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For more guidance, see Wikipedia: Maxwell's color top and one from Popular Science Monthly Archived from the original on February 23, Longman, Green and C. Archived from the original on Archived PDF from the original on 10 August Retrieved 15 August Juggling and object manipulation. Retrieved from " https: Traditional toys Wooden toys Tops Game equipment.
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You will see the tops spinning ten times slower than they actually did. The first two are a gram aluminium disk with a pointy bottom end, viewed from the side and the top just before it fell. The third and fourth is the same disk supported on a round, brass knob. The bottom end makes a big difference.
The brass end top takes a while to stand up straight, as shown in the fourth video clip. Its centre of mass rises slowly since the brass ball rolls and the friction force at the bottom end is relatively small. It is the torque generated by friction at the bottom end that causes tops to rise upward and defy gravity.
However, all tops eventually fall when the spin drops to a low value. Here is a spinning hollow plastic egg, a solid wood egg and a solid aluminum egg.
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It precesses at two different frequencies at the same time, about two different vertical axes. It precesses quickly about a vertical axis through the middle of the egg and precesses slowly about a vertical axis located outside the egg. The wood egg was spun faster and stood up higher. All three eggs rise as a result of sliding friction until they start rolling and then the precession frequency is about the same as the spin frequency — unlike a sharply pointed top where the precession frequency is much smaller than the spin frequency.
In order to understand the behaviour of a spinning egg, it is necessary to understand the effect of the forces on the egg.
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Here are three more slow motion video clips showing what happens when an egg falls from rest and when an egg is spun very slowly. The only forces on the egg are gravity, the normal reaction force and friction, but all three videos contain some surprises. If an egg is on its fat end when it falls, it slides forward.
On its pointy end, the egg rolls right over then slides. The egg has more potential energy when the fat end is at the top, so there is more kinetic energy when it falls. If the fat end remains at the bottom after falling, then the thin end can rotate all the way up to the top with enough energy left over to swing it past the top. If you look carefully, you will see that the egg spins slowly about its long axis.
Check out the position of the dot on the pointy end each time the pointy end points to the camera. That is the best way to measure the spin about the long axis. It is smaller than the spin about the vertical axis. The egg is sliding rather than rolling on the horizontal surface in this case so there is a relatively large friction force on the egg. A tippe top not only inverts itself, it can become airborne as it does so. The effect is shown in the following slow motion video clip. Also shown are two spherical tippe tops. The usual tippe top has a peg on top to spin it, and its centre of mass is located below the centre of curvature.
For that reason, a tippe top stands upright when placed at rest on a horizontal surface. If a small mass is located inside a hollow sphere, then the centre of mass is shifted away from the middle of the sphere. It also works nicely as a tippe top. The green sphere has a small piece of blu-tak in the bottom. In all three cases, the centre of mass rises when the tops are spun. A simple explanation of precession can be given in terms of the diagrams below. Suppose that a top is spinning counter-clockwise viewed from above and suppose it is upright, as drawn on the left side of the diagram.
Now suppose that gravity causes the top to fall to the right, as viewed from the front. Viewed from the rear, the top falls to the left. The red dot on the front edge represents a small part of the top, and it is moving left to right at high speed. The blue dot on the rear edge of the top is also moving left to right at high speed, when viewed from the rear. Any object that is moving at high speed left to right will continue moving left to right due its momentum, although it can also move up or down if an up or down force is exerted while it is moving.
For example, a bullet fired horizontally will continue to move at high speed in a horizontal direction while it falls slowly to the ground under the influence of the vertical gravitational force. Gravity causes the whole top to tip to the right when viewed from the front, but the red dot will tend to move in a straight line since it is moving at high speed.
Imagine that the red dot is a small bullet attached to the disk. The result is that the front edge of the disk lifts upward as the disk falls. The two dashed lines represent the components of the velocity vector — one parallel to the edge of the disk and one perpendicular, showing the front edge lifting up. Similarly, the momentum of the blue dot tends to carry it forward in a straight line.