Manual Psychology of Teaching, Learning and Process

As the cognitive approach in Psychology is a relatively modern approach to human behaviour, the focus therefore is on how we think; with the belief that such thought processes affect the way in which we behave other approaches take other factors into account, such as the biological approach, which acknowledges the influences of genetics and chemical imbalances on our behaviour. Cognitive approach focuses on how we process, store and use information. It emphasizes on perception, memory, imagery, concept formation, problem solving, reasoning, decision making and language.

It focuses on information processing approach, gathering information, processing it and producing a response. Contribution to Education Because cognitive Psychology touches on many other disciplines, people in a number of different fields often study this branch of Psychology. The following are just a few benefits from studying Cognitive Psychology: The core focus of Cognitive Psychology is on how people acquire, process, and store information. There are numerous practical applications of cognitive Psychology, such as ways to improve memory, how to increase decision-making accuracy, and how to structure educational curriculums to enhance learning.

It is beneficial to students interested in behavioral neuroscience, linguistics, industrial-organizational Psychology, artificial intelligence and other related areas. Teachers, educators and curriculum designers can be benefited by learning more about how people process, learn, and remember information through cognitive Psychology. With the work of Jean Piaget and other influential cognitive psychologists, educators and psychologists have gained deeper insight into student learning and the ways in which the testing of misperceptions help young people refine their thinking and eventually arrive at more objective truth.

Under behaviorism the appropriate response to mistakes and un-truths was to use extinction to get rid of the wrong behavior. In Cognitive Psychology those mistakes can be by themselves important steps to gaining a deeper and more accurate understanding of life. This has a great impact on the ways in which educators approach teaching, and helps teachers to redefine the objectives of classroom activity and important ways. Engineers, scientists, artists, architects and designers can all benefit from understanding internal mental states and processes.

Psychologists have long been interested in the relationship between our psychological nature and our biological nature, particularly our brains. Spanish scientist Cajal first identified neurons- the cells that make up the brain and nervous system — in the early s. His view that the brain was made up of a network of interacting neural cells laid the foundation for our modern understanding of the role of the brain in Psychology.

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Thus the areas of emotional and motor memory, vision and higher mental processes are the examples of this new understanding. Progress in all of these areas has been swift and impressive, but much needs to be done to reveal the mechanism of the cognition at the local circuit and molecular levels.

This work will require new methods to control gene expression in higher animals and in studying the interactions between neurons at multiple levels. Psychologists who approach the science from a biological perspective are interested in the areas of the brain that play roles in emotion, reasoning, speaking and other psychological processes. In human beings, feelings triggered by the neuro-chemicals are displayed as emotion cues. An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts and behaviour. Emotions are subjective experiences, often associated with mood, temperament, personality and disposition.

Emotions occur due to neuro-chemicals which step- up or step — down the brains activity level as visible in body movement, gestures and postures. Key Features The Neurobiological Approach in Psychology is defined as viewing behaviour as the result of nervous system functions and biology.

It is a more scientific way of looking at Psychology. It is the study of the relationship between human behavior and the nervous system. The Neurobiological Approach which seeks to specify the neural and endocrine events that underlie behaviour and mental processes. The Neurobiological Approach focuses on how the body reacts to the environment, the obvious physical changes and processes the body creates under specific conditions.

Thus, their understanding of personality disorders and anti-social behaviour would be that there is something wrong with the physical part of the brain, perhaps a chemical imbalance or nerves that are not firing correctly.

Neurobiological psychologists would treat these disorders with medication. Neurobiological Approach emphasizes is on sensation, perception, learning, memory, language, sexuality and abnormal behavior. It focuses on genetics and biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system.

It studies the structure and function of nerve cells, the brain and the nervous system and how this contributes to behavior.

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Criticism The field of neuro-Psychology, which studies the brain and the connected nervous system, has been an outgrowth of this contemporary focus on biological explanations of human thought and behavior. Each individual's emotions and thinking processes involve more than "brain waves" or "chemical triggers in the blood," such as the reality of external environmental events that trigger the anger in the first place.

Contribution to Education This is a scientific approach to learning that relates behavior to the electrical and chemical events taking place inside the body. It emphasizes the need to understand activities within the brain and nervous system. Together their effect upon behavioral and mental processes. Cotton argues that this approach is very helpful for understanding learning. In particular, it emphasizes the need to be aware of the sensitivity of, for example, the ears, eyes and noses. Useful knowledge about information processing which is central to other approaches to learning e.

Additionally, most of the advances in the scientific understanding of memory, brain processes and resulting behavior are also of direct use to other approaches to learning. It is based on the idea that all behaviour is learned and that humans are a product of the learning environment. Psychodynamic approach is the first modern school of Psychology to emerge and it emphasized the importance of unconscious forces in the behaviour of humans. Important contributors include Sigmund Freud.

Psychoanalysis is a deterministic model and has significant problems with regard to observation and whether or not the theory can be tested, i. Humanistic approach to Psychology is a very broad field that encompasses many psychological theories. Important contributors include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. They all, however, emphasize the importance of free will and the human condition.

One major contribution is the development of psychological techniques. These theories are in stark contrast to both behaviourism and psychoanalysis. Cognitive approach of Psychology emphasizes the importance of mental activities, symbolic processing, learning, memory, thinking, and perception in normal and abnormal states. Neurobiological approach is the most recent school of Psychology and suggests that all behaviour is rooted, in some way, to the functioning of the nervous system. If we understand the nervous system then we can understand how all behaviour emerges!

