This was the first commercial treaty of the English in America. In connection with this expedition the first information of German participation is preserved. It was the general opinion, that the appearance of the moun- tains indicated mineral wealth and the Saxon asserted upon his life, that there was an abundance of silver ore. He gathered specimens and the precious ore was loaded on board of one of the ships, but it was wrecked and the Saxon with his ere and all her crew perished. Sir Walter Ealeigh himself was no more successful than his brother-in-law.
He received of Queen Elizabeth a patent for an extended territory, lying between Florida and Canada, which in honor of his maiden Queen he called Virginia. Two ships, com- manded by experienced officers, sailed in April from London conveying one hundred and eighty colonists to the New World. Raleigh's first attempt to plant a colony, was on Roanoke Island in Palmico Sound, but the settlers proved incompetent, they made no effort to till the soil, but wasted their time bunting 15 for gold. They believed that the Roanoke river had its head waters in the "golden rocks "of the fabulous Eldorado.
Not realizing their expectations, they were disheartened and returned to England. Fifteen only consented to stay and await the arrival of fresh colonists, but of these daring adventurers nothing was afterwards heard. Those returning home had learned the use of tobacco and imported into the motherland the custom of "drinking tobacco," as it was called. In the year Raleigh again sent out a fleet, but it was equally unsuccessful. Fortunately for the Amaric. The favorable results of these commercial expeditions kept alive the desire to colonize the coast of North America.
This " London Company " had the foundation of a colony for its object and it sent out in an expedition under the com- mand of Christopher Newport, an experienced navigator. On the 36th day of April, , they reached the Chesapeake Bay and at the mouth of a beautiful river, which they called the James in honor of the King, they laid the foundation of the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown in Virginia.
This event is the starting point of the history of the mother colony of the United States of North America and at the same time of the part the Germans took in establishing American civilization. Thus, after a period of one hundred and ten years after the time that Cabot discovered the North American continent, and after many misfortunes and disappointments, the Germanic element had planted the seedcorn from which was to grow the most glorious republic of the world.
Whenever, at the present time, the name America is mentioned, we think little of the Latin race or the countrymen of Columbus, but of the Germanic immigration, that is the English and the Dutch, who, with the assistance of Germans, Scandinavians and others, gave to North America its truly Germanic character. In other words, we admire the growing empire of the world, the homestead of 16 lib-erty, the United States of North America, as the standard bearer of civilization in the New World.
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Beside Virginia many other States have been organized in the Union as seats of modern culture, commerce and industry, art and science have developed, millions of men have found on the virgin soil of America new homesteads and enjoy the benefit of liberal institu- tions, which for the first time give to the old world an idea of true freedom.
These are the blessings for which America and in fact all mankind are indebted to the Germanic pioneers in the New World. The Colonial Time to the End of the 18th Century. The Settlement of Tidewater Virginia. The early immigration of Germans to Virginia differs essentially, it must be admitted, from that under the lea- dership of Wm.
Penn and Franz Pastorius to Pennsylvania, for unlike these it was not organized or compact. With the forenamed there came at once a large number of Germans to the New World, numerous additions followed and they kept together and founded German settlements which have preserved their national character to this day. But into Virginia the Germans immigrated singly, without a leader of their own nationality and without connection among themselves.
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Not until the beginning of the eighteenth century a German mass-immigration com- menced from North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and the Fatherland. The first comers scattered during the first decades of the colony over all its various sections, and yet the influence of this immigration proved of the greatest value to the development of Virginia or "Attanough Komouch," the Indian name of the country.
Staaten von Xord-Amerika," 70n G. It is generally admitted, that no part of the United States possesses greater natural advantages for the pro- duction of cereals, vegetables and orchard fruit than the " Old Dominion! But already in selecting the locality of the first settlement, the English colonists were injudicious by choosing a low and unhealthy section.
Early in the London Company sent out Captain Christopher Newport, with three small ships, the Susan Con- stance, the Discoverer and the God-speed, coming with one hundred and five men to establish a colony. Before the departure from England a form of government was prepared and all power was vested in a body of seven councillors, whose names were: Edward Maria Wingfield, president, and Capt. The original intention was to settle on Roanoke Island, but a storm drove the little fleet into the Chesapeake Bay and it sailed up the " Powhatan Eiver" to which the adventurers gave the name of " James.
