Lettre à Ralsa Marsh (French Edition)

Get fast, free shipping with Amazon Prime. Get to Know Us. English Choose a language for shopping. Amazon Music Stream millions of songs. Amazon Advertising Find, attract, and engage customers. Amazon Drive Cloud storage from Amazon. Alexa Actionable Analytics for the Web. AmazonGlobal Ship Orders Internationally. Amazon Inspire Digital Educational Resources. Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on the go. Amazon Restaurants Food delivery from local restaurants. Risk factors contributing to a poor prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma: In this study, we examined the validity of this classification system by investigating the predictors of disease-free survival DFS and cause-specific survival CSS in patients.

We examined various clinicopathological features, including the component of the TNM classification, for 1, patients who underwent initial and curative surgery for papillary carcinoma between and Tumor size, male gender, and central node metastasis independently affected DFS only. Clinical stage grouping was more useful than pathological stage grouping for predicting the prognosis of papillary carcinoma patients possibly because pathological stage overestimates the biological characteristics of many pathological N1b tumors.

Survivals were analyzed using the Kaplan -Meier method and were compared using the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed by the Cox proportional hazard model. The Akaike information criterion AIC and C-index were applied to compare the two prognostic systems with different numbers of stages. In the 7 th edition staging system as well as in the proposed 8 th edition, T categories, N categories, and pleural invasion were independent factors for DFS on multivariate analysis. The AIC value was smaller for the 8 th edition compared to the 7 th edition staging system.

The C-index value was larger for the 8 th edition compared to the 7 th edition staging system.

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Influence of outdoor advertisement colors on psychological evaluation of townscape in Kyoto. Outdoor advertisements must be one of the major factors that affect our psychological impression for townscapes. They often conflict with propr color environments in cities particularly in historic cities like Kyoto. In this study we investigated how outdoor advertisements influenced our visual evaluation of townscapes in Kyoto.

In recent years, a new regulation for outdoor advertisements came into operation in Kyoto and some of the advertisements have been replaced or removed gradually. We examined psychological evaluation for the townscapes before and after their changes. In the experiment, subjects evaluated 'visual harmony,' 'visual busyness,' 'visual comfort' and 'suitability to Kyoto ' of townscapes projected on a screen. The results indicated that the evaluation of 'visual busyness' significantly decreased with the amount of the advertisements. The relations between the advertisements and the psychological evaluation of the townscape are discussed.

This table shows the total of CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel use and cement manufacture for those countries listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol and for those countries not listed in Annex B. In keeping with the convention of the IPCC methodology for calculating national greenhouse gas emissions, emissions from international bunker fuels fuels used in international commerce are not included in the country totals but are shown separately under the country group in which final fuel loading occurred.

We have estimated emissions for and from the republics that were formerly part of the USSR and of Yugoslavia by taking total emissions from the USSR and Yugoslavia for and and distributing them among the new republics in the same ratio as emissions from those republics in Inclined Zenith Aurora over Kyoto on 17 September Graphical Evidence of Extreme Magnetic Storm. Red auroras were observed in Japan during an extreme magnetic storm that occurred on 17 September We show new evidence that the red aurora extended toward the zenith of Kyoto around midnight.

The basic appearance of the historical painting of the red aurora is geometrically reproduced based on the inclination of the local magnetic field and a detailed description in a newly discovered diary. The presence of the inclined zenith aurora over Kyoto suggests that the intensity of the September magnetic storm is comparable to, or slightly larger than that of the September Carrington storm. Matsuoka's lecture to medical and civic communities]. He was also invited to give lectures at several regional medical associations.

Hiei, sponsored by a newspaper company. It is remarkable that these activities were carried out in addition to his other notable academic work previously reported. Animal models of susceptibility are critical for human health risk assessment. Previous studies indicate that spontaneously hypertensive SHR rats are more sensitive than Wistar- Kyoto WKY rats to the cholinesterase ChE inhibitors such as carbaryl and chlorpyrifos.

This report describes the Energy Information Administration's analysis of the impacts of an early start, using the same methodology as in Impacts of the Kyoto Protocol on U. Energy Markets and Economic Activity, with only those changes in assumptions caused by the early start date. Development of a national forest inventory for carbon accounting purposes in New Zealand's planted Kyoto forests. This article discusses the development of a monitoring system to estimate carbon sequestration in New Zealand's planted Kyoto forests, those forests that have been planted since January 1, , on land that previously did not contain forest.

