Panorama de la inserción internacional de América Latina y el Caribe 2011-2012 (Spanish Edition)

Moreover, its economy could slip back into recession in the first quarter of if major scheduled tax hikes and spending cuts go ahead. Over the next few years, the developing countries, particularly China and other emerging Asian economies, will continue to be the main engine of the global economy and trade, while growth in the industrialized countries remains slow and volatile. The industrialized countries still have some way to go in reducing household and public sector debt. During this process, which could take another three to five years, financial constraints seem likely to continue, as do stringent fiscal consolidation and public debt requirements, short and erratic recoveries, high unemployment and further public sector interventions in finance and the economy.

Regarding trade policy in this complex international scenario, restrictive global trade practices remain at moderate levels. However, there are significant risk factors that could increase trade restrictions. In trade negotiations, the protracted stagnation of the Doha Round of the World Trade Organization WTO has accentuated an already strong tendency towards negotiating preferential agreements.

Much of this activity involves the economies of Asia and the Pacific. Lastly, attention is drawn to a number of recent trade disputes at WTO. The value exported by the region will continue to rise during the next four years at annual rates ranging from 0. As a result, the countries in the region will have to work harder to increase their export volumes, if they are to maintain export earnings. Chapter III looks at recent performance and the short-term outlook for trade and economic integration in the region.

It analyses foreign trade trends in Latin America and the Caribbean in and by main trading partner and category of product for the region overall and for the subregions, finding a sharp slowdown starting in the second half of This chapter also examines the main developments over the past 12 months with regard to the various integration processes under way in the region.

On the one hand, there are no widespread moves to increase trade restrictions.

Top Authors

Chapter IV examines the international integration of Latin America and the Caribbean in relation to the trends discussed in the rest of the document. In light of these indicators, it is concluded that, relative to other regions, particularly Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean is lagging behind in terms of integration into global value chains. Tensions in the Diaoyu Islands,1 for example, are global actors.

Transnational phenomena advance and military clout within its zone of direct in- generate discontent, yet traditional responses to them fluence Power Consequently, the economic become nothing other than additional problems, rather relevance of the Atlantic has considerably diminished.

Capitalism is global, The US has established its principal interests in the Asia- but elections and the political offerings of democracies— Pacific region. For some, China is once again occupying which continue to be nations with strong local roots—are the dominant position it had in the international system not. In this transition of the international system, significant The advent of a new, rapidly growing middle class in agreement still has yet to be reached on new concepts China, India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, and Indonesia is an- that might permit us to understand the processes under other of the most significant economic and social factors way and develop visions for dealing with them.

The lack in this context of global changes UNDP ; Mladinic of agreements, certainties, and shared paradigms hinders This has had a strong effect on economic the possibility of coordinating public policies that address growth and has also produced changes and increased the new global context. Without such agreement, it will demands on world markets more automobiles, durable be impossible to establish links of mutual responsibility goods, and food.

In Latin America, social inequality in affairs of a global and regional nature, and without a dropped in 13 of the 17 countries between and conceptual framework, no common perspective can exist Grynspan and Paramio This has a profound bearing on strategies, programs, and positions The financial and economic woes that began in the US in that might allow for the formation of blocs of power, have strongly affected Europe, where a profound political coalitions, and multinational accords with which crisis of identity and a loss of faith in its development we could move forward toward a world that is post- model can be found, which even threatens the exist- occidental and post-hegemonic.

Such a world might indeed have global risks of a transnational nature, but 1. The Japanese name for these small islands is Senkahu. This crisis profoundly affects the two the accords reached in Pittsburgh in It is certain economic motors of the West: A that if the G20 does not resolve global institutional prob- third motor on the global scale, Japan, has been stalled lems, it will be necessary to find a way for the United since much earlier.

The globalization—which tends to reaffirm diverse identities. EU is fragmented and polarized; there are no common For the moment, no proposals for change in multilateral policies and consolidated leadership offering a European institutions have emerged, nor has there been any action or global view of the future. Spain, Greece, Italy, Ireland, towards forming an agenda for dealing with the most and Portugal find themselves at the heart of the finan- important global topics.

Much to the contrary, there is cial and economic turbulences and are showing signs notable immobility. This situa- tion will not improve any time soon. In Latin America, it took 25 years; in the case of Europe, the healing process 2. For many Spanish in Latin America and other European-based telecommunications, energy, banking, and construction firms, possibilities for recovery In this period of global uncertainty, Latin America has rely on the growth they currently show in Latin America also gone through significant transformations; realign- and other emerging markets, now the source of their ments of power and changes in the global system have principal earnings.