They imported into America nothing but their prejudice and faults, and even President Wingfield soon showed himself a heartless scoundrel. Not much good could be expected of such elements for the new colony. Before them was the great expanse of Chesapeake Bay, the "Mother of waters" as the Indian name signified, and in the distance the broad mouth of a great river, the Powhatan. As the ships approached the western shore of the bay the storm had spent its force, and they called the place Point Comfort.
A little further, at the present Hampton, they landed and were hospitably received by a tribe of Indians. The ships then sailed on up the river, which was new-named James Eiver, and parties landed here and there, looking for a good site for the colony. A very bad one was finally selected, a low peninsula half buried in the tide at highwater. Here the adventurers landed on May 13th, , and gave the place the name of Jamestown, in honor of the King. Nothing remains of this famous settlement but the ruins of a church tower covered with ivy, and some old tombstones. The tower is crumbling year by year, and the roots of trees have cracked the slabs, making great rifts across the names of the old Armigers and Honourables.
The place is desolate, with its washing waves and flitting sea- fowl, but possesses a singular attraction. It is one of the few localities which recall the first years of American history, but it will not recall them much longer.
Every distinctive feature of the spot is slowly disappearing. The river encroaches year by year, and the ground occupied by the original huts is already submerged. Cooke gives in his pretty description a fair picture of the unfitness of the first immigrants, and also unintentionally shows a characteristic difference between the English and the Germans, that exists to this day. His complaint concerning the unmitigated decay of the mementoes of such an important event, as the first settlement in Virginia was, is fully justified and deserves honorable mentioning, but this demonstrates also how 4 "Virginia," A History of the Peoi le, by Joiio Edten Cooke, p.
Not u-ntil were the first steps taken to preserve the few remaining ruins of old Jamestown to posterity. Congress appropriated ten thousand dollars to pre- vent the further destruction of the island, and an embankment with ripraps has been built along the northern end, but the work is badly done, and already the bank is beginning to be under- mined. Like " red tape " this characteristic difference betv? It is also not to be left unmentioned, that the oldest printed publication about Virginia is a German one. A chronological list of works up to Capt.
Smith's death, , published in " The English Scholar's Library," Birmingham, , page cxxxii, names in the very first place: In regard to Capt. Smith's map, printed by Georg Low in London, is said in the same publication, " The original condition of the map bears in the lower left-hand corner, Simon Pasacus, sculpit," which appears to be a latinized German name. Upon the banks of James river the colonists met with peaceable and hospitable Indians. Powhatan, the chief of the native confederacy, resided at Werowocomoco on the shores of York Eiver. In the beginning friendly relations existed between the colonists and the savages, and Captains Newport and Smith in exploring the country up the James River and eastward to York River, frequently visited the kind-hearted chief in his wigwam.
London edition, , and republished at Richmond, Va. They were, as has already been stated, poorly fitted to struggle with life in the wilderness, neglecting to cultivate the soil and wasting their time in unsuccessful searches for gold. Among them, as stated in Capt.
Smith's reports to the London Company, were only four carpenters and twelve laborers," and most of them were " Dutchmen. No distinction was made in those days between the appellations " Dutch " and " Deutsch or German. Prom a recommendation to the Council of Virginia'': Poland for laborers," it can safely be concluded, that those carpen- ters and laborers xoere Germans, and that they have huilt the first dwelling houses in Virginia.
This conjecture appears the more plausible, as the other immigrants were not skilled to this work. Smith had travelled through Poland and Germany and knew the Germans as an industrious and reliable people. He also ordered three of his " German " carpenters as he distinctly calls them and as will be further related, to build a house for the Indian Chief Powhatan, and that he made great efforts to persuade them to return, when they preferred to remain with the natives. In "Hening's Statutes at Large," Vol. In the letter to the Council, before mentioned, Capt. Oraiies, probably Krause, etc.
