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Yale Finding Aid Database : Guide to the George Bird Grinnell Papers
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Get fast, free shipping with Amazon Prime. Originally specializing in zoology , he became a prominent early conservationist and student of Native American life. Grinnell has been recognized for his influence on public opinion and work on legislation to preserve the American bison.
Mount Grinnell is named after Grinnell. Grinnell had extensive contact with the terrain, animals and Native Americans of the northern plains, starting with being part of the last great hunt of the Pawnee in He spent many years studying the natural history of the region. He declined a similar appointment to the ill-fated Little Big Horn expedition.
In , Colonel William Ludlow , who had been part of Custer's gold exploration effort, invited Grinnell to serve as naturalist and mineralogist on an expedition to Montana and the newly established Yellowstone Park. Grinnell prepared an attachment to the expedition's report, in which he documented the poaching of buffalo, deer, elk and antelope for hides. Grinnell made hunting trips to the St. Mary Lakes region of what is now Glacier National Park in , and in the company of James Willard Schultz , the first professional guide in the region.
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During the visit, Grinnell and Schultz while traveling up the Swiftcurrent valley observed the glacier that now bears his name. Along with Schultz, Grinnell participated in the naming of many features in the Glacier region. He was also a member of the Edward Henry Harriman expedition of , a two-month survey of the Alaskan coast by an elite group of scientists and artists. Grinnell was prominent in movements to preserve wildlife and conservation in the American West. Grinnell wrote articles to help spread the awareness of the conservation of buffalo. They are organized in two series.
These include Grinnell's personal letterpress copybooks from , as well as scattered editorial and business letterbooks for Forest and Stream from Series II includes incoming letters to Grinnell as well as topical files, photographs, copies of Grinnell's writings, notebooks, clippings, and other papers relating to Grinnell's life.
The letterbooks in Series I include thirty-eight volumes containing copies of Grinnell's outgoing letters. A few of the letters in these letterbooks are handwritten copies of outgoing letters, but the vast majority of the copies were created by wetting the original letter and pressing it against the thin tissue pages. In the process of making such a copy, letters were often blurred, smudged, and crumbled. Poorly made copies are faint and many are illegible.
The fragile pages in the volumes have been wrinkled and torn. The letters in each volume are arranged in chronological order, but an index at the beginning of each volume provides access to these letters by recipient. The personal letterbooks contain letters to numerous individuals and organizations active in conserving natural resources, preserving American wildlife, and protecting the rights and welfare of native Americans. Additional letters concern the history and literature of the American West.
Recipients of Grinnell's letters include government officials, politicians, Indian agents, and colleagues from various organizations in the conservation movement. Grinnell also wrote to the many Indian leaders and chiefs whom he had met in his western travels including Bear Chief, Bull Calf, and Tall Bull.
Grinnell's letters also record the founding, development, administration, and policy disputes of several organizations associated with the conservation of the American West and its Indian population and with the preservation of game animals and other forms of wildlife. Letters to officers and members of the American Game Protective and Propagation Association, the Indian Rights Association, the National Audubon Society, and the National Parks Association are relevant to those researching the history of these organizations.
Letters to officials in the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs and Department of Interior contain discussions of government policy on these issues. The letterbooks for Forest and Stream are far less inclusive than the volumes of personal letters; they do not cover the entire period of Grinnell's editorship. The volumes labelled editorial , contain copies of letters relating to the policy, content, and development of the journal, while those labelled as business contain material relating to the financial operations of the publication.
The papers in Series II are arranged in three sections: Correspondence, Subject files, and Other papers. Correspondence and Subject files both include incoming letters as well as unbound letters written by Grinnell. Grinnell filed many substantive letters in files relating to topics of interest. In total, however, the quantity of incoming letters is minute in proportion to the number of letters in the letterbooks.
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It is obvious from examining drafts of writings and sheets of notes that Grinnell used some of his incoming letters by drafting on the back sides. That alone, however, does not explain the vast difference in quantity. The files represent only a very selective view of Grinnell's entire career, but they highlight some of his most important contributions. The Correspondence section begins with several folders of letters arranged in chronological order. These letters are of a fairly general nature and seldom are there more than one or two letters from any particular individual.
The correspondence following is more substantive and is arranged according to correspondent's name. The listing for this material also includes cross-references to correspondence from the same individual, which is filed in the subject files. The listing of correspondence filed by correspondent name includes many names previously cited as recipients of Grinnell's letters. Included are several western men such as T.
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