Jerusalem

Both grew out of the need to protect and care for the great influx of pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem in the 12th century.

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The Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted until ; however, Jerusalem itself was recaptured by Saladin in see Siege of Jerusalem , who permitted worship of all religions. The story is told that a German-speaking Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. Thus when the knights of the First Crusade came to besiege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to the German city of Worms to repay the favor. In Benjamin of Tudela visited Jerusalem. He described it as a small city full of Jacobites , Armenians , Greeks , and Georgians.

Two hundred Jews dwelt in a corner of the city under the Tower of David. In the walls of the city were razed by order of al-Mu'azzam , the Ayyubid sultan of Damascus. This rendered Jerusalem defenseless and dealt a heavy blow to the city's status. The Ayyubids destroyed the walls in expectation of ceding the city to the Crusaders as part of a peace treaty.

In , after a ten-year truce expired, he began to rebuild the walls; these were again demolished by an-Nasir Da'ud , the emir of Kerak , in the same year. In Jerusalem came again into the power of the Christians, and the walls were repaired. The Khwarezmian Empire took the city in and were in turn driven out by the Ayyubids in In the Mongols under Hulagu Khan engaged in raids into Palestine.

It is unclear if the Mongols were ever in Jerusalem, as it was not seen as a settlement of strategic importance at the time. However, there are reports that some of the Jews that were in Jerusalem temporarily fled to neighboring villages. In the Jewish Catalan sage Nahmanides travelled to Jerusalem. In the Old City he established the Ramban Synagogue , the second oldest active synagogue in Jerusalem, after that of the Karaite Jews built about years earlier.

In the middle of the 13th century, Jerusalem was captured by the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate. The first provincial or superior of the Franciscan religious order, founded by Francis of Assisi , was Brother Elia from Assisi. In the year the founder himself visited the region in order to preach the Gospel to the Muslims, seen as brothers and not enemies.

The mission resulted in a meeting with the sultan of Egypt , Malik al-Kamil, who was surprised by his unusual behaviour. From Cyprus , where they took refuge at the end of the Latin Kingdom , the Franciscans started planning a return to Jerusalem, given the good political relations between the Christian governments and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Around the year the French friar Roger Guerin succeeded in buying the Cenacle [35] the room where the Last Supper took place on Mount Zion and some land to build a monastery nearby for the friars, using funds provided by the king and queen of Naples.

The friars, coming from any of the Order's provinces, under the jurisdiction of the father guardian superior of the monastery on Mount Zion, were present in Jerusalem, in the Cenacle, in the church of the Holy Sepulcher , and in the Basilica of the Nativity at Bethlehem. Their principal activity was to ensure liturgical life in these Christian sanctuaries and to give spiritual assistance to the pilgrims coming from the West, to European merchants resident or passing through the main cities of Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon, and to have a direct and authorized relation with the Eastern Christianity Oriental communities.

For the same reason the party guided by Brother Giovanni di Calabria halted in Jerusalem on his way to meet the Christian Negus of Ethiopia In , the visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem as "a dwelling place of diverse nations of the world, and is, as it were, a collection of all manner of abominations".

Christians and Jews alike in Jerusalem lived in great poverty and in conditions of great deprivation, there are not many Christians but there are many Jews, and these the Muslims persecute in various ways. In the Friars were expelled by the Turks [39] from the Cenacle and from their adjoining monastery. In , Jerusalem was taken over by the Ottoman Empire and enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent , including the construction of the walls of what is now known as the Old City of Jerusalem although some foundations were remains of genuine antique walls.

The rule of Suleiman and subsequent Ottoman Sultans brought an age of "religious peace"; Jew, Christian and Muslim enjoyed freedom of religion and it was possible to find a synagogue, a church and a mosque on the same street. The city remained open to all religions, although the empire's faulty management after Suleiman the Magnificent meant economical stagnation.