Landman, John Landman, H. Speclchard, Henry Spranger, Dr. Weld, John Waller and many doubtful names. Provisions were scarce and of poor quality, sickness spread among the settlers, and before the beginning of winter one half had perished. Worse than all these misfortunes, the neigh- boring Indians, alarmed by the intrusion and unkind treatment of the whites, became jealous and hostile and refused to furnish supplies of corn, etc.
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Fortunately in this desperate position Capt. Smith proved to be the right kind of man to meet the emergency and so deserves the predicate given to him, " the father of Virginia. However, upon his return to Jamestown, he discovered that President Wingfield was about to leave the colony with some of 8. Vol II nn '43 - r,fi Richmond, Va.
Newport's ship bound for the West Indies. He forced the treacherous President to stay, and Wingfield being disposed of, Oapt. Smith was appointed to his office and restored order. He trained his English conqpanions to swinging the axe in the woods and to till the soil, declaring that, " he who would not work, should not eat.
Not being very conscientious in regard to the means for accomplish- ing his design, he resolved to lurk the unsuspecting Powhatan into his power. In one of his reports he mentions, that he pro- posed to the Indian chief to erect for him a dwelling house after the European pattern and that he ordered three of his German carpenters and two Englishmen, " having so small allowance and few were able to do anything to purpose,"' ' to do the job. He instructed these artisans to act also as spies and assist him to ac- complish his object to get the Indian chief in his power.
But the Germans learned to esteem the Indians and particularly the well meaning Powhatan, and finally they gave warning to the chief and resolved to stay and live with the sons of the wilder- ness. It seems that these men had endured many privations amidst the English, for Capt. Smith says, " it would have done well, but to send them and without victualls to work, was not so well advised nor considered of, as it should have been.
Synonyms and antonyms of Affenpinscher in the German dictionary of synonyms
Smith heard of this socalled treachery of the German workmen, he angrily remarked as " Fama" reports, " damned Dutch," and accordingly he ought to be looked upon as the author of the illbred predicate which is to this day in use by ill meaning people. Wherever different na- tionalities are mixed together, there will be some rivalry, and American life illustrates this fact from Capt. Smith's time to the present. It seems too, from the captain's statements, that the 10 "The Three Travels.
The intrigue of Capt. Smith reawakened the suspicion of the natives, and the bad feeling was increased to bitter hatred by the following occurrence. Smith, however, determined to undertake it and in company with five companions he descended the James as far as Hampton Koads, where he landed, and Avent boldly among the savages, offering to exchange hatchets and coin for corn, but they only laughed at the proposal and mocked- the strangers by offering a piece of bread for Smith's sword and musket.
Smith, always determined to succeed in every undertaking, abandoned the idea of barter and resolved to fight. He ordered his men to fire upon the unarmed natives, who ran howling into the woods, leaving their wigwams, filled with corn, an easy prey of the English, but not a grain was touched until the Indians returned. In a short time sixty or seventy painted warriors, at the head of whom marched a priest bearing an idol, appeared and made an attack. The Indians, when they saw their deity in possession of the English, sent the priest to humbly beg for its return.
Smith stood with his musket across the prostrate image and dictated the only terms upon which he would surrender it ; that six unarmed Indians should come forward and fill his boat with corn. The teriiis were ac- cepted, the idol given up, and Smith returned to Jamestown with a boat load of supplies, but leaving behind him enraged enemies. Smith soon afterwards made several trips of explora- tion, thinking it possible to discover a passage to the Pacific. On one of these expeditions, while sailing up the Chickahominy river, he was attacked by a party of Indians and taken prisoner.
His captors carried him before their chief Powhatan and after a long consultation he was condemned to die. The executioners rushed forward and dragged their victim to a large stone on which it 13 "The Three Travels. John Smith Vol I p. Ilis head already rested on the stone, still shown at the old Mayo, farm near Rich- mond, and the two warriors had raised the club to strike the fatal blow, when Pocahontas, the favorite daughter of the chief, threw herself upon the captive and implored her father to spare the life of the prisoner.
Powhatan yielded to the maiden's prayer. Smith was released and in a few days concluded a bargain with the old chief, by which he was to receive a large tract of country in exchange for two cannon and a grindstone, which were to be sent from Jamestown. Accompanied by a guard of twelve men he arrived there after an absence of seven weeks, and under the pretext of instructing the Indian guardsmen in the use of the cannons, discharged them into the trees, at which the savages were so frightened, that they would have nothing to do with them.