The system must meet the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change good practice guidance and must be seen to be unbiased, Considering the stratospheric ozone regime as a tool to manage nitrous oxide. Kanter, David; Mauzerall, Denise L. Nitrous oxide N2O is the largest known remaining anthropogenic threat to the stratospheric ozone layer. However, it is currently only regulated under the Kyoto Protocol because of its simultaneous ability to warm the climate. The threat N2O poses to the stratospheric ozone layer, coupled with the uncertain future of the international climate regime, motivates our exploration of issues that could be relevant to the Parties to the ozone regime the Vienna Convention and its Montreal Protocol should they decide to take measures to manage N2O in the future.

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There are clear legal avenues to regulate N2O under the ozone regime as well as several ways to share authority with the existing and future international climate treaties. N2O mitigation strategies exist to address the most significant anthropogenic sources, including agriculture, where behavioral practices and new technologies could contribute significantly to reducing emissions. Existing policies managing N2O and other forms of reactive nitrogen could be harnessed and built on by the ozone regime to implement N2O controls.

There are several challenges and potential cobenefits to N2O control which we discuss here: The possible inclusion of N2O in the ozone regime need not be viewed as a sign of failure of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to adequately deal with climate change. Rather, it could represent an additional valuable tool in sustainable development diplomacy. Heidelberg- Kyoto partnership bridges life and materials sciences, strengthens bilateral ties. Coinciding with the th anniversary of German-Japanese friendship, Kyoto University and Heidelberg University, two universities replete with history and tradition strengthened their close ties at a joint meeting in Heidelberg, Germany, forming the core of a broad collaborative effort between the two countries.

This forum article provides a background and overview of the collaborations. Objective The Kyoto gastritis classification categorizes the endoscopic characteristics of Helicobacter pylori H. We investigated its efficacy, comparing scores in patients with H. Methods A total of 1, patients with H. Beginnings of the study of Western sciences, "Rangaku," in Kyoto and Osaka in the late 18th century are reviewed.

Genzui, after having successfully made good relations with Sugita Genpaku and Ohtsuki Gentaku, leading masters of the Edo school, played a role of an advocator for promoting "Rangaku" in Osaka and Kyoto. Recently, it was reported that subjects with ADHD as well as male spontaneously hypertensive rats SHR , a strain that is frequently employed as an animal model in the study of ADHD, exhibit a parallel pattern of timing deficits in eyeblink conditioning.

It is conceivable that many of the behavioral characteristics seen in SHRs that seem to parallel the behavioral symptoms of ADHD are not solely due to hyperactivity but instead are the net outcome of the interaction between hyperactivity and hypertension. We used a long-delay eyeblink conditioning task in which a tone conditioned stimulus was paired with a periorbital stimulation unconditioned stimulus ms delay paradigm. The current results support the hypothesis of a relationship between cerebellar abnormalities and ADHD in an animal model of ADHD-like symptoms that does not also exhibit hypertension, and suggest that cerebellar-related timing deficits are specific to males.

Holoprosencephaly HPE is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous disorder involving developmental defects. Beginning in , the Kyoto University in Japan collected over 44, human conceptuses in collaboration with several hundred domestic obstetricians. Over cases of HPE have been identified in the Kyoto collection, which represents the largest single cohort of HPE early stage embryo specimens.

In this study, we present a comprehensive clinical and demographic evaluation of this HPE cohort prior to genomic analysis. In addition, there was a significant tendency that the mothers with HPE cases had fewer live births than the control. There were no differences in smoking between mothers with HPE affected and unaffected pregnancies; however, alcohol use was higher in women with pregnancies affected by HPE.

In this study, we precisely characterize the phenotype and environmental influences of embryos affected by HPE allowing the future leveraging of genomic technologies to further understand the genetics of forebrain development. Use of virtual slide system for quick frozen intra-operative telepathology diagnosis in Kyoto , Japan. We started to use virtual slide VS and virtual microscopy VM systems for quick frozen intra-operative telepathology diagnosis in Kyoto , Japan.

