influence the focus. A lens surface that is optimised to follow the rotation of the eye can prevent these deviations.
Freeform design technology helps to improve the sharpness and prism balance. Optometrists and opticians measure an extensive series of details for this, like the position of the eye, left and right, the distance from the nose, angle etc. But to achieve an optimum lens, lens producers perform a recalculation. A computer recalculates the power of the lens at more than 1, places, thus ensuring the perfect shape and curvature, so that the athlete can always perform at his or her best. What is the challenge in designing lenses for wrap-up frames?
The dihedral angle effects influence the position of the lens in relation to the eye. Then the eye receives less light information, and performances can be influenced negatively. Special tests can determine the best tint colour per individual: What is the importance of the lens material itself?
As I mentioned earlier, protection was one of the reasons for sportspeople to choose wrap-up frames. But along with impact resistance, the refraction properties are also important. PNX, refined from Trivex, meets both demands. Comfort can be improved further with a good coating. This ensures extra protection against scratches, dust, water droplets and any disturbing dazzle from incoming light.
This way sportsmen and women are assured of good and safe vision with maximum wearing comfort. This lets them concentrate fully on their sporting performance. In daily life the coordination between both our eyes is generally not an issue. Research has shown, for example, that a clay-pigeon shooter with a right dominant eye and divergence excess in his right eye, and shooting from his right shoulder, will probably shoot to the right of the target.
In many instances a prism for.
Veröffentlichungen von Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Fleischer
Eye dominance is also important for the most important visual skills when aiming and anticipating in sport. The dominant eye is responsible for aiming. The position of objects is determined. Anticipating, catching or avoiding well requires a good estimation of depth. Then it will be possible to estimate the distance and speed. Ultimately this could mean the difference between winning or losing: Availability in single and multifocal lens designs Improved binocular vision performance through the Binocular Eye Model Freeform back surface power optimisation for individual position of wear Prism compensation for the FFFA Two base curves available to match the frame curvature Diameter up to 95 mm to fit every frame.
How do contrast-enhancing tints influence performance? That means that not all the details are properly visible. If the filter has not been attuned to the eye characteristics, weather conditions and the environment, a background haze might distract the athlete. His contributions continue in the reprinting of his work here. Describe the opportunities that free-form manufacturing has for future use in progressive lenses. A typical free-form surfacing process begins by generating the lens surface using a three-axis, computer-numericallycontrolled or CNC generator.
With three possible axes of movement, the incredibly precise, single-point cutting tools of these generators can produce virtually any lens surface shape with a high degree of accuracy and smoothness. The worked lens surface is then polished to a high luster using a f lexible polishing pad that is also dynamically controlled by a computer. With free-form surfacing technology, a prescription optical laboratory can now directly surface a variety of possible lens designs directly onto a semi-finished lens blank in addition to the prescription curves that are normally applied.
With two separate surfaces to work with, the optical design and prescription components of a freeform progressive lens can be applied to the lens blank in variety of possible configurations. Each type of free-form lens represents a particular combination of factory-molded and free-form-surfaced lens curves. The lens surfaces involved range in complexity from simple spherical surfaces to optically enhanced progressive surfaces that have been combined with the prescription sphere and cylinder curves Figure 1.
Back-surface lenses employ a factory-molded spherical front surface and a free-form-surfaced progressive back surface that has been combined with the prescription curves; the progressive optics are directly surfaced. Enhanced semi-finished lenses employ a factory-molded progressive surface on the front and free-form-surfaced. Dual-surface lenses employ a factory-molded progressive surface with a portion of the total addition power on the front and a free-form-surfaced progressive surface with the remaining addition power that has been combined with the prescription curves on the back; the progressive optics are split between both lens surfaces.
Regardless of the type of free-form lens, the placement of the actual progressive optics, whether on the front surface, back surface, or split between both, has minimal impact on the magnitude of the inherent unwanted astigmatism of the lens design. Consequently, the inherent unwanted astigmatism of progressive lenses is not significantly inf luenced by placement of the progressive optics Figure 2. This results in optical compromises for many wearers, preventing them from enjoying the best possible vision.
Additionally, these compromises impose limits on the adaptation rates of traditional progressive lenses. Each prescription requires a unique optical design to fully eliminate lens aberrations, which represent power errors from the desired prescription. Factors such as the position of the fitted lens can introduce additional power errors. Moreover, unless the corridor length of the lens design matches the ideal length associated with a given frame, visual utility is further compromised. Although certain wearers may enjoy the intended optical performance in traditional progressive lenses, many wearers must tolerate reduced optical performance Figure 3.
Although the inherent astigmatism may not differ appreciably, placing the progressive optics on the back surface can minimize unwanted magnification effects. Placing the progressive optics on the back surface of the lens eliminates the contribution of the front surface to these magnification changes. Moreover, because the progressive viewing zones are brought physically closer to the eye, slightly wider fields of view may be obtained when the progressive optics are located on the back surface.
Nevertheless, the inherent differences in optical performance due only to the type of free-form lens design—or the distribution of the progressive optics—are generally small. When free-form surfacing technology is utilized in conjunction with sophisticated optical design, it becomes possible to match the optics of each progressive lens exactly to the visual requirements of the individual wearer, prior to fabrication. Given the inherent limitations of traditional mass quantity progressive lenses, which are generally produced from a handful of factory-molded semifinished lens blanks, free-form technology offers the most meaningful visual benefit to wearers.