The grindstone proved so heavy, that they could not carry it, and finally they returned with only a number of trinkets. Pocahontas, a girl of thirteen years of age, loved the captain dearly. She afterwards embraced the Christian faith and was baptized Rebecca. After the return of Smith to England in , a young English settler, John Rolfe, assured her that Smith died and persuaded her to marry him.
Three years later the couple visited England and she was received with great ceremony at the royal court. There she met with Captain Smith and it is said, that she died heart broken finding herself the victim of deceit. She left one son, who was educated in England and who then re- turned to Virginia, where several of the most prominent families claim to be his descendants. The poetical Pocahontas tale has been related here in full, to prove the correctness of the assertion made previously in re- gard to the lack of devotion to the memoirs of history on part of Anglo-Americans.
No prominent American poet has taken hold of this admirable story, but the German-American teacher, Johann Straubenmueller, published in German in at Balti- more, Md. The original painting of Pocahontas, a picture -which has long been sought for and which is now ascertained to be in Norfolk, is probably too the work of a German artist, Nicolaus Locker. He granted them full pardon and detailed a Swiss, by name William Volday, to persuade them, but his messenger also preferred to stay with the Indians and only one German, named Adam, availed himself of the captain's offer.
Smith then charged the Dutchmen, — or the cursed country- men of the Swiss Volda or Volday, as he called them, — to have conspired with the Spaniards to destroy the colony. Eduard Huber, Baltimore, Md. On page of this Dutch book is stated, "They the Englishmen had also many trou- bles with the High-Germans Hochdeutschen, which having been badly treated, joined the Virginians the Indians to de- stroy the English settlement. Being unable to induce the German mechanics to return to Jamestown, Capt. Smith persuaded Thomas Douse and Thomas Mallard "to bring the Dutchmen and the inconstant savages in such a manner amongst such ambuscades, as he had prepared, that not many of them should return from the peninsula.
Birmingham, 18S4 18 "The Three Travels. In the spring and again in the fall of Capt. New- port arrived with provisions and new immigrants. Among the newcomers were a number of Poles and Germans, brought over with the purpose to manufacture pitch, tar, glass, sope-ashes, etc. Smith complained of the habits and character of the men sent out and entreated the council, "when they send out again, rather to send but thirty carpenters, husbandmen, gardeners, fisher- men, blacksmiths, masons and diggers of tree roots, well pro- vided, than a thousand of such as they had.
In the year the London Company obtained a new charter, granting enlarged territory and putting the manage- ment of affairs of the colony in the hands of a governor as- sisted by a council. Lord Delaware was appointed governor, after Capt. Smith, by the accidental explosion of a bag of gun- powder, had been wounded and obliged to return to England.
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Besides Jamestown, that was strongly palisaded, containing some fifty or sixty houses, he left five or six other forts and plantations. It was an unlucky day for the colony when Capt. Smith departed, — his actions had not always been free of harshness and cruelty, — but the circumstances that sur- rounded him may serve for his excuse, — and when he had left, disorder, sickness and famine ensued. The winter of to was properly termed "the starving time. Smith stated,-" "the adventurers never knew what a day's work was, except the Dutchmen and Polos, and some dozen others. For all the rest were poor gentlemen, tradesmen, serving men, libertines and such like, ten times more fit to spoil a commonwealth, than either begin one, or but help to maintain one.
Nearing the mouth of the James river, they descried a fleet entering Hampdon roads. It was Lord Dela- ware with new colonists and provisions, and the disheartened fugitives were persuaded to return to the abandoned James- town. The new arrivals were of a better class and by the ju- dicious management of the governor the future of the colony wore a brighter aspect. Among the new settlers were many Dutch and Germans, they plowed the soil, corn was raised in abundance and no further famine again endangered the lives of the colonists. Tobacco and cotton were extensively cultivated for export, and tobacco was used as money, being worth about 75 cents a pound.