His disciples built the Hurva Synagogue , which served as the main synagogue in Jerusalem from the 18th century until , when it was destroyed by the Arab Legion. Between and , Jerusalem's Muslim religious leadership and the majority of its inhabitants revolted against the Ottoman governor of the district, Mehmed Pasha Kurd-Bayram in what became known as the Naqib al-Ashraf Revolt. During the course of the revolt, Jerusalem's residents administered their own affairs, engaging in virtual self-rule, until the central Ottoman authorities restored their control over the city.

In the midth century, with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the city was a backwater, with a population that did not exceed 8, Nevertheless, it was, even then, an extremely heterogeneous city because of its significance to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Tensions between the groups ran so deep that the keys to the shrine and its doors were safeguarded by a pair of 'neutral' Muslim families. At the time, the communities were located mainly around their primary shrines.

The Muslim community surrounded the Haram ash-Sharif or Temple Mount northeast , the Christians lived mainly in the vicinity of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre northwest , the Jews lived mostly on the slope above the Western Wall southeast , and the Armenians lived near the Zion Gate southwest.

In no way was this division exclusive, though it did form the basis of the four quarters during the British Mandate — Several changes with long-lasting effects on the city occurred in the midth century: The first such immigrants were Orthodox Jews: At the same time, European colonial powers began seeking toeholds in the city, hoping to expand their influence pending the imminent collapse of the Ottoman Empire. This was also an age of Christian religious revival, and many churches sent missionaries to proselytize among the Muslim and especially the Jewish populations, believing that this would speed the Second Coming of Christ.

Finally, the combination of European colonialism and religious zeal was expressed in a new scientific interest in the biblical lands in general and Jerusalem in particular. Archeological and other expeditions made some spectacular finds, which increased interest in Jerusalem even more. By the s, the city, with an area of only one square kilometer, was already overcrowded. Thus began the construction of the New City, the part of Jerusalem outside of the city walls. Seeking new areas to stake their claims, the Russian Orthodox Church began constructing a complex, now known as the Russian Compound , a few hundred meters from Jaffa Gate.

The first attempt at residential settlement outside the walls of Jerusalem was undertaken by Jews, who built a small complex on the hill overlooking Zion Gate, across the Valley of Hinnom. This settlement, known as Mishkenot Sha'ananim , eventually flourished and set the precedent for other new communities to spring up to the west and north of the Old City. In time, as the communities grew and connected geographically, this became known as the New City. In , around Jewish families arrived in Jerusalem from Yemen.

Initially they were not accepted by the Jews of Jerusalem and lived in destitute conditions supported by the Christians of the Swedish-American colony, who called them Gadites. By the time General Allenby took Jerusalem from the Ottomans in , the new city was a patchwork of neighborhoods and communities, each with a distinct ethnic character. This continued under British rule, as the New City of Jerusalem grew outside the old city walls and the Old City of Jerusalem gradually emerged as little more than an impoverished older neighborhood.

Sir Ronald Storrs , the first British military governor of the city, issued a town planning order requiring new buildings in the city to be faced with sandstone and thus preserving some of the overall look of the city even as it grew. British rule marked, however, a period of growing unrest. Arab resentment at British rule and the influx of Jewish immigrants by one in six Jews in Palestine lived in Jerusalem boiled over in anti-Jewish riots in Jerusalem in , , and the s that caused significant damage and several deaths.

In July members of the underground Zionist group Irgun blew up a part of the King David Hotel , where the British forces were temporarily located, an act which led to the death of 91 civilians. Each state would be composed of three major sections, linked by extraterritorial crossroads, plus an Arab enclave at Jaffa. Expanded Jerusalem would fall under international control as a Corpus Separatum. Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem during British demolition of recent construction obscuring the historic city walls.

The Jerusalem boundary in and the proposed boundary of a Corpus Separatum. After partition, the fight for Jerusalem escalated, with heavy casualties among both fighters and civilians on the British, Jewish, and Arab sides. By the end of March , just before the British withdrawal, and with the British increasingly reluctant to intervene, the roads to Jerusalem were cut off by Arab irregulars, placing the Jewish population of the city under siege.

