Ships, Sailing, Maritime 20 Romanian to German translators: Medical general Romanian to German translators: Cardiology Romanian to German translators: Instruments Romanian to German translators: Pharmaceuticals Romanian to German translators: Meteorology Romanian to German translators: Metrology Romanian to German translators: Music Romanian to German translators: Names personal, company Romanian to German translators: Nutrition Romanian to German translators: Other Romanian to German translators: Patents Romanian to German translators: Philosophy 43 Romanian to German translators: Physics Romanian to German translators: Psychology Romanian to German translators: Religion Romanian to German translators: Retail Romanian to German translators: Safety 10 Romanian to German translators: SAP Romanian to German translators: Science general Romanian to German translators: Slang Romanian to German translators: Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
Surveying Romanian to German translators: Zoology Romanian to German translators and interpreters ProZ. German , Romanian , translation German Romanian , Romanian German , translations, technical, contracts Patents , Trademarks, Copyright, Law: Contract s , Medical: Health Care , Medical general , Medical: SAP , Medical general , Law: Software , Metrology , Engineering: Or create a new account. View Ideas submitted by the community. Post Your ideas for ProZ.
Vote Promote or demote ideas. View forum View forum without registering on UserVoice. You have native languages that can be verified You can request verification for native languages by completing a simple application that takes only a couple of minutes. Close and don't show again Close. Term search Jobs Translators Clients Forums. Romanian to German Medical translators Romanian to German Science translators Romanian to German Marketing translators 5. Romanian to German Other translators Romanian to German Social Sciences translators English, German , Arbitration, Romanian German to English medical translator, German to Romanian medical translator, Romanian to German medical translator, English to Romanian medical translator, Romanian to English medical translator, proofreading medical translations, editing medical translations German , english, technical, manuals, literature Accounting , Telecom munications , Computers general , Computers: Both parties swore an oath of fealty Lehnseid to one another.
The rights conferred on the vassal were so similar to actual possession that it was described as beneficial ownership dominium utile , whereas the rights of the lord were referred to as direct ownership dominium directum. Lehen or Lehnsgut usually comprised an estate or a complex of estates, but also specified rights of use and rights of taxation or duties. Linguistically the term Lehen is connected with the word leihen , to lend or loan, and meant something like "loaned property" c.
The opposite of a fief was the freehold, allod or allodium , which roughly corresponds to the present freehold estate. The best-known of these were:. The lower vassals would then hire the land to be cultivated by unfree farmers. There were no feudal relationships between farmers and the lower vassals.
During the Middle Ages another structure developed in Germany, the so-called Heerschildordnung , a medieval feudal hierarchy:.
Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire
Initially, only those of knightly birth were entitled to be enfeoffed, i. Later, unfree ministeriales also rose to the knighthood. Vassalage consisted mainly of military campaigns military service and court duty the presence of vassals at the court in order to offer advice. From court service, the state and imperial diets emerged. The fief was only given to the vassal to utilize; later, the vassal also became a sub-owner, but the feudal lord always retained the rights to this office. Eventually, the heritability of fiefs evolved later, but the landowner nevertheless remain the liege lord.
In Roman culture, it was common for a patron a wealthy Roman citizen to automatically retain his freed slaves in a dependent relationship, known as patronage.
- Product details.
- Product description;
- Queens Wild.
In some cases, populations of conquered areas would become clients of the general who conquered the area. This required the client to accompany his patron to war and protect him if the latter so wished, to accompany him to court as a vocal supporter and, if the patron held public office, to act as his assistant and to accompany him on representational events in public.
In return, the patron had to ensure the legal and practical support of his client in all aspects of life. A Roman citizen, a non-Roman and even entire tribes in the Roman Empire could have a patron-client relationship. In Late Antiquity, this form of relationship was increasingly adopted in rural areas, because the Roman nomenklatura increasingly saw their vast estates Latifundia as their refuge and also as economically important pillars, over which they sometimes even had their own jurisdiction and fortified prisons.
Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia
During the latter years of the period of clan society with Germanic kingdoms on Roman soil, it was common for all the land to belong to the king. Only he could distribute land to his subjects. These subjects were usually family members, warriors who had performed outstanding feats, and noblemen. This land did not become the property of the subject, but was handed over to him only in persona.
On the death of king or vassal, the land was de facto returned to the new king.
