A lheure de la métropolisation: Quels contours juridiques? (Grale) (French Edition)

Then she surprised everyone in France by announcing to an American audience that she was starting a private graduate school to do just that. Not many of the French writers and journalists I know are taking these intellectual developments very seriously. I think they are wrong not to pay attention, much as they were wrong not to take the free-market ideology of Reagan and Thatcher seriously back in the s.

The left has an old, bad habit of underestimating its adversaries and explaining away their ideas as mere camouflage for despicable attitudes and passions. Such attitudes and passions may be there, but ideas have an autonomous power to shape and channel, to moderate or inflame them. One possibility is that a renewed, more classical organic conservatism could serve as a moderating force in European democracies currently under stress.

There are many who feel buffeted by the forces of the global economy, frustrated by the inability of governments to control the flow of illegal immigration, resentful of EU rules, and uncomfortable with rapidly changing moral codes regarding matters like sexuality. Until now these concerns have only been addressed, and then exploited, by far-right populist demagogues.

If there is a part of the electorate that simply dreams of living in a more stable, less fluid world, economically and culturally—people who are not primarily driven by xenophobic anti-elitism—then a moderate conservative movement might serve as a bulwark against the alt-right furies by stressing tradition, solidarity, and care for the earth.

It is one thing to convince populist leaders in Western and Eastern Europe today that they have common practical interests and should work together, as Steve Bannon is trying to do. It is quite another, more threatening thing to imagine those leaders having a developed ideology at their disposal for recruiting young cadres and cultural elites and connecting them at the Continental level for joint political action. If all French eyes are not on Marion, they should be.

Marion is not her grandfather, though within the soap-operatic Le Pen family she defends him. Nor is she her aunt, who is crude and corrupt, and whose efforts to put new lipstick on the family party have failed. If Marion were to launch such a movement and make it revolve around herself as Macron has done, she could very well gather the right together while seeming personally to transcend it. Then she would be poised to work in concert with governing right-wing parties in other countries.

Modern history has taught us that ideas promoted by obscure intellectuals writing in little magazines have a way of escaping the often benign intentions of their champions. There are two lessons we might draw from that history when reading the new young French intellectuals on the right.

First, distrust conservatives in a hurry. Second, brush up your Gramsci. Rappelez-vous la phrase de Margaret Thatcher: Je ne connais que des individus. Ils sont devenus le lieu de la nouvelle inquisition. Il doit alors battre sa coulpe et demander pardon. Ces groupes de pression fonctionnent comme cela. Natacha Polony Bio express: Je vous donne un autre exemple de la panique ambiante: Our differences — on immigration, race, the role of work, the value of America itself — are intensifying. S lavery was the issue that blew up America in and led to the Civil War. But by , an array of other differences had magnified the great divide over slavery.

The plantation class of the South had grown fabulously rich — and solely dependent — on King Cotton and by extension slave labor. It bragged that it was supplying the new mills of the industrial revolution in Europe and had wrongly convinced itself that not just the U. Federal tariffs hurt the exporting South far more than the North. Immigration and industrialization focused on the North, often bypassing the rural, largely Scotch-Irish South, which grew increasingly disconnected culturally from the North. By , millions of Southerners saw themselves as different from their Northern counterparts, even in how they sounded and acted.

And they had convinced themselves that their supposedly superior culture of spirit, chivalry, and bellicosity, without much manufacturing or a middle class, could defeat the juggernaut of Northern industrialism and the mettle of Midwestern yeomanry. Globalization is accentuating two distinct cultures, not just economically but also culturally and geographically.

Anywhere industries based on muscular labor could be outsourced, they often were. Anywhere they could not be so easily outsourced — such as Wall Street, Silicon Valley, the entertainment industry, the media, and academia — consumer markets grew from million to 7 billion. The two coasts with cosmopolitan ports on Asia and Europe thrived. Never in the history of civilization had there been such a rapid accumulation of global wealth in private hands as has entered the coffers of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and hundreds of affiliated tech companies.

Never have private research marquee universities had such huge multibillion-dollar endowments. Never had the electronic media and social media had such consumer reach. Never has Wall Street had such capital. The result has been the creation of a new class of millions of coastal hyper-wealthy professionals with salaries five and more times higher than those of affluent counterparts in traditional America. The old working-class Democrat ethos was insidiously superseded by a novel affluent progressivism.