The client is the pathology laboratory of Yamashiro Public Hospital, one of the local centre hospitals located in the south of Kyoto Prefecture, where a full-time pathologist is not present. The client is connected by VPN to the telepathology centre of our institute located in central Kyoto. As a result of the recent 15 test cases of VS telepathology diagnosis, including cases judging negative or positive surgical margins, we could estimate the usefulness of VS in intra-operative remote diagnosis.

The time required for the frozen section VS file making was found to be around 10 min when we use x10 objective and if the maximal dimension of the frozen sample is less than 20 mm. Good correct focus of VS images was attained in all cases and all the fields of each tissue specimen. Up to now the capacity of best effort B-band appears to be sufficient to attain diagnosis on time in intra-operation. The VS telepathology system was found to be superior to the conventional still image telepathology system using a robotic microscope since in the former we can observe much greater image information than in the latter in a certain limited time of intra-operation and in the much more efficient ways.

In the near future VS telepathology will replace conventional still image telepathology with a robotic microscope even in quick frozen intra-operative diagnosis. The client is the pathology laboratory of Yamashiro Public hospital, one of the local centre hospitals located in the south of Kyoto Prefecture, where a fulltime pathologist is not present.

Anaerobic digestion of organic waste in Japan: Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste is vigorously promoted in Japan and the necessity of energy recovery from organic waste is increasing. An anaerobic digestion demonstration plant for organic waste in Kyoto City, Japan has been operated for about two years. Three kinds of wastes garbage and leftovers from hotels, yard waste and used paper mixed at various ratios are used. We have shown that, in cerebellar-dependent eyeblink conditioning, WKHA emit eyeblink CRs with shortened onset latencies. To further characterize the shortened CR onset latencies seen in WKHA rats, we examined ms delay conditioning with either a tone CS or a light CS, we extended acquisition training, and we included Wistar rats as an additional, outbred control strain.

Wistars showed an increasing confinement of CRs to the late part of the light CS over conditioning. We used unbiased stereology to estimate the number of Purkinje and granule cells in the cerebellar cortex of the three strains. The converter configuration for a multi-imaging plate system was investigated for the application of quality assurance in the irradiation field profile for boron neutron capture therapy. The converter constituents investigated were carbon for gamma rays, and polyethylene with and without LiF at varied 6 Li concentration for thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons.

Consequently, potential combinations of the converters were found for two components, gamma rays and thermal neutrons, for the standard thermal neutron mode and three components of gamma rays, epithermal neutrons, and thermal or fast neutrons, for the standard mixed or epithermal neutron modes, respectively. The scientific program was focused on the upcoming polarized collider RHIC.

In 1 the successful polarized proton commissioning and the readiness of the accelerator for the physics program impressed us. In 2 and 3 active discussions were made on the new structure function to be firstly measured at RHIC, and several new theoretical ideas were presented. In session 4 we have established a plan for the beam time requirement toward the first collision of polarized protons. These proceedings include the transparencies presented at the workshop. The discussion on ''Strategy for the Coming Spin Running'' was summarized by the chairman of the session, S. The International Conference on Thin Films is the most established conference for all researchers and persons interested in thin films and coatings.

It is one of the tri-annual conference series endorsed and co-organized by the Thin Film Division of the International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications IUVSTA , a union of national member societies whose role is to stimulate international collaboration in the fields of vacuum science, techniques and applications and related multi-disciplinary topics including solid-vacuum and other interfaces. Thin films and coatings are daily becoming increasingly important in the fields of various industries. This International Conference provides a multi-disciplinary forum for recent advances in basic research, development and applications of thin films and coatings.

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This conference will present a unique opportunity for researchers, engineers and managers to acquire new knowledge of thin films and coatings. We hope that our understanding on thin films and coatings will be deepened through this conference. Kyoto is an ancient city with a year history. It was established as Japan's capital under the name 'Heian-kyo' in the year Although many transformations have taken place over the years, Kyoto has always embraced the most advanced standards of the times.

It has greatly contributed to the nation's industrial, economic and cultural development. The dauntless spirit of leadership of Kyoto 's past as a capital city is still felt here today. Kyoto also preserves the beloved examples of its culture as testimonials of time. Impact of paranasal sinus invasion on advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy: The aim of this study was to clarify the prognostic role of paranasal sinus invasion in advanced NPC patients.