This field is growing so quickly that it is difficult to keep up with the literature. Neurobiological approach appears to be replacing traditional Psychology programs. Describe the salient features of the different schools of Psychology. An Educational Perspective, 5th. Pearson, Merrill Prentice Hall. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The discovery of the unconscious and its importance in determining behavior has helped in determining the causes of behavioral deviations.

In education, this has helped in understanding the children, and the taking of all possible precautionary measures for preventing their becoming mal- adjusted personalities. By using phenomenology, inter-subjectivity and first-person categories, the humanistic approach sought to glimpse the whole person—not just the fragmented parts of the personality or cognitive functioning.

Some of the founders of this school of thought were American psychologists Abraham Maslow, who formulated a hierarchy of human needs, and Carl Rogers, who created and developed client- centered therapy; and German-American psychiatrist Fritz Perls, who co-founded Gestalt therapy.

Key Features It is explicitly concerned with the human dimension of Psychology and the human context for the development of psychological theory. This is part of the field's "human science" approach to Psychology and involves an emphasis on the actual experience of persons. The theorists focused on the depth of the human psyche, which, they stressed, must be combined with those of the conscious mind in order to produce a healthy human personality. Humanism focused on fundamentally and uniquely human issues, such as self-identity, death, aloneness, freedom, and meaning.

The Humanistic approach was distinguished by its emphasis on subjective meaning, rejection of determinism, and concern for positive growth rather than pathology. Humanistic Psychology focused on uniquely human issues, such as the self, self-actualization, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, being, becoming, individuality, and meaning—that is, the understanding of "the personal nature of the human experience". According to this approach all individuals strive to grow, develop and move toward self-actualization. It stresses on free-will, self- actualization and that human nature is naturally positive and growth seeking.

Contribution to Education Humanistic Psychology includes several approaches to counseling and therapy. Humanistic Psychology theory of Abraham Maslow, emphasizing a hierarchy of needs and motivations. Self-help is also included in humanistic Psychology. Humanistic Psychology tends to look beyond the medical model of Psychology in order to open up a non-pathological view of the person. Humanistic Psychology offers a new set of values for approaching an understanding of human nature and the human condition.

Humanistic Psychology offers an expanded horizon of methods of inquiry in the study of human behavior. It offers a broader range of more effective methods in the professional practice of psychotherapy. Emphasizes the role of the individual; humanistic Psychology gives more credit to the individual in controlling and determining their state of mental health. Takes environmental influence into account; rather than focusing solely on our internal thoughts and desires, Humanistic Psychology also credits the environment's influence on our experiences.

Humanistic Psychology continues to influence therapy, education, healthcare, and other areas. Humanistic Psychology helped remove some of the stigma attached to therapy, and made it more acceptable for normal, healthy individuals to explore their abilities and potential through therapy. Ulric Neisser coined the term 'cognitive Psychology' and defined it as characterizing people as dynamic information-processing systems whose mental operations might be described in computational terms.

Cognitive Psychology has its roots in the cognitive outlook of the Gestaltists. The names of psychologists Tolman and Piaget are also associated with the propagation of the ideas of this school of thought. Language, development,perception, imagery and other mental processes in order to peep into the higher human mental functions like insight, creativity and problem solving. Cognitive psychologists are totally opposed to the stimulus-response approach of the behaviorists. Key Features Cognitive Psychology is a discipline within Psychology that investigates the internal mental processes of thought such as visual processing, memory, problem solving, and language.

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The school of thought arising from this approach is known as cognitivism which is interested in how people mentally represent information processing. The cognitive approach attempts to understand the nature of human thought and intelligence. The term "cognition" refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. Cognitive Psychology is radically different from previous psychological approaches in two key ways: Cognitive Psychology studies cognition, the mental processes underlying mental activity, perception, learning, problem solving, reasoning, thinking, memory, attention, language and emotions.

The following are just a few benefits from studying Cognitive Psychology: The core focus of Cognitive Psychology is on how people acquire, process, and store information. There are numerous practical applications of cognitive Psychology, such as ways to improve memory, how to increase decision-making accuracy, and how to structure educational curriculums to enhance learning.

With the work of Jean Piaget and other influential cognitive psychologists, educators and psychologists have gained deeper insight into student learning and the ways in which the testing of misperceptions help young people refine their thinking and eventually arrive at more objective truth. Under behaviorism the appropriate response to mistakes and un-truths was to use extinction to get rid of the wrong behavior. In Cognitive Psychology those mistakes can be by themselves important steps to gaining a deeper and more accurate understanding of life.

This has a great impact on the ways in which educators approach teaching, and helps teachers to redefine the objectives of classroom activity and important ways. Engineers, scientists, artists, architects and designers can all benefit from understanding internal mental states and processes.

Progress in all of these areas has been swift and impressive, but much needs to be done to reveal the mechanism of the cognition at the local circuit and molecular levels.

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Emotions are subjective experiences, often associated with mood, temperament, personality and disposition. Emotions occur due to neuro-chemicals which step- up or step — down the brains activity level as visible in body movement, gestures and postures. Key Features The Neurobiological Approach in Psychology is defined as viewing behaviour as the result of nervous system functions and biology.

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