These include a reduction in the relative presence and influence of the Street demonstrations and civil wars in the Middle East US, especially in southern Latin America. One-third of the population of are still evolving. Both of these Islamist political organizations are emerging and gaining factors confer more political, economic, and strategic strength. The respect to actors from outside the region, such as the EU. UN Security Council finds itself paralyzed, unable to take effective action, even in terms of humanitarian aid.

Historically absent from the global economy. Both of these developing powers have recognized not yet found any satisfactory formulas for integrating CELAC as the representative body for Latin America and emerging players, or for making the new states that are the Caribbean.

Moreover, Russia, also having recognized demanding changes in the balance of power stakehold- CELAC as the organization that represents the region, is ers in the process. Global institutions are bogged down showing renewed interest in strengthening its diplomatic in the big topics, but a new global institutional structure ties to the region Pavlova Other actors, is needed in order to achieve better world governance. The other region in which there has been a dangerous escalation of tensions directly related to the nuclear question is the Korean Peninsula.

Tehran has free of nuclear weapons. In the 21st century, democracy been an emerging power in its own region, but it has not characterizes Latin America and the Caribbean, and dem- neglected global connections. The than commercial weight, in the form of a strategic po- electoral results of 10 presidential elections during the litical challenge to the US, the hegemonic power in the period — have been recognized by electoral region. For example, both the coup against After another half-decade lost between and , President Manual Zelaya of Honduras during the dawn Latin America returned to the growth path in , but hours of June 28, and the political tension around progress was interrupted again in due to the global the administration of Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa financial crisis.

Yet, the effects of the crisis have been on September 30, were unanimously rejected by less severe than expected. As a result, the region has the countries of the region. Besides the debate over the experienced continued growth during the past two years, legality, form, and speed of the overthrow of Paraguayan and indications are that this trend will continue, although President Fernando Lugo, the incident brought significant at a somewhat slower pace.

Se encuentra usted aquí

In general terms, standard-of-living indicators in Latin America show improvements. The average life span is up Within the framework of the Organization of American to Latin This document declares that the peoples of America have America has shown that it was much more prepared this the right to democracy and are obliged to promote and time to confront an international financial crisis than it defend it. Democracy is essential for the social, cultural, has been in the past. According to the Economic Com- and political development of the people. Apart from the mission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECLAC , cultural component, democracy is also composed of so- poverty indices for the region have continued to decline cial and economic elements, and it must be created and although at a slower rate even in times of crisis, drop- consolidated as a democracy of citizens.

It should be pointed out Peace between states reigns in Latin America, although that the poverty index dropped from Other differences— Also, the political and ideological spectrum has broad- having to do with questions of maritime boundaries and ened in many countries, without having an effect on the environment—arose during the 20th century. The the desire for coordination in the region. As in other regions of gotiations. The International and notable lack of attention to the region. This created Court of Justice has resolved more than six such cases. It a space where the ideologic vision of the Bolivarian Al- is improbable that this means of handling disagreements liance for the Peoples of Our America Spanish: Those states that are equipped with well- could express itself strongly.

Though many of them women, the elderly, children, indigenous peoples, these are formalities, they nevertheless comprise a useful and people of African descent. These situations of social instrument in this field.

• Child Health Psychology.
• Psychical Profiling Report - Type BLACK / ISFP.
• Hunters Navy - The Arachni Rebellion.
• Transconductance Thermal Noise Model For Mosfets.
• .

The principal danger for peace and for the people of Latin America and the Caribbean is not that of war be- A related problem is that of corruption. In societies of tween states, but rather violence, especially homicides. The culture of legality is on the decline, A recent report by the World Bank points out that the and along with it respect for the law.

Practices are be- total population of Central America is approximately ing established that consolidate systems of impunity. The equal to that of Spain World Bank Yet in erosion of the rule of law opens up the possibility of , Spain reported homicides fewer than one per transnational criminal networks, and the direct conse- day , while Central America reported 14, homicides quences of these in the region is the increasing consump- for the same period nearly 40 per day.

According to tion of drugs, as well as violence and corruption in order this figure, more people in the subregion currently die to gain impunity. And the situation is worsening; in the northern The connections between social inequality, violence, and triangle of Central America and in certain barrios of Rio corruption create ever greater opportunities for trans- de Janeiro and Bogota, juvenile genocide is occurring. In Latin America and the Caribbean, there are no to be a systemic problem for the region. The region is the most socially unequal in the world—not the poorest, 3.

Global Shifts and Transformations but the most socially unequal. Studies by WHO show a correlation between social inequality and violence. Social mobility in In Latin America and the Caribbean, no viable proposal the region is low, especially for indigenous peoples and has been made to approach these transformations of the those of African descent. Latin America is a one consisting of those included and those excluded.

