How many Pontiffs are originally from Italy? A nun looks at front pages showing newly elected Pope at a newsstand near the Vatican. What can you do with the data? Data summary All the popes - full list Click heading to sort table. Download this data Start year. We have switched off comments on this old version of the site. To comment on crosswords, please switch over to the new version to comment.
Desio, Lombardy-Venetia, Austrian Empire. Riese, Lombardy-Venetia, Austrian Empire. Senigallia, Marche, Papal States. Sant' Arcangelo di Romagna, Papal States. Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Gravina in Puglia, Kingdom of Naples. Grottammare, Marche, Papal States. Capriglia Irpina, Campania, Kingdom of Naples.
Xativa, Kingdom of Valencia, Crown of Aragon. Saverdun, County of Foix, France. Treviso, Italy, Holy Roman Empire. Sant' Angelo Limosano, Kingdom of Sicily. County of Savoy, Holy Roman Empire. Piacenza, Italy, Holy Roman Empire. Troyes, County of Champagne, France. Cuggiono, Italy, Holy Roman Empire. Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire, Kingdom of England. Lagery, County of Champagne, France. Sovana, Italy, Holy Roman Empire. Milan, Italy, Holy Roman Empire. Chateau de Chevron, Kingdom of Arles.
Duchy of Lorraine, Holy Roman Empire. Kingdom of Germany, Holy Roman Empire. There the pope himself was the soul of the opposition. The pains were taken, as long as possible, to retain control of the intervening districts and with them communication over the Apennine mountains. The popes continued to acknowledge the imperial Government. In , Aistulf took Ravenna and threatened Rome. The papal elections were marked by battles between various secular and ecclesiastical factions frequently entangled in the power politics of Italy.
Pepin duly invaded northern Italy in , and again in Pepin was able to drive the Lombards from the territory belonging to Ravenna but he did not restore it to its rightful owner, the Byzantine emperor. Instead, he handed over large areas of central Italy to the pope and his successors. The land given to pope Stephen in , in the so-called Donation of Pepin , made the papacy a temporal power and for the first time created an incentive for secular leaders to interfere with papal succession.
This territory would become the basis for the Papal States , over which the popes ruled until the Papal States were incorporated into the new Kingdom of Italy in For the next eleven centuries, the story of Rome would be almost synonymous with the story of the papacy. The Lombard kingdom reached its height in the 7th and 8th century. Paganism and Arianism were at first prevalent among the Lombards but were gradually supplanted by Catholicism.
Roman culture and Latin speech were gradually adopted and the Catholic bishops emerged as chief magistrates in the cities. Lombard law combined Germanic and Roman traditions. After Aistulf's death, King Desiderius renewed the attack on Rome.
History of the papacy
In , Pope Adrian I enlisted the support of Charlemagne , Pepin's successor, who intervened, and, after defeating the Lombards, added their kingdom to his own. It is not known what was agreed between the two, but Charlemagne traveled to Rome in to support the pope. But unexpectedly it is maintained , as Charlemagne rose from prayer, the pope placed a crown on his head and acclaimed him emperor.
It is reported that Charlemagne expressed displeasure but nevertheless accepted the honour. The displeasure was probably diplomatic, for the legal emperor was supposed to be seated in Constantinople. Nevertheless, this public alliance between the pope and the ruler of a confederation of Germanic tribes was a reflection of the reality of political power in the west. This coronation launched the concept of the new Holy Roman Empire which would play an important role throughout the Middle Ages.
The Holy Roman Empire became formally established only in the next century. But the concept is implicit in the title adopted by Charlemagne in Charlemagne's successor, "Louis the Pious", intervened in the papal election by supporting the claim of Pope Eugene II ; the popes henceforth were required to swear loyalty to the Frankish Emperor. The period beginning with the installation of Pope Sergius III in and lasting for sixty years until the death of Pope John XII in is sometimes referred to as Saeculum obscurum or the "dark age. During this period, the popes were controlled by a powerful and corrupt aristocratic family, the Theophylacti , and their relatives.
The Imperial crown once held by the Carolingian emperors was disputed between their fractured heirs and local overlords; none emerged victorious until Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor invaded Italy. Italy became a constituent kingdom of the Holy Roman Empire in , from which point the emperors were German. As emperors consolidated their position, northern Italian city-states would become divided by Guelphs and Ghibellines. He deposed all three and installed his own preferred candidate: The history of the papacy from to would continue to be marked by conflict between popes and the Holy Roman Emperor , most prominently the Investiture Controversy , a dispute over who—pope or emperor—could appoint bishops within the Empire.
Although the emperor renounced any right to lay investiture in the Concordat of Worms , the issue would flare up again. The first seven Ecumenical Councils had been attended by both Western and Eastern prelates, but growing doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political and geographic differences finally resulted in mutual denunciations and excommunications. Unlike the previous millennium , the process for papal selection became somewhat fixed during this period.
