Einstein's theory of special relativity describes how energy and mass are interchangeable. If you concentrate enough energy, you can make matter. But, when you make matter, you make an identical amount of antimatter.
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Making antimatter is extremely easy using modern technology. And the process is very well understood. Energy always makes matter and antimatter in equal quantities. And that's where the puzzle arises. We know that our universe was created in a process called the Big Bang , which released an incredible amount of energy. As the universe expanded and cooled, it should have made equal amounts of matter and antimatter. Yet our universe consists essentially entirely of matter, and therein lies the problem: We have two observations that are inarguable the production of equal amounts of matter and antimatter, and the preponderance of matter and are in stark contradiction with one another.
This is a painfully obvious disagreement and is one of the leading mysteries of modern science. Want to see stars collide? The only logical conclusion is that in the formation and expansion of the universe something happened that favored matter over antimatter.
Scientists have been trying for decades to identify how that happened, to no avail. There are many indirect approaches to trying to understand what could have tipped this balance, like a recent one involving an obscure subatomic particle called a neutrino. But the most direct way to figure this out is to simply make antimatter and test it the same way we do ordinary matter.
If we see any difference, we'll be onto something. One method is to look at the light emitted or absorbed from hydrogen atoms. Scientists have studied the wavelength of light required to make an electron in a hydrogen atom jump from its lowest energy state to the next highest.
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This measurement is incredibly precise. Researchers know the wavelength of the necessary light to 15 digits of accuracy. If it were possible to make a similar measurement with antimatter hydrogen, that would be a good place to look for differences between matter and antimatter. They found that the wavelength agreed with what was seen in hydrogen atoms.
Scientific breakthrough could be as simple as measuring the wobble of a muon. The antihydrogen measurement was accurate to 12 digits of accuracy; not to the same level of precision as seen in hydrogen, but good enough to make very precise constraints on possible differences between matter and antimatter. And the researchers are very confident that they will be able to improve their apparatus, and thus the precision of their measurement to about the same level achieved using hydrogen.
As we leaned on the railing looking at the experiment, I noticed that there was a gap in the equipment between the pipe that brings antiprotons to their apparatus and their detector. I asked him what was up with that, and he nonchalantly told me that they were assembling a modified version of their experiment that would be able to answer a long-unanswered question, "Does antimatter fall up? Any gambler that likes to win should bet that the answer is, "no. But it's never been tested. If theorists have predicted wrong, this will be the physics measurement of the decade.
We see time travel in plenty of movies , such as the Terminator and Back to the Future franchises. There are even those among us who believe certain people to be time travelers. As of today, we have no proof that there are, in fact, time travelers among us. All the time travelers we know are from the silver screen. What we do have today are theories about how time travel may be possible and how it would work.
The theory of general relativity discusses how objects in space create a distortion on the space-time continuum, which we know as gravity. Now, gravity does not lead to time travel, but it has created phenomena both known to exist and theorized that could lead to time travel. Physicists have used this theory to come up with and explain wormholes and black holes.
We will discuss both of these phenomena further in this list. The second theory that we will look at is one of a lot of hope but no real proof. Wormholes have not been proven to exist. No wormhole has ever been found in space , but scientists still think they may be there.
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It is theorized that wormholes are shortcuts through space and time. This could mean if someone entered a wormhole, they could travel to another part of the universe or through time. Although there is no proof that wormholes exist, this theory is one of the leaders to why time travel may one day be possible.
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Black Holes are areas in the universe with such strong gravity that not even light escapes. This could have been caused by a supernova or possibly the collision of stars. Physicists believe that anything that goes into a black hole would never escape. Their gravity is so strong that even time gets slowed down. Since the gravity of the black hole is so great, the time it would take a spaceship to orbit around it would be vastly different than time on Earth.
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Years would fly by back home. This means that you would be vastly younger than someone the same age as you when you came back to Earth. This, obviously, has never been attempted, but in the future, it may be a way for someone to time travel. Cosmic strings are narrow tubes of energy that stretch across the universe. They are thought to be remnants of early cosmos and are theorized to contain a huge amount of mass. Thus, they could warp space-time around them. Scientists also believe that these strings are either found in loops or in straight, infinite lines.
Scientists believe that if two cosmic strings ran parallel to one another, and were close enough together, they could bend space-time.
The universe is out of balance and nobody knows why (opinion) - CNN
Since this would be such a huge bend, it could make time travel possible. This theory would work similarly to the black hole theory of time travel. We have seen time machines used in countless movies , and as children, some of us even imagined that one day, we would get to go inside a time machine and travel anywhere in the past or the future.
Even though time machines do not exist, at least yet, the theories about how a time machine could allow someone to travel through time are fascinating. Scientists believe that for a time machine to work, matter with negative energy density would be required. Such matter would do weird things like move in the opposite direction of regular matter when pushed.
This theory comes from Superman himself, sort of. How would that work? The speed of light is the fastest anything can go, as far as we know. If something travels faster than the speed of light, the time for the object to reach its destination would come out to a negative number.