Overall survival OS , local recurrence-free survival LRFS , distant metastasis-free survival DMFS , and disease-free survival DFS were calculated, and differences were compared between patients with and without paranasal sinus invasion. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of different survival parameters.

Paranasal sinus invasion was present in of Sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary, and frontal sinus involvements were present in of All survival parameters were significantly better in patients without paranasal sinus invasion. Paranasal sinus invasion has prognostic value in advanced NPC.

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It may be reasonable to classify paranasal sinus invasion as T4 stage. Global SF6 emission estimates inferred from atmospheric observations - a test case for Kyoto reporting. Sulphur hexafluoride SF6 is one of the strongest greenhouse gases per molecule in the atmosphere.

SF6 emissions are also one of the six greenhouse gases targeted for reduction under the Kyoto Protocol. Here we present a long-term data set of globally distributed high-precision atmospheric SF6 observations which show an increase in mixing ratios from near zero in the s to a global mean value of 6. Because of its long atmospheric lifetime of around years, the accumulation of SF6 in the atmosphere is a direct measure of its global emissions: Analysis of our long-term data records implies a decrease of global SF6 sources after , most likely due to emission reductions in industrialised countries.

However, after the global SF6 source increases again, which is probably due to enhanced emissions from transition economies such as in China and India. This clearly shows the importance and need for atmospheric top-down validation of Kyoto reporting which is only feasible with a dense world-wide observational network for greenhouse and other trace gases. Heinz 1 , D. Osusko 1 , E.

Cuevas 2 , A. Engel 3 , J. Ilmberger 1 , R. Langenfelds 4 , B. Neininger 5 , C. Rohden 1 , L. Steele 4 , A. Varlagin 6 , R. Weller 7 , D. Worthy 8 , S. Identifying clinically disruptive International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision Clinical Modification conversions to mitigate financial costs using an online tool. One data set of ICDCM diagnosis codes came from the Illinois Department of Medicaid, filtered for diagnoses generated by hematology-oncology providers.

Prior work stated hematology-oncology would be the least affected medical specialty. By identifying codes at risk for complex transitions, the analytic tools described can be replicated for oncology practices to forecast areas requiring additional training and resource allocation. In summary, complex transitions and diagnosis codes associated with information loss within clinical oncology require additional attention during the transition to ICDCM.

Daytime mother-calf relationships in reticulated giraffes Giraffa cameloparadalis reticulate at the Kyoto City Zoo. The present study quantitatively assesses the relationships between a reticulated giraffe mother and her first- and second-born calves during the first 22 months of the older calf's and the first 12 months of the younger calf's life at the Kyoto City Zoo, Japan. The mother was mainly responsible for terminating proximity by walking away from her calves throughout their first year after birth, while both calves were mainly responsible for attempting proximity by approaching their mother after reaching 2 months of age.

Our study also showed that the giraffe mother became pregnant again while nursing her calves and ceased lactation i. Inhalation of Roman chamomile essential oil attenuates depressive-like behaviors in Wistar Kyoto rats. The idea of aromatherapy, using essential oils, has been considered as an alternative antidepressant treatment. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Roman chamomile essential oil inhalation for two weeks on depressive-like behaviors in Wistar- Kyoto WKY rats.

In addition, using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technique, we confirmed an increase of parvalbumin mRNA expression in the hippocampus, which was shown to be upregulated by 2. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis and its impact on Chinese clinical practice. The Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori H. For the first time H. Accordingly, the report states that the eradication of H.

Despite the recommendations of this new global consensus, the task of transforming them into feasible and practical recommendations for individual countries will require them to become region-specific, which requires further discussion. Political and technical issues of coal fire extinction in the Kyoto framework.

It is a highly desirable effort to extinguish as much coal fires as possible in short time to prevent large losses of energy resources and to minimise CO2 and other exhaust gas releases from such sources. Unfortunately, extinguishing coal fires needs massive financial investments, skilled man power, suited technology and a long time.

Even mid to small scale coal fires need several months of extinguishing measures and of monitoring time after extinction resulting in expenditures of a minimum of several hundred thousand Euros. Large companies might be willing to spend money for coal fire extinction measures but smaller holdings or regional governments might not have the monetary resources for it.