The siege was eventually broken, though massacres of civilians occurred on both sides, [ citation needed ] before the Arab—Israeli War began with the end of the British Mandate in May According to Benny Morris, due to mob and militia violence on both sides, 1, of the 3, mostly ultra-Orthodox Jews in the Old City evacuated to west Jerusalem as a unit. The comparatively populous Arab village of Lifta today within the bounds of Jerusalem was captured by Israeli troops in , and its residents were loaded on trucks and taken to East Jerusalem.

Wasson , was assassinated outside the YMCA building. The United Nations proposed, in its plan for the partition of Palestine , for Jerusalem to be a city under international administration. The city was to be completely surrounded by the Arab state, with only a highway to connect international Jerusalem to the Jewish state. Following the Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem was divided. The Western half of the New City became part of the newly formed state of Israel, while the eastern half, along with the Old City, was occupied by Jordan. According to David Guinn,.

Concerning Jewish holy sites, Jordan breached its commitment to appoint a committee to discuss, among other topics, free access of Jews to the holy sites under its jurisdiction, mainly in the Western Wall and the important Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives , as provided in the Article 8. Jordan permitted the paving of new roads in the cemetery, and tombstones were used for paving in Jordanian army camps. The Cave of Shimon the Just became a stable. According to Gerald M.

Steinberg , Jordan ransacked 57 ancient synagogues, libraries and centers of religious study in the Old City Of Jerusalem, 12 were totally and deliberately destroyed. Those that remained standing were defaced, used for housing of both people and animals. Appeals were made to the United Nations and in the international community to declare the Old City to be an 'open city' and stop this destruction, but there was no response. On 23 January , the Knesset passed a resolution that stated Jerusalem was the capital of Israel.

The Moroccan Quarter containing several hundred homes was demolished and its inhabitants expelled; thereafter a public plaza was built in its place adjoining the Western Wall. However, the Waqf Islamic trust was granted administration of the Temple Mount and thereafter Jewish prayer on the site was prohibited by both Israeli and Waqf authorities.

Most Jews celebrated the event as a liberation of the city; a new Israeli holiday was created, Jerusalem Day Yom Yerushalayim , and the most popular secular Hebrew song, " Jerusalem of Gold " Yerushalayim shel zahav , became popular in celebration. Many large state gatherings of the State of Israel take place at the Western Wall today, including the swearing-in of various Israel army officers units, national ceremonies such as memorial services for fallen Israeli soldiers on Yom Hazikaron , huge celebrations on Yom Ha'atzmaut Israel Independence Day , huge gatherings of tens of thousands on Jewish religious holidays , and ongoing daily prayers by regular attendees.

The Western Wall has become a major tourist destination spot. Under Israeli control, members of all religions are largely granted access to their holy sites.

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The major exceptions being security limitations placed on some Arabs from the West Bank and Gaza Strip from accessing holy sites due to their inadmissibility to Jerusalem, as well as limitations on Jews from visiting the Temple Mount due to both politically motivated restrictions where they are allowed to walk on the Mount in small groups, but are forbidden to pray or study while there and religious edicts that forbid Jews from trespassing on what may be the site of the Holy of the Holies. Concerns have been raised about possible attacks on the al-Aqsa Mosque after a serious fire broke in the mosque in started by Denis Michael Rohan , an Australian fundamentalist Christian found by the court to be insane.

Riots broke out following the opening of an exit in the Arab Quarter for the Western Wall Tunnel on the instructions of the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , which prior Prime Minister Shimon Peres had instructed to be put on hold for the sake of peace stating "it has waited for over years, it could wait a few more". Conversely, Israeli and other Jews have showed concerns over excavations being done by the Waqf on the Temple Mount that could harm Temple Relics, particularly excavations to the north of Solomon's Stables that were designed to create an emergency exit for them having been pressured to do so by Israeli authorities.