Waldo, before mentioned and highly esteemed by Capt. Smith, went to England and persuaded the merchants to com- mence mining in Virginia. But the mines he had found did not prove rich and he was treated as an impostor and died most miserably. Very likely these iron works were estab- lished by Capt. In the Price-Lists of iron is marked at twelve pounds sterling per ton, but in the Chesterfield furnace was broken up by the massacre of the Indians under the chief Opechancanough.
Ill health soon obliged governor Delaware to give up the administration of the colony and he was succeeded by Sir Thomas Dale. The last act of governor Dale marks an era in the history of Virginia. Ever since the foundation of the colony all property was held in common, the settlers worked together and the products of the harvest were deposited in a common storehouse and distributed by the council. Governor Dale now introduced the policy of assigning to each settler a few acres of land to be his own, and the advantages of this system soon became apparent in the general improvement.
Meaning of "Affenpinscher" in the German dictionary
Vol I, p 24L Richmond, In sev- eral of the reports to the London Company the presence of Germans is confirmed and they show, that the administration appreciated diligent labor and endeavored to encourage immi- gration from France, Germany, Switzerland, and Holland.
The intolerance of the clergy and of the worldly rulers in Europe furthered the realization of this plan. Before the colonists had no part in the making of the laws by which they were governed, but in that year, un- der the administration of Sir George Yeardley, a representative government was established, and in order to further ensure the permanency of the colony through the establishment of family life, one hundred and fifty agreeable young women, poor but respectable, were brought over.
They were sold to the planters in marriage bound at the cost of their transportation expenses, at the price of one hundred pounds of tobacco, and the demand exceeding the supply, other transports were fur- nished and the price advanced to pounds. This almost comic transaction proved of the highest merit, as domestic and moral life was its result and even the restless adventurers re- linquished the fondled hope of returning to the mother land.
It is very probable that many of the German settlers mar- ried English women and thereby became anglicized. Acquisitions of a different and decidedly unfavorable char- acter were also made to the population of the colony. One hundred criminals were, by the order of King James, sent over to be sold for a term of years as servants to the planters, and this beginning created a desire on part of some of the colonists to employ labor and the opportunity to gratify it came only too soon. In a Dutch ship from Africa touched at Jamestown and landed twenty negroes, who were sold for lifetime as slaves, and thus the abominable institution of slavery was introduced, spreading gradually over the entire territory of the English colonies — and it became the curse of the inhabitants.
In the beginning slavery was only silently tolerated, but in the course of time slave holding, slave breeding and slave trade were pro- tected by law, However, the great majority of the colonists 30 were opposed to the institution and especially to the importa- tion of negroes, and only through the influence of the large land-owners, mostly English lords, was slavery forced on Vir- ginia. Twenty-three statutes were passed by the House of Burgesses to prevent the iinpo7-tation of slaves, but all were vetoed by the English government. The general education was pur- posely neglected and even from the pulpit slavery was declared to be a divine institution.
Sir William Berkeley, who was appointed gover- nor in , said in the year in a report to the English government, "I thank God there are no free-schools or print- ing, for learning has brought disobedience and heresy and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them and libels against the best government. God keep us from both! The census of showed only 85, pupils in schools, so-called, though many were but private classes in which some public fund pupils were in- structed.
Not until the year was the present excellent public school law inaugurated in Virginia and at once the en- rolment showed for that year , pupils in all schools, — an immense advance on any previous year. Slave holding also had most injurious effects 'on the de- velopment of industry and commerce. As long as the mass of a people is without an own income, — as long as all the pro- 23 "Gescliichteder deatsclien Sclmlbcstrebungen in Amcrika," by Herrmann Sell q- ricllt, p. Report ot the Commissioner of Education for , p Washington, govern- ment printing oiflce, This is shown by statistics.
Of imports, the share of the South as compared with the free states before the war of secession, was like 40 to , and this proves, that a very small portion of the southern commerce was in southern hands. There certainly would have been tenfold more commerce and manufacture in Virginia and the other southern states, if there had been intelli- gent, industrious and patriotic free laborers, receiving pay for their work and spending their money for the necessaries and luxuries of life.