The rules and procedures of papal elections evolved during this period, laying the groundwork for the modern papal conclave. The pope is the bishop of Rome , but nowhere is it written that he has to stay there in fact, only years prior, cardinals would have been required to reside in Rome.
Political instability in thirteenth-century Italy forced the papal court to move to several different locations. Destinations included Viterbo , Orvieto , and Perugia. The popes brought the Roman Curia with them, and the College of Cardinals met in the city where the last pope had died to hold papal elections. Host cities enjoyed a boost to their prestige and certain economic advantages, but the municipal authorities risked being subsumed into the administration of the Papal States if they allowed the pope to overstay his welcome.
According to Eamon Duffy , "aristocratic factions within the city of Rome once again made it an insecure base for a stable papal government. Innocent IV was exiled from Rome and even from Italy for six years, and all but two of the papal elections of the thirteenth century had to take place outside Rome.
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The skyline of Rome itself was now dominated by the fortified war-towers of the aristocracy a hundred were built in Innocent IV's pontificate alone and the popes increasingly spent their time in the papal palaces at Viterbo and Orvieto. During this period, seven popes, all French, resided in Avignon starting in The papacy was controlled by the French King in this time.
In , Gregory XI moved the papal residence back to Rome and died there. After seventy years in France the papal curia was naturally French in its ways and, to a large extent, in its staff. Back in Rome some degree of tension between French and Italian factions was inevitable. The Roman crowd, said to be in threatening mood, demanded a Roman pope or at least an Italian one.
His intransigence in office soon alienated the French cardinals. And the behaviour of the Roman crowd enabled them to declare, in retrospect, that his election was invalid, voted under duress. The French cardinals withdrew to a conclave of their own, where they elected one of their number, Robert of Geneva. He took the name Clement VII. This was the beginning of the period of difficulty from to which Catholic scholars refer to as the "Western Schism" or, "the great controversy of the antipopes" also called "the second great schism" by some secular and Protestant historians , when parties within the Catholic Church were divided in their allegiances among the various claimants to the office of pope.
The Council of Constance , in , finally resolved the controversy. For nearly forty years the Church had two papal curias and two sets of cardinals, each electing a new pope for Rome or Avignon when death created a vacancy. Each pope lobbied for support among kings and princes who played them off against each other, changing allegiance when according to political advantage.
In , a council was convened at Pisa to resolve the issue. But the existing popes had not been persuaded to resign, so the church had three popes. Another council was convened in at Constance.
In spite of a personal visit from the emperor Sigismund , he would not consider resignation. The council finally deposed him in July Denying their right to do so, he withdrew to an impregnable castle on the coast of Spain. Here he continued to act as pope, creating new cardinals and issuing decrees, until his death in The council in Constance, having finally cleared the field of popes and antipopes, elected Pope Martin V as pope in November.
From the election of Pope Martin V of the Council of Constance in to the Reformation, Western Christianity was largely free from schism as well as significant disputed papal claimants. Martin V returned the papacy to Rome in Although there were important divisions over the direction of the religion, these were resolved through the then-settled procedures of the papal conclave.
Unlike their European peers, popes were not hereditary monarchs , so they could only promote their family interests through nepotism.
History of the papacy - Wikipedia
The wealthy popes and cardinals increasingly patronized Renaissance art and architecture, re building the landmarks of Rome from the ground up. The Papal States began to resemble a modern nation state during this period, and the papacy took an increasingly active role in European wars and diplomacy. Pope Julius II become known as "the Warrior Pope" for his use of bloodshed to increase the territory and property of the papacy.
With ambitious expenditures on war and construction projects, popes turned to new sources of revenue from the sale of indulgences and bureaucratic and ecclesiastical offices. Popes were more frequently called upon to arbitrate disputes between competing colonial powers than to resolve complicated theological disputes. Columbus' discovery in upset the unstable relations between the kingdoms of Portugal and Castile , whose jockeying for possession of colonial territories along the African coast had for many years been regulated by the papal bulls of , , and Alexander VI responded with three bulls, dated May 3 and 4, which were highly favorable to Castile; the third Inter caetera , awarded Spain the sole right to colonize most of the New World.
According to Eamon Duffy , "the Renaissance papacy invokes images of a Hollywood spectacular, all decadence and drag. Contemporaries viewed Renaissance Rome as we now view Nixon's Washington, a city of expense-account whores and political graft, where everything and everyone had a price, where nothing and nobody could be trusted.
The popes themselves seemed to set the tone. The pontificate of Pope Sixtus V — opened up the final stage of the Catholic Reformation, characteristic of the Baroque age of the early seventeenth century, shifting away from compelling to attracting.