The status of East Jerusalem remains a highly controversial issue. The international community does not recognize the annexation of the eastern part of the city, and most countries, including the US, maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv. The United States Congress has pledged to move its embassy to Jerusalem, subject to Presidential approval, which has not been forthcoming as the peace process continues. The United Nations Security Council Resolution declared that the Knesset's " Jerusalem Law " declaring Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal and indivisible" capital was "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith".

This resolution advised member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure. Since Israel gained control over East Jerusalem in , Jewish settler organizations have sought to establish a Jewish presence in neighborhoods such as Silwan. The suspicion arose that some of the transactions were not legal; an examination committee See Jewish Quarter Jerusalem. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

History of ancient Israel and Judah. This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view. March Learn how and when to remove this template message.

April Learn how and when to remove this template message. Jerusalem during the Achaemenid period.

Old City (Jerusalem)

Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period. History of Jerusalem Middle Ages. History of Jerusalem during the Crusader period. Jewish life in the Land of Israel under Ottoman rule. Kollel Halukka Montefiore Judah Touro. History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel. Departure from the walls. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, culture, religion and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Throughout centuries of exile, Jerusalem remained alive in the hearts of Jews everywhere as the focal point of Jewish history, the symbol of ancient glory, spiritual fulfillment and modern renewal.

This heart and soul of the Jewish people engenders the thought that if you want one simple word to symbolize all of Jewish history, that word would be 'Jerusalem. Each of them appropriated different regions that overlapped in time and competed for sovereignty and land. Others, such as Ancient Egyptians , Hittites , Persians , Babylonians , and Mongols , were historical 'events' whose successive occupations were as ravaging as the effects of major earthquakes Like shooting stars, the various cultures shine for a brief moment before they fade out of official historical and cultural records of Palestine.

The people, however, survive. In their customs and manners, fossils of these ancient civilizations survived until modernity — albeit modernity camouflaged under the veneer of Islam and Arabic culture. Acutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history, the Palestinians saw themselves as the heirs of its rich associations. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea.

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The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the Hellenistic cities Sebaste, Caesarea and others. Explosives were placed carefully and thoughtfully under the springing points of the domes, of the great Hurva synagogue. Archived from the original on 3 June In the Byzantine period Jerusalem was extended southwards and again enclosed by city walls. He granted its inhabitants an assurance treaty.

When the time for prayer arrived, however, he left the church and prayed outside the compound, in order to avoid having future generations of Muslims use his prayer there as a pretext for converting the church into a mosque. In , Jerusalem was captured by the Western Christian army of the First Crusade and it remained in their hands until recaptured by the Arab Muslims , led by Saladin , on October 2, He summoned the Jews and permitted them to resettle in the city.

In he began to rebuild the walls, but they were demolished again by Da'ud , the emir of Kerak. In , Jerusalem came again under the control of the Christians, and the walls were repaired. The Kharezmian Tatars took the city in and Sultan Malik al-Muazzam razed the walls, rendering it again defenseless and dealing a heavy blow to the city's status. The walls stretch for approximately 4. The Golden Gate was at first rebuilt and left open by Suleiman's architects, only to be walled up a short while later.

The New Gate was opened in the wall surrounding the Christian Quarter during the 19th century. Two secondary gates were reopened in recent times on the southeastern side of the city walls as a result of archaeological work. The United States government opposed the request, noting that the Jordanian government had no standing to make such a nomination and that the consent of the Israeli government would be required since it effectively controlled Jerusalem.

In , archaeologists uncovered the remnants of an impressive fort, built by Greeks in the center of old Jerusalem. It is believed that it is the remnants of the Acra fortress. In addition, they found Greek arrowheads, slingshots, ballistic stones and amphorae. Adding that it was the first time somebody finds a golden earring from the Hellenistic times in Jerusalem.