Since there is no law in China that demands coal fire extinction, measures under the Kyoto framework may be applied to sell CO2 certificates for prevented emissions from extinguished coal fires and thus used as a financial stimulus for coal fire extinction activities. The set-up for methodologies and project designs is especially complex for coal fire extinction measures and thus for necessary exploration, evaluation and monitoring using geophysical and remote sensing methods. A brief overview of most important formal and technical aspects is given to outline the conditions for a potentially successful CDM application on coal fires based on geophysical observations and numerical modelling.

Y1R control of sciatic nerve blood flow in the Wistar Kyoto rat. We hypothesized that neuropeptide Y NPY exerts vasoconstrictor properties in sciatic nerve blood supply by a Y1 receptor Y1R mechanism. Following Hex infusion, mean arterial pressure baseline: These young doctors aged 25 to 27 years , who had not absorbed the strong anti-Japanese tradition of the US military during World War II, seem to have alleviated the initial resentment felt by the Japanese toward the new governors of their homeland.

Promoting health during the American occupation of Japan the public health section, Kyoto Military Government Team, The case of the Kyoto Military Government Team illustrates the Kyoto citizenry's positive view of some American-directed public health measures. The team's services helped to counter widely held negative views on colonialism, occupation, and public health; lessened resentment toward the unilateral command structure of the occupation forces; and contributed to improved relations between the United States and Japan at the local level.

Immunological challenge stimulates secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin IL -6, resulting in variety of biological responses. In the gastrointestinal tract, IL-6 modulates the excitability of submucosal neurons and stimulates secretion into the colonic lumen.

When considered in the context of the functional bowel disorder, irritable bowel syndrome IBS , where plasma levels of IL-6 are elevated, this may reflect an important molecular mechanism contributing to symptom flares, particularly in the diarrhea-predominant phenotype. In these studies, colonic ion transport, an indicator of absorption and secretion, was assessed in the stress-sensitive Wistar Kyoto WKY rat model of IBS. Mucosa-submucosal colonic preparations from WKY and control Sprague Dawley SD rats were mounted in Ussing chambers and the basal short circuit current ISC was electrophysiologically recorded and compared between the strains.

Furthermore, the observed ILmediated potentiation of secretory currents evoked by veratridine and capsaicin in SD rats was blunted in WKY rats. These studies demonstrate that the neuroexcitatory effects of IL-6 on submucosal plexi have functional consequences with alterations in both colonic secretory activity and permeability.

The ILinduced increase in colonic secretory activity appears to neurally mediated. Thus, local increases in IL-6 levels and subsequent activation of enteric neurons may underlie alterations in absorpto-secretory function in the WKY model of IBS. Learned helplessness and social avoidance in the Wistar- Kyoto rat.

The Wistar- Kyoto WKY rat is an established depression model characterized by elevated anxiety- and depression-like behavior across a variety of tests. Here we further characterized specific behavioral and functional domains relevant to depression that are altered in WKY rats.

Moreover, since early-life experience potently shapes emotional behavior, we also determined whether aspects of WKYs' phenotype were modifiable by early-life factors using neonatal handling or maternal separation. Day 1 an indicator of learned helplessness. WKYs also showed greater social avoidance, along with enlarged adrenal glands and hearts relative to other strains.

We next tested whether neonatal handling or early-life maternal separation stress influenced WKYs' behavior. Neither manipulation affected their anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, likely due to a strong genetic underpinning of their phenotype. Our findings indicate that WKY rats are a useful model that captures specific functional domains relevant to clinical depression including: WKY rats appear to be resistant to early-life manipulations i.

Trombiculidae of scrub typhus in a new endemic area in northern Kyoto , Japan. Between and , 27 human cases of scrub typhus two fatal occurred in the Nodagawa River basin of northern Kyoto , Japan, an area where no cases had been previously reported. Antibody screening of infected patients' sera showed that nine of 15 patients had high titers against the Gilliam type of Orientia tsutsugamushi Hayashi.

To determine the vector mite transmitting the disease, we studied rodent and chigger populations in and near a rice field alongside the Nodagawa River between and The most common rodent species was Microtus montebelli Milne-Edwards , representing The mite index average number of mites per infested host was highest Orientia tsutsugamushi was isolated from The Gilliam type of O. Orientia tsutsugamushi infected These results show that L.

