With progress slow at Gemmano, Leese decided to renew the attack on Coriano. After a paralyzing bombardment from artillery pieces [19] and bombers, the Canadian 5th Armoured Division and the British 1st Armoured Division launched their attack on the night of 12 September. The Coriano positions were finally taken on 14 September. Once again, the way was open to Rimini. Kesselring's forces had taken heavy losses, and three divisions of reinforcements ordered to the Adriatic front would not be available for at least a day. Now, the weather intervened: Once again movement ground to a crawl, and the German defenders had the opportunity to reorganise and reinforce their positions on the Marano river, and the salient to the Lombardy plain closed.
Once more, the Eighth Army was confronted by an organised line of defence, the Rimini Line. Meanwhile, with Croce and beyond it Montescudo secured, the left wing of the Eighth Army advanced to the Marano river and the frontier of San Marino. The Germans had occupied neutral San Marino over a week previously to take advantage of the heights on which the city-state stood.
By 19 September, the city was isolated and fell to the Allies with relatively little cost. The German AT gunners, using the renowned 88mm guns , had a field day.
Gothic Christianity
All but three Sherman tanks of the two squadrons that took part in the attack were destroyed. The Bays lost 24 tanks and, more important, 64 highly skilled tank crewmen. Fortunately for the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers , who had been ordered to pass through the Bays, their attack was postponed after strong representations had been made to higher HQ.
Progress for the Eighth Army became very slow with mud slides caused by the torrential rain making it difficult to keep roads and tracks open, creating a logistical nightmare. Although they were out of the hills, the plains were waterlogged and the Eighth Army found themselves confronted, as they had the previous autumn, by a succession of swollen rivers running across their line of advance. The positions on the Uso were forced on 26 September, and Eighth Army reached the next river, the Fiumicino, on 29 September.
Four days of heavy rain forced a halt, and by this time V Corps was fought out and required major reorganization. Since the start of Operation Olive , Eighth Army had suffered 14, casualties. McCreery was moved from commanding British X Corps to take over the army command.
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Lieutenant General Mark W. Fifth Army comprised three corps: Crittenberger , on the left formed by the U. Like the Eighth Army, the Fifth Army was considered to be strong in armour and short on infantry considering the terrain they were attacking. Panzergrenadierdivision , 65th and nd Infantry Divisions and the 4th Parachute Division and two divisions on the western end of Heinrich von Vietinghoff 's German 10th Army th and th Infantry Divisions.
By the end of the first week in September, the Luftwaffe Field Division and the th Infantry Division had been moved to the Adriatic front along with from army reserve the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division and the armoured reserve of 26th Panzer Division. The 14th Army was not of the same quality as the 10th Army: The transfer of th Infantry Division to the Adriatic weakened the defences around the Il Giogo pass which was already potentially an area of weakness, being on the boundary between 10th and 14th Armies.
During the last week in August, U.
Some fierce resistance was met from outposts but at the end of the first week in September, once reorganisation had taken place following the withdrawal of three divisions to reinforce the pressured Adriatic front, the Germans withdrew to the main Gothic Line defences. After an artillery bombardment, the Fifth Army's main assault began at dusk on 12 September. Keyes tried to flank the II Giogo Pass by attacking both the peaks of Monticello and Monte Altuzzo using the 91st Infantry Division nicknamed the "Wild West Division" in a bold attempt to bounce the Germans off the positions, but this failed.
The Altuzzo positions fell on the morning of 17 September, after five days of fighting. The capture of Altuzzo and Pratone as well as Monte Verruca between them caused the formidable Futa Pass defences to be outflanked, and Lemelsen was forced to pull back, leaving the pass to be taken after only light fighting on 22 September. By the end of the month, the Brazilian unit had conquered Monte Prano and controlled the Serchio valley region without suffering any major casualties.
In October, it also took Fornaci with its munitions factory, and Barga ; while the th received reinforcements from other Buffalo soldiers units th and st , to ensure the Fifth Army left wing sector at the Ligurian Sea. At this stage, with the slow progress on the Adriatic front, Clark decided that Bologna would be too far west along Route 9 to trap the German 10th Army.
Although they were through the Gothic Line, Fifth Army—just like the Eighth Army before them—found the terrain beyond and its defenders even more difficult. Between 21 September and 3 October, U. The fighting toward Imola had drawn German troops from the defence of Bologna, and Clark decided to switch his main thrust back toward the Bologna axis. However, as it had on the Adriatic coast, the weather had broken and rain and low cloud prevented air support while the roads back to the ever more distant supply dumps near Florence became morasses. On 5 October, U. Gradual progress was made against stiffening opposition as German 14th Army moved troops from the quieter sector opposite U.
By 9 October, they were attacking the massive 1, foot m high sheer escarpment behind Livergnano which appeared insuperable. However, the weather cleared on the morning of 10 October to allow artillery and air support to be brought to bear. Nevertheless, it took until the end of 15 October before the escarpment was secured. By the second half of October, it was becoming increasingly clear to General Alexander that despite the dogged fighting in the waterlogged plain of Romagna and the streaming mountains of the central Apennines, with the autumn well advanced and exhaustion and combat losses increasingly affecting his forces' capabilities, no breakthrough was going to occur before the winter weather returned.
On 5 October the 10th Indian Infantry Division —switched from British X Corps to British V Corps —had crossed the Fiumicino river thought to be the river known in Roman times as the Rubicon high in the hills and turned the German defensive line on the river forcing the German 10th Army units downstream to pull back towards Bologna. Paradoxically, in one sense, this helped Kesselring because it shortened the front he had to defend and shortened the distance between his two armies, providing him with greater flexibility to switch units between the two fronts.
Cutting the German Armies' lateral communications remained a key objective. Indeed, later Kesselring was to say that if in mid-October the front south of Bologna could not be held, then all the German positions east of Bologna "were automatically gone. On 16 October, the U. Fifth Army had gathered itself for one last effort to take Bologna.
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The Gothic Christians were followers of Arianism. After their sack of Rome, the Visigoths moved on to occupy Spain and southern France. During the 3rd century , East Germanic people, moving in a southeasterly direction, migrated into the Dacians ' territories previously under Sarmatian and Roman control, and the confluence of East-Germanic, Sarmatian, Dacian and Roman cultures resulted in the emergence of a new Gothic identity. Part of this identity was adherence to Gothic paganism , the exact nature of which, however, remains uncertain.
Jordanes ' 6th century ' Getica ' claims the chief god of the Goths was Mars. Gothic paganism derived from Germanic paganism. At times these groups warred against or allied with the Roman Empire , the Huns , and various Germanic tribes. In AD, the Gothic army raided the Roman provinces of Moesia and Thrace , defeated and killed the Roman emperor Decius , and took a number of predominantly female captives, many of which were Christian.
This is assumed to represent the first lasting contact of the Goths with Christianity. The conversion of the Goths to Christianity was a relatively swift process, facilitated on the one hand by the assimilation of Christian captives into Gothic society [2] and on the other by a general equation of participation in Roman society with adherence to Christianity. Even as late as , a Gothic king by the name of Radagaisus led a Pagan invasion of Italy with fierce anti-Christian views.
The initial success experienced by the Goths encouraged them to engage in a series of raiding campaigns at the close of the 3rd century - many of which resulted in having numerous captives sent back to Gothic settlements north of the Danube and the Black Sea. Ulfilas, who became bishop of the Goths in AD, was the grandson of one such female Christian captive from Sadagolthina in Cappadocia.