Conservationism morphed into radical green activism. Warnings about global warming transmogrified into a fundamentalist religious doctrine. Once contested social issues such as gay marriage, abortion, gun control, and identity politics were now all-or-nothing litmus tests of not just ideological but moral purity. A strange new progressive profile supplanted the old caricature of a limousine liberal, in that many of the new affluent social-justice warriors rarely seemed to be subject to the ramifications of their own ideological zealotry. New share-the-wealth gentry were as comfortable as right-wing capitalists with private prep schools, expansive and largely apartheid gated neighborhoods, designer cars, apprentices, and vacations.

Half the country, the self-described beautiful and smart people, imagined a future of high-tech octopuses, financial investments, health-care services, and ever more government employment. The other half still believed that America could make things, farm, mine, produce gas and oil — if international trade was fair and the government was a partner rather than indifferent or hostile. Cheap transportation and instant communications paradoxically made the country far more familiar and fluid, even as local and distinct state cultures made Americans far more estranged from one another.

The ironic result was that Americans got to know far more about states other than their own, and they now had the ability to move easily to places more compatible with their own politics. Self-selection increased, especially among retirees. Small-government, low-tax, pro-business states grew more attractive for the middle classes. Big-government, generous-welfare, and high-tax blue states mostly drew in the poor and the wealthy. Gradually, in the last 20 years, our old differences began to be defined by geography as well. In the old days, the legacy of frontier life had made Idaho somewhat similar to Colorado.

But now immigration and migration made them quite different. East versus West, or North versus South, no longer meant much. Instead, what united a Massachusetts with a California, or an Idaho with Alabama, were their shared views of government, politics, and culture, and whether they shared or did not share bicoastal status. The Atlantic and Pacific coasts were set off against the noncoastal states; Portland was similar to Cambridge in the fashion that Nashville and Bozeman voted alike.

As was true in or , geography often intensified existing discord. The old consensus about immigration eroded, namely that while European and British commonwealth immigration was largely declining, it mattered little given that immigration from Latin America, Asia, and Africa would be diverse, meritocratic, measured — and legal.

The old melting pot would always turn foreigners into Americans. No one seemed to care whether new arrivals increasingly did not superficially look like most Americans of European descent. After all, soon no one would be able to predict whether a Lopez or a Gonzalez was a conservative or liberal, any more than he had been able to distinguish the politics of a Cuomo from a Giuliani on the basis of shared Italian ancestry.

Secure the border; ensure that immigration was legal and meritocratic; deport many of those who had arrived illegally; and allow some sort of green-card reprieve for illegal aliens who had resided for years in the U. The huge influxes of the s and 21st century — 60 million non-native residents citizens, illegal aliens, and green-card holders now reside in the U.

Instead, a new opportunistic and progressive Democratic party assumed that the Latino population now included some 20 million illegal residents, and about that same number of first- and second-generation Hispanics. The Obama victory raised new possibilities of minority-bloc voting and seemed to offer a winning formula of galvanizing minority voters through salad-bowl identity-politics strategies. Purple states such as California, Colorado, Nevada, and New Mexico gradually turned blue, apparently due to new legions of minority-bloc voters.

One way of making America progressive was not just winning the war of ideas with voters, but changing the nature and number of voters, namely by welcoming in large numbers of mostly impoverished immigrants, assuring them generous state help, appealing to their old rather than new identities, and thereby creating a new coalition of progressives committed to de facto and perpetually open borders.

Affirmative action was no longer predicated on the sins of slavery and Jim Crow and aimed at reparations in hiring and admissions for African Americans, often on the implicit rational of helping the poorer to enter the middle class. On entry to the U. Stepping foot on American soil equated with experiencing racism, and racism generated reparational claims of an aggrieved identity.

Of course, when a third of the country was now asked to self-identify in existential fashion and for self-interested purposes as non-white rather than incidentally as Americans of Punjabi, Arab, Mexican, African, or Chinese heritage, then it was natural that those who did not fit the racial arc that supposedly always bent to predetermined justice would began to shed their own once proud ethnic heritages as Americans of Irish, Armenian, Greek, or Eastern European descent.

We were well on our way to embracing an old but also quite new force multiplier of existing difference. Increasingly, half the country views its history and institutions as inspirational, despite prior flaws and shortcomings, and therefore deserving of reverence and continuance. The other half sees American history and tradition as a pathology that requires rejection or radical transformation. Our closest NATO allies near the barricades of Russian aggression and radical Islam are the least likely of the alliance to prepare militarily.