In the s, while excavating the remains of the Nea Church the New Church of the Theotokos , a Greek inscription was found. The Old City is divided into four quarters: Despite the names, there was no governing principle of ethnic segregation: The Muslim Quarter Arabic: He describes it as a public latrine with piles of debris up to five feet high. With the help of the Pro-Jerusalem Society , vaults, roofing and walls were restored, and looms were brought in to provide employment.

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Like the other three quarters of the Old City, until the riots of the Muslim quarter had a mixed population of Muslims, Christians, and also Jews. The Christian Quarter Arabic: The quarter contains the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , viewed by many as Christianity's holiest place.

The Armenian Quarter Armenian: Despite the small size and population of this quarter, the Armenians and their Patriarchate remain staunchly independent and form a vigorous presence in the Old City. After the Arab—Israeli War, the four quarters of the city came under Jordanian control. Jordanian law required Armenians and other Christians to "give equal time to the Bible and Qur'an " in private Christian schools, and restricted the expansion of church assets.

Today, more than 3, Armenians live in Jerusalem, of them in the Armenian Quarter. The Patriarchate owns the land in this quarter as well as valuable property in West Jerusalem and elsewhere. In , a theological seminary was established in the Armenian Quarter. After the war, the Israeli government gave compensation for repairing any churches or holy sites damaged in the fighting, regardless of who caused the damage. The Jewish Quarter Hebrew: The quarter has a rich history, with several long periods of Jewish presence covering much of the time [ dubious — discuss ] since the eighth century BCE.

The Jewish quarter remained under Jordanian control until its recapture by Israeli paratroopers in the Six-Day War of A few days later, Israeli authorities ordered the demolition of the adjacent Moroccan Quarter , forcibly relocating all of its inhabitants, in order to facilitate public access to the Western Wall. The section of the Jewish quarter destroyed prior to has since been rebuilt and settled and has a population of 2, as of [update].

Before being rebuilt, the quarter was carefully excavated under the supervision of Hebrew University archaeologist Nahman Avigad. The archaeological remains are on display in a series of museums and outdoor parks, which tourists can visit by descending two or three stories beneath the level of the current city. The quarter includes the "Karaites' street" Hebrew: There was previously a small Moroccan quarter in the Old City.

Within a week of the Six-Day War 's end, the Moroccan quarter was largely destroyed in order to give visitors better access to the Western Wall by creating the Western Wall plaza. The parts of the Moroccan Quarter that were not destroyed are now part of the Jewish Quarter. Simultaneously with the demolition, a new regulation was set into place by which the only access point for non-Muslims to the Temple Mount is through the Gate of the Moors , which is reached via the so-called Mughrabi Bridge.

During different periods, the city walls followed different outlines and had a varying number of gates. During the era of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem for instance, Jerusalem had four gates, one on each side. The current walls were built by Suleiman the Magnificent , who provided them with six gates; several older gates, which had been walled up before the arrival of the Ottomans, were left as they were. As to the previously sealed Golden Gate, Suleiman at first opened and rebuilt it, but then walled it up again as well.

The number of operational gates increased to seven after the addition of the New Gate in ; a smaller eighth one, the Tanners' Gate , has been opened for visitors after being discovered and unsealed during excavations in the s. The sealed historic gates comprise four that are at least partially preserved the double Golden Gate in the eastern wall, and the Single, Triple, and Double Gates in the southern wall , with several other gates discovered by archaeologists of which only traces remain the Gate of the Essenes on Mount Zion , the gate of Herod's royal palace south of the citadel , and the vague remains of what 19th-century explorers identified as the Gate of the Funerals Bab al-Jana'iz or of al-Buraq Bab al-Buraq south of the Golden Gate [38].

Until , each gate was closed before sunset and opened at sunrise. As indicated by the chart below, these gates have been known by a variety of names used in different historical periods and by different communities. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jerusalem Embassy Act U. Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Retrieved 13 January A Will to Survive — Israel: Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City.

Illustrated guide to Jerusalem. The Jerusalem Publishing House.