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It gives the reader a pretty good idea of Napoleon's character and whets the appetite for digging deeper. John rated it did not like it Sep 19, Stephen Tomlin rated it it was ok Sep 06, Ryan Baxter rated it really liked it Jun 01, Gilberto rated it it was ok Jul 15, Linda Dotson rated it did not like it Aug 29, Marlen Valerio rated it liked it Apr 17, Nick Park rated it liked it Nov 29, There are no discussion topics on this book yet.
Books by Mark Black. In France, Napoleon became associated with Augustin Robespierre , the brother of revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre , a Jacobin who was a key force behind the Reign of Terror , a period of violence against enemies of the revolution. During this time, Napoleon was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in the army. However, after Robespierre fell from power and was guillotined along with Augustin in July , Napoleon was briefly put under house arrest for his ties to the brothers. In , Napoleon helped suppress a royalist insurrection against the revolutionary government in Paris and was promoted to major general.
The following year, the Directory, the five-person group that had governed France since , offered to let Napoleon lead an invasion of England.
A short biography of Napoleon Bonaparte
Instead, he proposed an invasion of Egypt in an effort to wipe out British trade routes with India. That summer, with the political situation in France marked by uncertainty, the ever-ambitious and cunning Napoleon opted to abandon his army in Egypt and return to France.
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In November , in an event known as the coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon was part of a group that successfully overthrew the French Directory. Additionally, with the Treaty of Amiens in , the war-weary British agreed to peace with the French although the peace would only last for a year.
Napoleon worked to restore stability to post-revolutionary France. One of his most significant accomplishments was the Napoleonic Code, which streamlined the French legal system and continues to form the foundation of French civil law to this day. In , a constitutional amendment made Napoleon first consul for life.
Two years later, in , he crowned himself emperor of France in a lavish ceremony at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. In , Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais , a stylish widow six years his senior who had two teenage children. More than a decade later, in , after Napoleon had no offspring of his own with Josephine, he had their marriage annulled so he could find a new wife and produce an heir.
In , he wed Marie Louise , the daughter of the emperor of Austria. In addition to his son with Marie Louise, Napoleon had several illegitimate children. From to , France was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, a series of major conflicts with various coalitions of European nations. However, in December of that same year, Napoleon achieved what is considered to be one of his greatest victories at the Battle of Austerlitz, in which his army defeated the Austrians and Russians.
The victory resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine. Beginning in , Napoleon sought to wage large-scale economic warfare against Britain with the establishment of the so-called Continental System of European port blockades against British trade. In , the French defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram, resulting in further gains for Napoleon. During these years, Napoleon reestablished a French aristocracy eliminated in the French Revolution and began handing out titles of nobility to his loyal friends and family as his empire continued to expand across much of western and central continental Europe.
In , Russia withdrew from the Continental System. In retaliation, Napoleon led a massive army into Russia in the summer of In September, both sides suffered heavy casualties in the indecisive Battle of Borodino.
Napoleon’s Education and Early Military Career
Retreating Russians set fires across the city in an effort to deprive enemy troops of supplies. After waiting a month for a surrender that never came, Napoleon, faced with the onset of the Russian winter, was forced to order his starving, exhausted army out of Moscow. During the disastrous retreat, his army suffered continual harassment from a suddenly aggressive and merciless Russian army.
At the same time as the catastrophic Russian invasion, French forces were engaged in the Peninsular War , which resulted in the Spanish and Portuguese, with assistance from the British, driving the French from the Iberian Peninsula. Napoleon then retreated to France, and in March coalition forces captured Paris. On April 6, , Napoleon, then in his mids, was forced to abdicate the throne.
With the Treaty of Fontainebleau, he was exiled to Elba, a Mediterranean island off the coast of Italy.
Napoleon Bonaparte - HISTORY
He was given sovereignty over the small island, while his wife and son went to Austria. On February 26, , after less than a year in exile, Napoleon escaped Elba and sailed to the French mainland with a group of more than 1, supporters.
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On March 20, he returned to Paris, where he was welcomed by cheering crowds. Napoleon raised a new army and planned to strike preemptively, defeating the allied forces one by one before they could launch a united attack against him.