For more on this subject, see Enrique Gomariz In the index of failed states published by Foreign Policy, Haiti occupies silenciosa: The cur- tries that form the Union of South American Nations rent, greater level of regional autonomy has been made Spanish: This means, that by The financial crisis and its repercussions have deepened directing its attention elsewhere—to other regions of the differences between these two subregions.

The north is world to which it gives higher priority—Washington has closely tied to the US through commerce, investments, opened up more room for maneuver in Latin America. The most important commonality is that of democratization. The quantitative weight that Latin America had when the A second common element is the development paradigm UN was formed has drastically diminished: Today, the 35 the welfare state Judt The region adopted Latin American members total less than 20 percent of the a policy based on experience and good practices, which countries belonging to the organization.

Without aims to establish macroeconomic balances and promotes effective regional cooperation or a shared vision on the social policies at the same time. Moreover, on its own, the emerging power of can also observe a new way of confronting global and Brazil is not ready to form part of the group of countries regional processes in Latin America after the end of the that sets the rules of the global game. Regional autonomy has been seen both in the positions taken with regard to the US intervention Three Latin American nations—Mexico, Brazil, and Ar- in Iraq, and in the search for options to avoid an escala- gentina—belong to the G20, but they have not been tion of military tensions with Iran.

This could favor cooperation be- American region—for addressing global topics discussed tween the two regions in a multipolar world Graben- and negotiated at the G20 and other global fora. Apart from anything else, European countries in crisis might learn from the experience and The first step to take in order to change this situation good practices of Latin America in overcoming their fi- is to seek institutional structures capable of taking into nancial and economic crises.

The main recommendation consideration the new realities of power. On the regional here is that economic restrictions alone do not lead to front, proposals for coordination have followed one after recovery. There are three lessons to be learned: The creation of the Community of policies involving tightening without palliative measures, Latin American and Caribbean States Spanish: As a member of the BRICS, Brazil is the tional system, Latin America has been consolidated as a strongman of South America, and as the sixth largest democratic region; the Democratic Charter adopted by economy in the world, it is also a key player in the global the OAS made this clear in , and it is still the case.

Partido Revolu- tive is driven by a concept of unity aimed at strengthen- cionario Institucional, or PRI will seek to reposition the ing the notion of regional sovereignty when dealing with country as a regional and global actor. Brazil has also shown determined support for the Since the government of Fernando H.

A primary challenge is the significant gap, Silva. Brazil began to assume increasing responsibility in which currently exists, between worldwide recognition of and since —, has established itself as a its leadership and the only partial regional acceptance of regional leader—a result of its high economic growth it. During the s and s, Brazil gave higher prior- about 6 percent and its newfound international finan- ity to its ascent into the international community than it cial independence FLACSO Until recently, did to its regional performance and presence.

These recently, that of UNASUR—has the country begun to lend are all countries that are aiming for more prominence in increasing importance to South America as a platform for multilateral organizations and in global politics, through a more effective global agenda. Internal challenges that the affirmation of their sovereignty. This has generally through diplomacy that is active but cautious not been easy. Brazil criticized the establishment of US Tokatlian Brazil avoids involvement in re- military bases in Colombia and the US position on the gional conflicts, instead assuming the role of conciliator crisis in Honduras.

Other sensitive issues have been the when they arise. In light of this, Brazil promoted the creation of the South American Summits Cumbres Sudamericanas , Furthermore, the growing number, importance, and which served as a basis for the subsequent formation development of trans-Latin American businesses—the of UNASUR in Cardona This bloc majority of them Brazilian and Mexican—must be under- was established with a distinct political profile, under scored. Of particular significance is the role of Brazilian strong Brazilian leadership and with a clear international companies in the areas of infrastructure Odebrecht , orientation centered on the need to coordinate common energy Petrobras , and air transportation Embraer S.

The basis of this cooperation was the San Jose Ac- 3. The Role of Mexico cord, which also involved Venezuela. Throughout history, Mexico has been a leading country Mexico has also exercised its leadership in the region in Latin America. Less than 30 years ago, the country through multilateralism. The country was the founder of was considered a paragon of international success. It the Rio Group and has been at the vanguard on the issue was the first in the region to join the Organisation for of controlling arms proliferation, initiating the Treaty of Economic Co-operation and Development OECD , and Tlatelolco in , which made a nuclear-free zone of its membership in the North American Free Trade Agree- Latin America and the Caribbean.

One problem is the close relationship that neither constant nor long-term. The country has shown the country maintains with the US.

It should be noted that meas- on the other, its roots are in Latin America. The administration of Vicente Mexico once occupied in Latin America. Some examples of these efforts include cal confrontations with Venezuela and Cuba. A study on country within the international system. Its power in this area is relatively minor, however, since to The foundation of CELAC in December is an at- a great extent it supplies the US and its own internal tempt to establish mechanisms for dialogue and coordi- market.