Romanian to German translators and interpreters » Specific fields
Over time, a practice developed that the person enfeoffed with the land, together with his family, became the beneficiaries of the fief and remained permanently bound to it. Upon the death of one party, a new act of homage Lehnseid , a formal legal ceremony, had to take place. These transitions were fluid and there were exceptions to the practice of enfeoffment. The vassal often enfeoffed the estate, usually divided into smaller parcels of land, to other lesser vassals, who in turn had to swear fealty to him.
In return for the lease of land, the king could demand loyalty and allegiance from the vassal and his sub-vassals. This means that, in the event of war, they had to provide soldiers and assistance, or if money ran short or a ransom was needed, they were expected to support the king.
The Roman patron-client relationship and the early clan-based feudal relationship in the Germanic kingdoms merged during the early Middle Ages into the feudal law, or Lehnsrecht , a legal and social set of relationships, which effectively formed a pyramid with the king at the top. The enforcement of Lehnsrecht is associated with the reduced circulation of money in the Late Antiquity and Early Medieval periods. Money could not bind a vassal to a king, only land. Unlike money, this was plentiful.
Even kings see Richard the Lionheart - compulsory allegiance and at least in the early Middle Ages, the clergy see Ottonian - Salian imperial church system could be vassals of a king or another king.
Under the feudal system, various legal institutions came together during the Carolingian period that had previously existed independently. It was from the combination of these institutions, especially as more and more lords achieved high social position, that the feudal system emerged. The handgang , which together with the oath of loyalty Treueid , became referred to as homagium Latin , homage French , or mannschaft German , became the decisive legal device until well into the 12th century. Not until the spread of the system of legal deeds was the handgang dropped from the oath of allegiance, which was better recorded in writing.
Commendations were still carried out at all levels. In lower classes they were based on the manorial system Grundherrschaft , at the high levels on feudalism Lehnswesen. The award of fiefs often replaced the remuneration for work. This was necessary because the monetary system necessary to make regular payments was still far too underdeveloped during the early Middle Ages. As the services of the vassal specifically included military service, under the Frankish monarchy the feudal system was for centuries the basis of the army as well as the social organization of the Holy Roman Empire.
It was not only the king who acquired vassals in this way. He was soon imitated by secular and ecclesiastical magnates. Gradually, the principle of the heritability of fiefs was established along with the admissibility of passing them on as Afterlehen to sub-vassals. The latter were also declared as heritable in by Conrad II in the constitutio de feudis. So it came to pass that as early as the 12th century, all duchies and counties were awarded as fiefs.
Within each of these ecclesiastical and secular territories, however, there was a variety of types of feudalism. Not until the 13th century, did the importance of the feudal system decline, because instead of vassals Vassallen , liegemen Dienstmannen - well-educated men c. The kings encouraged this development, for political reasons, and so strengthened territorial lordship Landesherrschaft , which replaced the feudal system empire-wide.
This strengthening of territorial rulers had an impact that could not be reversed, so that the power of the various principalities did not reduce, unlike the situation in France and England. In England, feudal ties were abolished as early as the Revolution of , and then by an express decree by Charles II in In France they were abolished by the decisions of the National Assembly on 4 and 5 August In Germany, the dissolution of feudal associations Lehnsverband was a long process.
Legally, it was abolished inter alia by the Confederation of the Rhine acts, in the Final Recess of the Reichsdeputation and the Frankfurt Constitution of Those fiefs still in existence in the 20th century were abolished in by an Allied Control Council edict. He could also provide services at the lord's residence and be accommodated there. Most of these so-called servi non cassati were given a fief as soon as one became available. It was in this way that the House of Thurn and Taxis received its Postlehen or postal service rights. In addition, there were numerous enfeoffments of church rights, church fiefs Stifte or feudal ecclesiastica and enfeoffments of foundations associated with an altar feudum altaragli.
Also, cash payments from the royal treasury or profits from certain duties could be awarded as a fief. Feoffment constitutio feudi, infeudatio involved the vassal being formally seized of his fief through a commendation ceremony. In Frankish times, commendation centered around the so-called handclasping ceremony Handgang: He thereby symbolically received the protection of his new superior.
From the end of the 9th century, this act was expanded to include an oath of allegiance , which was usually sworn on a religious relic.