It comes dangerously close at some points to maki An overview of corruption around the world and some of the driving forces at various levels that perpetuate and promote it.
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In South Korea, two ex-Prime Ministers were prosecuted and imprisoned on corruption charges in and one Roh Moo-hyun , faced with bribery charges, committed suicide in In South Africa, the Euros 5 billion arms deal of was structured to include large scale payments to the governing ANC, then in power for four years.
Global Corruption: Money, Power and Ethics in the Modern World
In Brazil thirty seven Congressmen were charged in the 'mensalao' case in September with receiving bribes from the executive to pass more than twenty five laws in a Congress in which there was no overall majority. Twenty five of them were found guilty in the Supreme Court in October.
In some cases both local and international companies may pay bribes which are destined to be indirect political contributions. Much of this funding comes from a combination of organised crime and the skimming of large scale contracts, especially in defence and infrastructure.
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In , the new CEO of Siemens, Peter Loscher, said that total identifiable bribes paid by the company in twenty countries, in the recent past had totalled as much as US 1. Political finance of this kind sets the scene for the various forms of corruption which impact on people's lives. Not all small scale or 'petty' corruption is the product of a need for survival by those on drastically low pay, a significant part of that is orchestrated by those in more senior posts who expect a cut from the policeman on the streets or the medical orderly in the hospital.
- Global Corruption: Money, Power and Ethics in the Modern World - Laurence Cockcroft - Google Книги.
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Political posts are sold off in many cases for a capital sum: These payments at both the small and large scale level are facilitated by the fact that forty per cent of GDP, or more in ex-Soviet and low income countries, may be unrecorded and part of a 'shadow economy'. This constitutes a huge reservoir from which payments may be made and cannot be detected.
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In the case of companies, payments may be made from both unrecorded and recorded output to 'secrecy jurisdictions' - such as the UK's Caribbean 'Overseas Territories' - which in some cases flow back to their country of origin as political donations as well as 'foreign direct investment'. This tangled web of inter relationships at grass roots, corporate and political level is very difficult to unravel.