But for slavery, Virginia would to-day be, as it was in , the most populous state of the Union, as well as the most wealthy and influential. Slavery still had another dis- astrous effect, — it has the tendency to degrade free labor and to render the free laborer worthless. The habit of giving prefer- ence to slave-labor has operated to the prejudice of free labor. It has caused the population of little means to grow up in idle- ness, to think labor degrading, to be incapable of earnest regular work, and it kept away immigration of white workingmen, be- cause they disliked to be looked down upon and treated as ne- groes.
The German settlers, whose number was much larger than is generally conceded, were with very few exceptions opposed to slavery, — resulting to their great disadvantage. The slave- holders consequently distrusted the Germans and a new feeling of animosity towards them sprang up. Their political influence was curtailed, and the majority of them submitted in order to secure toleration and peace. In this way a valuable civil ele- ment was almost excluded from building up the future state, — but only in political respects and not in its social and economical life. In farming and in commerce the Germans became impor- tant factors, as will be shown hereafter.
But outside of slavery there was another obstacle in the path of quick development of the colony, that impeded foreign and particularly German immigration. Agricul- fural Report ofisee, p. One of these grants or "patents," as they were called, gave the patentee the right to divide the said tract or ter- ritory of land into counties, hundreds, parishes, tithings, town- ships, hamlets and boroughs, and to erect and build cities, towns, etc.
Convicts and a great many indentured white servants, Irish and Scotch prisoners of war, were sent over from England in and after the year , — but after a generation or two all these elements became blended into a homogeneous mass of "cavaliers," — aristocratic because they had an inferior race be- neath them. Still, in spite of all the mismanagement and unlucky cir- cumstances, the colony extended its lines and soon after immi- gration began to penetrate into the interior. Until the death of Powhatan in the settlers lived fairly in peace with the natives, but after his brother Opechancanough speak Ope-kan-kano became the head of the confederate tribes, the relations changed.
Eyeing with suspicion the increasing numbers of the palefaces, he laid a murderous plan in for their total extermination. Lewis"'' describes the cruel massacre, which also caused the death of many a German settler, as follows: The friendly relations were continued up to the very day, even to the fatal hour. They borrowed boats from the English, brought in veni- son and other provisions for sale and sat down to breakfast with their unsuspecting victims.
It was twelve o'clock noon on the 32nd day of March, , when every hamlet in Virginia was attacked by a band of yelling savages, who spared neither age, sex nor condition.
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The bloody work went on until men, women and children had fallen victims at the barbarous hands of that perfidious and inhuman people. Had not a converted Indian, who lived with a man named Pace, revealed the plot and so put the people of Jamestown and neighboring settlements on their guard, and therefore in a state of defence, every settlement would have been laid in ruins and the inhabitants put to the tomahawk. So the plan failed. There were yet fighting men in the colony and the Indians were made to pay dear for their perfidy.
The English pushed into the wilderness, burning wigwams, killing every Indian that fell into their hands, and destroying the crops, until the foe was driven far into the interior. Confidence was once more restored, and a feeling of security brought a return of prosperity ; immi- gration revived and at the end of the year the population num- bered Game was plentiful and they were hunters and trap- pers rather than farmers, sending their peltries to market and only cultivating enough land to supply their immediate wants.
This unrestrained life became a passion and frequently led to conflicts with the Indians, who claimed the forests as their hunt- ing ground, — and the peaceful and active farmers on the fron- tier, mostly Germans, suffered much on this account. The London Company had not gained any profit by the colonization of Virginia so far. She had sent over more than persons at an expense of about , pounds sterling, — many of the immigrants perished, others had joined the Indians or left the country, — and after eighteen years of existence the colony counted only inhabitants, and the annual export scarcely amounted to 20, pounds.
King James too was little pleased with these meagre results, and when the Indian troubles commenced and the very existence of the colony was endangered, he dissolved the company and in Virginia was declared a royal province. The Colonial As- sembly was however allowed to exercise its former power, and by and by the importance of Virginia was felt.
A thousand immi- grants arrived in the single year and took to farming where- ever fertile land invited them. BricTce, Elizaieth Salter, Cli. Waller, Georg Graues, Tli. Rees, John Rose, Wm. Perley Poor, Agricul- tural Report of the U. Foreman, Daniel Francke, Rich. Ranhc, Vallentyno Gentler, Tli. Horner, Cathrin Cajjpe and a very large number of doubtful names. Tobacco had become the staple product of Virginia and ef- forts were made to also encourage other branches of rural indus- try.