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His reign focused on rebuilding Rome as a great European capital and Baroque city, a visual symbol for the Catholic Church. The provisional capital of Italy had been Florence since After defeating the papal forces in , the Italian government moved to the banks of the Tiber a year later. Victor Emmanuel installed himself in the Quirinal Palace. Rome became once again, for the first time in thirteen centuries, the capital city of a united Italy.
Rome was unusual among capital cities only in that it contained the power of the pope and a small parcel of land Vatican City beyond national control. This anomaly was not formally resolved until the Lateran pacts of The last eight years of his long pontificate — the longest in Church history — Pope Pius IX spent as prisoner of the Vatican. Catholics were forbidden to vote or being voted in national elections. However, they were permitted to participate in local elections, where they achieved successes. Asked if he wanted his successor to follow his Italian policies, the old pontiff replied:.
My successor may be inspired by my love to the Church and my wish to do the right thing. Everything changed around me. My system and my policies had their time, I am too old to change direction. This will be the task of my successor. However, in light of a hostile anti-Catholic climate in Italy, he continued the policies of Pius IX towards Italy, without major modifications. His encyclicals changed Church positions on relations with temporal authorities, and, in the encyclical Rerum novarum addressed for the first time social inequality and social justice issues with Papal authority.
He was greatly influenced by Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler , a German bishop who openly propagated siding with the suffering working classes [32] Since Leo XIII, Papal teachings expand on the right and obligation of workers and the limitations of private property: The eclipse of papal temporal power during the 19th century was accompanied by a recovery of papal prestige. The monarchist reaction in the wake of the French Revolution and the later emergence of constitutional governments served alike, though in different ways, to sponsor that development.
The reinstated monarchs of Catholic Europe saw in the papacy a conservative ally rather than a jurisdictional rival. Later, when the institution of constitutional governments broke the ties binding the clergy to the policies of royal regimes, Catholics were freed to respond to the renewed spiritual authority of the pope.
The popes of the 19th and 20th centuries exercised their spiritual authority with increasing vigor and in every aspect of religious life. By the crucial pontificate of Pope Pius IX — , for example, papal control over worldwide Catholic missionary activity was firmly established for the first time in history. The pontificate of Pope Pius XI was marked by great diplomatic activity and the issuance of many important papers, often in the form of encyclicals.
Nevertheless, the Fascist government and the pope were in open disagreement over the restriction of youth activities; this culminated in a strong papal letter Non abbiamo bisogno, , arguing the impossibility of being at once a Fascist and a Catholic. Relations between Mussolini and the Holy See were cool ever after. The Lateran Treaty included a political treaty, which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent sovereignty to the Holy See. The pope was pledged to perpetual neutrality in international relations and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties.
The concordat established Catholicism as the religion of Italy. And the financial agreement was accepted as settlement of all the claims of the Holy See against Italy arising from the loss of temporal power in A national concordat with Germany was one of Pacelli's main objectives as secretary of state. As nuncio during the s, he had made unsuccessful attempts to obtain German agreement for such a treaty, and between and he attempted to initiate negotiations with representatives of successive German governments, but the opposition of Protestant and Socialist parties, the instability of national governments and the care of the individual states to guard their autonomy thwarted this aim.
In particular, the questions of denominational schools and pastoral work in the armed forces prevented any agreement on the national level, despite talks in the winter of Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January and sought to gain international respectability and to remove internal opposition by representatives of the Church and the Catholic Centre Party. He sent his vice chancellor Franz von Papen , a Catholic nobleman and former member of the Centre Party, to Rome to offer negotiations about a Reichskonkordat.
Between and , Pacelli issued 55 protests of violations of the Reichskonkordat. Most notably, early in , Pacelli asked several German cardinals, including Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber to help him write a protest of Nazi violations of the Reichskonkordat ; this was to become Pius XI's encyclical Mit brennender Sorge. The encyclical, condemning the view that "exalts race , or the people, or the State , or a particular form of State When Germany invaded Poland on September 1, , the Vatican declared neutrality to avoid being drawn into the conflict and also to avoid occupation by the Italian military.
In , the German Army occupied Rome. Adolf Hitler proclaimed that he would respect Vatican neutrality. However, several incidents, such as giving aid to downed Allied airmen, nearly caused Nazi Germany to invade the Vatican. Rome was liberated by the Allies after several months of occupation. The Church policies after World War II of Pope Pius XII focused on material aid to war-torn Europe with its 15 million displaced persons and refugees, an internal internationalization of the Roman Catholic Church, and the development of its worldwide diplomatic relations. His encyclical Evangelii praecones [39] increased the local decision-making of Catholic missions, many of which became independent dioceses.
Pius XII demanded recognition of local cultures as fully equal to European culture.