FIGURE 3 Plots of ray-traced optical astigmatism demonstrate that the optical performance of traditional progressive lenses is sensitive to the prescription and position of the fitted lens. Now, progressive lens designs can be fully customized to the visual requirements of individual wearers. In the s, German lens designers first began customizing progressive lenses using free-form technology.
They applied atoric lens designs to the back of progressive lens blanks using free-form surfacing. The final lens calculations are then transmitted directly to freeform surfacing equipment for fabrication. The ideal geometry of the lens design is first determined for the wearer, including the best corridor length and appropriate near zone inset. Each progressive lens design is typically available in twelve addition powers per eye, in up to a dozen lens materials, resulting in hundreds of lens blanks for each base curve offered.
Traditional, semi-finished progressive lenses necessitate massive product development and inventory costs. Consequently, changes to the basic lens design of these progressive lenses are limited to subtle variations in optical design across a handful of base curves in order to work sufficiently well over the relatively broad prescription ranges associated with each. The optical effects of lens aberrations are exacerbated in progressive lenses.
Oblique astigmatism interacts optically with the surface astigmatism of the progressive lens design, causing the zones of clear vision to shrink. Lens aberrations can also cause the viewing zones of a progressive to become distorted and shifted from their ideal location as certain regions of unwanted astigmatism become more blurred while other regions of astigmatism actually become clearer.
With sufficiently advanced software and a free-form delivery system, it becomes possible to customize the progressive lens design based upon the unique prescription requirements of each wearer Figure 6. By fine-tuning the optical design of the progressive lens for the exact prescription using a sophisticated optical optimization process, residual lens aberrations are virtually eliminated.
Wearers can therefore enjoy the widest fields of clear vision possible, regardless of prescription. Furthermore, the binocular utility of the lenses is maintained with wide, symmetrical fields of view. FIGURE 4 In one application of free-form technology, a powerful optical design engine custom-designs each progressive lens online, in real time, before transmitting the final lens calculations to a free-form generator for fabrication. Lens aberrations such as oblique astigmatism create unwanted sphere and cylinder power errors in the periphery, which degrade image quality and narrow the field of clear vision for the wearer Figure 5.
Eliminating these aberrations entirely would require a unique base curve or aspheric design for each prescription. Traditional semi-finished lenses, however, are only available in a limited number of base curves. These lenses will deliver optimum optical performance only for sphere powers located near the center of the prescription range associated with each base curve. Other prescriptions, on the other hand, will suffer from residual aberrations, particularly when the prescription includes cylinder power, since conventional lens designs cannot eliminate the errors produced by the sphere and cylinder power simultaneously.
Lens tilt introduces oblique astigmatism, which results in an increase in sphere power and unwanted cylinder power. These unwanted power changes reduce the optical performance of a progressive lens, particularly the quality of vision through the central viewing zones Figure 7. With sufficiently advanced software and a free-form delivery system, it is possible to customize the progressive lens design based upon the unique fitting parameters of each wearer Figure 8.
FIGURE 5 For many prescriptions, the field of clear vision may be significantly reduced and distorted in shape by uncorrected lens aberrations. As a result, small differences from the original prescription are required at the distance and near verification points of the lens. These sphere, cylinder, axis, and addition power adjustments are supplied as a compensated prescription, which represents the correct lens powers to verify when using a standard focimeter. If the corridor is too long for a small vertical frame size, reading utility is greatly reduced, since the near zone is essentially cut away.
The corridor length of a progressive lens design should therefore be no shorter than necessary, within the limits of physiologically comfortable vision at least. Consequently, unless the corridor length of the lens design happens to coincide with the optimal length required by the size of the frame, the wearer must tolerate unnecessary optical compromises and reduced comfort Figure FIGURE 9 Although traditional progressive lenses are often designed to exhibit the specified optical powers only when measured using a focimeter, free-form progressive lenses customized for the position of wear provide the specified optical powers when the lenses are actually worn.
Wearers can therefore enjoy the best optical performance possible, regardless of their unique fitting requirements. Traditional progressive lenses are often designed to exhibit the specified optical performance only when measured using a focimeter, such as a lensometer Figure 9. FIGURE 10 Unless the corridor length of the lens design coincides with the optimal length required for a given frame size, the wearer must tolerate insufficient reading utility or smaller viewing zone sizes and higher levels of peripheral astigmatism.
This maximizes the utility of the central viewing zones without unnecessarily compromising optical performance in other regions of the lens. Wearers can therefore enjoy sufficient reading utility with the largest viewing zones possible, regardless of frame size. These progressive lenses represent just a few of the possible forms of optical customization for the wearer, which ultimately promise to close the gap completely between the unique visual needs of each wearer and the optical design of the lens.
The ideal progressive lens design for a given wearer will depend in no small part upon the visual demands specific to his or her lifestyle. Make sure to buy your groceries and daily needs Buy Now. Let us wish you a happy birthday! Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year Please fill in a complete birthday Enter a valid birthday.
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