Cotton was first planted in King James I, prompted doubtless by his anti- pathy to "the Virginia weed," as he termed the tobacco plant, and having understood that the soil naturally yielded store of excel- lent mulberries, gave directions to urge the cultivation of silk and to erect silk-mills. Men of experience were brought over from France, Switzerland and Germany, and premiums were of- fered to encourage the raising of the silk-worm, and later also that of indigo, hops and other agricultural staples ; but fresh disturbances interfered. The war with the Indians just ended, the political and reli- gious troubles in England, the immorality of the royal court, the corruption of the office holders, the animosity of the tories and wighs, the contest between the church and its opponents, and finally the establishment of a republican government by Cromwell, exercised their convulsive influences even upon dis- tant Virginia.
After the restoration of Charles II to the throne of his beheaded father, he failed to fulfill the expectations of his people, who were in hope that the king, who had gone through a school of misfortune, would give his country peace and pros- perity. But Charles II soon lost the confidence and respect of his subjects. He was incapable of resolute action and self-sacri- fice, without trust in humanity or virtue.
Charles II deceived the Protes- tants by favoring the Catholics, and he rushed England into un- lucky wars. England, which had advanced during the republican administration to the first naval power of Europe, had to endure the mortification, that a Dutch fleet under de Euy- ter sailed up the Thames and alarmed the city of London by the thunder of its cannon. In the treaty of Dorn Charles II agreed to adopt the Catholic faith and to support the claim of the King of Prance on the Spanish throne with his fleet and army, while on the other hand Louis XIV obliged himself to pay subsidies and to land an army in England in case of revolution.
The king himself was a mean and spirit- less voluptuary, without the morals of a Christian and almost without the feeling of man. His ministers had not one of the attributes of statesmen and nearly all of them were pensioned by the crown of France. The same effect was visible in the Eng- lish colonies and finally resulted in outbursts of indignation. This was particularly the case in Virginia, where a great number of disgusted English and Scotch refugees had settled, while the immigrants from the European continent possessed no special at- tachment to the English throne and advocated American inde- pendence.
The rights of the mass of the colonists were every- where restricted. Sir William Berkeley, who had held the office of governor by the will of the people, and who had administered the colonial affairs in a liberal manner, was confirmed by Charles II in , but thereupon commenced a rule of despo- tism and oppression, — the affairs of the Church were placed in the hands of vestries, — and the Assembly composed of aristo- crats made themselves permanent.
Vol I n 27, New York, Virginia expected after the Eestoration, in acknowledgment of her loyalty, some speci9,l marks of the king's favor, but by compulsory laws, as the above mentioned, she was required to look to England as her sole mar- ket for her exports and to receive from England alone her im- ports. In duties were even imposed upon articles carried from one colony to another, and these aggressions drove the colonists finally to insurrection.
But the great natural wealth of the land assisted, in spite of restrictions and obstructions, the progress of Virginia. Among the various strange and surprising things which the settlers found on Virginian soil, were a great variety of wild grape vines, and the London Company determined, as early as , to make some experiments with the culture of the European canes through French and German experts. The favorite drinks of the Eng- lish were, at that time: Premiums were offered to encourage the- cultivation of vines, but the delicate European sorts did not re- sist the injuries of climate and insects, and the results were un- satisfactory.
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Amazon Drive Cloud storage from Amazon. Alexa Actionable Analytics for the Web. AmazonGlobal Ship Orders Internationally. The Affenpinscher is a very brave, alert, intelligent and tough little terrier type. Yarrow, an Affenpinscher , was the toy group winner. Mal haben sich Halter und Hunde in Couple launch video campaign to get dogs allowed on Metrolink trams. Meet Pippa - the little dog making a big noise to get her fellow pooches on Manchester's Metrolink trams. Pippa, seven, an Affenpinscher , is the star of a video Another top 'banana' in the fluffy family: But as the judges prepare to crown the next Best in Show Tuesday, most of the would-be Affenpinscher aficionados find themselves clutching an empty leash.