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Ten years single institutional experience of treatment for advanced hypopharyngeal cancer in Kyoto University. Treatment of advanced hypopharyngeal cancer has become more conservative and more multidisciplinary, and the prognosis has been improved. Induction chemotherapy has the potential to extend organ preservation therapy even in cases with locally advanced primary lesion.

It is also important to develop a strategy to reduce distant metastasis and to keep track of second primary cancers. To update the therapeutic outcome of advanced hypopharyngeal cancer. Surgery was performed in 56 cases; total pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy TPLE in 39 cases and partial pharyngectomy PPX preserving the larynx in 17 cases. Radiotherapy RT with or without concurrent chemotherapy was applied in 16 cases. Induction chemotherapy ICT has been applied for 14 cases since to achieve organ preservation and reduction of distant metastasis. The follow-up period varied from 12 months to 96 months mean 32 months.

Therapeutic outcomes were chart reviewed. Five years cumulative overall and disease-specific survival DSS rates were DSS rates in cases treated with surgery and those with RT were N2c status showed the worst prognosis according to nodal disease classification. Recurrence occurred in 20 cases. Approximately half of the recurrence was distant disease. In the end, 17 cases died of the primary disease, while 10 cases died of other causes, mainly second primary cancers. Three-dimensional 3D analysis of the human embryonic and early-fetal period has been performed using digitized datasets obtained from the Kyoto Collection, in which the digital datasets play a primary role in research.

Datasets include magnetic resonance imaging MRI acquired with 1. Large, high-resolution datasets covering a broad range of developmental periods obtained with various methods of acquisition are key elements for the studies. The digital data have gross merits that enabled us to develop various analysis. Digital data analysis accelerated the speed of morphological observations using precise and improved methods by providing a suitable plane for a morphometric analysis from staged human embryos.

Morphometric data are useful for quantitatively evaluating and demonstrating the features of development and for screening abnormal samples, which may be suggestive in the pathogenesis of congenital malformations. Morphometric data are also valuable for comparing sonographic data in a process known as "sonoembryology. Several dynamic events could be explained by differential growth using 3D coordinates. Moreover, 3D coordinates can be utilized in mathematical analysis as well as statistical analysis.

The 3D analysis in our study may serve to provide accurate morphologic data, including the dynamics of embryonic structures related to developmental stages, which is required for insights into the dynamic and complex processes occurring during organogenesis. Low gastric acid and high plasma gastrin in high-anxiety Wistar Kyoto rats. We have already demonstrated that gastrin cells are more active and ghrelin cells less active in WKY rats than in SPD rats. Gastric acid output was determined in conscious rats with gastric fistula. Plasma gastrin and ghrelin levels were measured after an overnight fast.

Acid secretagogues gastrin, histamine and carbachol were given by continuous subcutaneous infusion. The volume of gastric juice, and the acidity and acid output were all significantly lower p 0. Inbred Wistar- Kyoto WKY rats have been proposed as a model of anxiety vulnerability as they display behavioral inhibition and a constellation of learning and reactivity abnormalities relative to outbred Sprague-Dawley SD rats. Together, the behaviors of the WKY rat suggest a hypervigilant state that may contribute to its anxiety vulnerability.

To test this hypothesis, open-field behavior, acoustic startle, pre-pulse inhibition and timing behavior were assessed in WKY and Sprague-Dawley SD rats. Timing behavior was evaluated using a modified version of the peak-interval timing procedure. Training and testing of timing first occurred without audio-visual AV interference. Following this initial test, AV interference was included on some trials. Overall, WKY rats took much longer to leave the center of the arena, made fewer line crossings, and reared less, than did SD rats.

WKY rats showed much greater startle responses to acoustic stimuli and significantly greater pre-pulse inhibition than did the SD rats. During timing conditions without AV interference, timing accuracy for both strains was similar; peak times for WKY and SD rats were not different. During interference conditions, however, the timing behavior of the two strains was very different.

Whereas peak times for SD rats were similar between non-interference and interference conditions, peak times for WKY rats were shorter and response rates higher in interference conditions than in non-interference conditions. The enhanced acoustic startle response, greater prepulse inhibition and altered timing behavior with audio-visual interference supports a characterization of WKY strain as hypervigilant and provides further evidence for the use of the WKY strain as a model of anxiety vulnerability.

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