After a few years this land will typically sport scattered patches of young trees and shrubs in a highly disorganized, yet more organic pattern. As a restoration ecologist I have thought a great deal about how to design land recovery strategies that are both cost effective and as similar to natural processes as possible. Would planting trees in patches or islands rather than in systematic rows produce a more heterogeneous, resilient system?
Could we reduce restoration costs by requiring fewer seedlings to grow, plant, and maintain? Over a decade ago my colleague Zak Zahawi and I, along with the help of many students and field assistants, began an experiment in a premontane forest in southern Costa Rica to answer just these questions.
River Forest Island by SWA « Landscape Architecture Works | Landezine
We established 16 restoration sites and tested three restoration approaches at each site: To evaluate the effect on recovery rates of having intact forests nearby, we established our experimental sites in locations with different degrees of surrounding forest cover. Some sites were situated in the middle of agricultural lands while others were adjacent to the largest forest remnants in the region. We hoped to learn not just whether different planting regimes can affect forest recovery, but also the effect of different locations for planting.
In other words, is it more important how you restore, or where? We have been following the recovery of our different test sites for ten years by collecting data, sometimes on a monthly basis, on seed dispersal, soil nutrients, seedling establishment, understory and canopy cover, bird and bat presence, mycorrhizae, and leaf litter insects. Tropical forests are highly diverse, and rates of recovery can vary greatly depending on the type of recovering forest, the intensity of past land-uses, and whether there are seed sources nearby in other words trees and adjacent forests.
In this study our aim was not to plant the full diversity of trees found in the forest but rather to provide a diverse vertical structure e. Birds and bats are key to the vitality of a tropic forest, as they disperse the majority of tree seeds.
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Fantasy forest, Madeira Island, Portugal. Mountain on the island and rocks. Isolated on White background. View on the rocky shoreline of Tofino, Vancouver Island, Canada. Lake inside Taal volcano near Manila, Philippines. Magical summer landscape - green island with hills, roads, cars, houses and trees, with mountains and clouds above and flowers on foreground. Rain Forest mountain and lake, Kedah Malaysia - arial view. Tropical forest, sea coast and mountains. Siamese bay, Phangan, Thailand. Aerial view over the small island.
Swedish forest on the island Oland with wood anemones blossom. Creative tropical green leaves layout. Forest Floating Island - Vector. Isometric game islands collection with tropical ice desert volcano stone forest waterfall crystal landscapes isolated vector illustration. Forest lake under blue cloudy sky. Overlooking Hawaii's lush green rainforests and waterfalls. Tropical river with palm trees on both shores.
Still reflective waters with forest island. Landscape of paradise tropical island beach, sunrise shot. Aerial view to the San Miguel island under heavy clouds, Azores, Portugal. Sunlight shine thru the green forest. Cartoon map seamless pattern. Mountain, island or hills isolated on white with clipping path, for photomontage. Waterfall in Indonesian jungle. Wooden path through temperate rain forest.
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Aerial helicopter shoot of National park on island Mljet, Dubrovnik archipelago, Croatia. The oldest pine forest in Europe preserved. Magical summer landscape - green island with hills, roads, cars, castle, houses and trees, with mountains, balloon and clouds above and waving sea and striped houses on the coast. Old illustration of virgin forest in Car Nicobar, Indian ocean. Vector island landscape illustration. Elements are layered separately in vector file.
Tropical collection for jungle party: Vector design isolated elements on the white background. Aerial view of blue lakes and green forests on a sunny summer day in Finland.
Photos and Other Media
Young people hikers having fun outdoors in forest. It is a rare ecological community of maritime holly forest comprised of a rare assemblage of plants on a barrier island in the Atlantic Ocean. Aerial view of blue lake and green forests on a sunny summer day in Finland. View of a clearing in a tropical jungle forest in Dominican Republic. The trees on the island and rocks. Old illustration of natives village in Java island, Indonesia. Low polygonal geometric trees and island. Log in to get trip updates and message other travelers. Log in Join Recently viewed Bookings Inbox.
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