Yet Russia is a joke compared with the challenge of China. The European Union project is trisected by north-south financial feuding, east-west immigration discord, and Brexit — and the increasing realization that pan-European ecumenicalism requires more force and less democracy to survive than did the old caricatured nation-state. The post-war rationales for American global leadership — we would accept huge trade imbalances, unfair trading agreements, often unilateral and costly interventions given our inordinate wealth and power and fears of another — no longer persuade half the nation.

The descendants of the architects of the old order were no longer able to make the argument that warplanes over Afghanistan, Iraq, or Libya were central to U. The lesson of Iraq was about more than the wisdom or folly of that intervention. It was a warning that those who advocated optional wars might not always continue to support the war when it turned ugly and unpopular — and was deemed injurious to their own careers. That fact also turned half the country off on its leadership. America is not isolationist, but an increasing number of its citizens sees overseas interventions as an artifact of globalization.

Rightly or wrongly, they do not believe that the resulting rewards and costs are evenly distributed, much less in the interest of America as a whole. The point is not that the post-war order itself destroyed Detroit, but that Americans see something somewhere wrong when we helped rebuild the industrial cities of the world and crafted an order under which they thrived but in the process ignored many of our own. The various ties that bind us — a collective educational experience, adherence to the verdict of elections, integration and assimilation, sovereignty between delineated borders, a vibrant popular and shared culture, and an expansive economy that makes our innate desire to become well-off far more important than vestigial tribalism — all waned.

Entering a campus, watching cable news, switching on the NFL, listening to popular music, or watching a new movie is not salve but salt for our wounds. Klingenstein The American mind November 4, Many conservatives did not see that Trump had framed the election as a choice between two mutually exclusive regimes: Consequently, the election should have been seen as a contest between a woman who, perhaps without quite intending it, was leading a movement to destroy America and a man who wanted to save America.

The same contest is being played out in the midterm elections. Multiculturalism conceives of society as a collection of cultural identity groups, each with its own worldview, all oppressed by white males, collectively existing within permeable national boundaries. During the campaign, Trump exposed multiculturalism as the revolutionary movement it is. Trump exposed this threat by standing up to it and its enforcement arm, political correctness. Indeed, he made it his business to kick political correctness in the groin on a regular basis.

In countless variations of crassness, he said over and over exactly what political correctness prohibits one from saying: This too violates a sacred tenet of multiculturalism. Then, to add spicy mustard to the pretzel, he identified the media as not just anti-truth, but anti-American. Trump is a walking, talking rejection of multiculturalism and the post-modern ideas that support it.

Trump believes there are such things as truth and history and his belief in these things is much more important than whether he always tells the truth himself or knows his history—which admittedly is sometimes doubtful. He was saying that some countries are better than others and America is one of the better ones, perhaps even the best. Trump is the only national political figure who does not care what multiculturalism thinks is wrong.

He, and he alone, categorically and brazenly rejects the morality of multiculturalism. This why he is so valuable—so much depends on him. His shortcomings are many and some matter, but under present circumstances what matters more is that Trump understands we are at war and he is willing to fight. In conventional times, Trump might have been one of the worst presidents we ever had; but in these most unconventional times, he may be the best president we could have had.

Most conservatives did not see Trump in as a man defending America. This was in large part because they did not see that America was in need of defending. In a thoughtful essay in the Spring of on the future of the conservative movement, Yuval Levin expressed the view, common among conservatives, that the country was in decent shape. Levin and like-minded conservatives have matters backwards. Multiculturalism, not Trumpism, is the revolution.

The election was fought not so much over policies, character, email servers, or James Comey, as it was over the meaning of America. Clinton, in the other corner, was the great disdainer, a citizen not of America but of the world: Trump scolded Jeb Bush for speaking Spanish on the campaign trail. The core idea of each of these anti-P.

Trump was affirming the goodness of our culture. Odd as it may sound, he was telling us how to live a worthy life. Trump is hardly the ideal preacher, but in a society where people are thirsting for public confirmation of the values they hold dear, they do not require pure spring water. In other words, Trump was being a man, albeit not the model man, but what mattered was that he was not the multicultural sexless man.

A similar rejection of androgyny may have been at work in the Kavanaugh hearings. Arthur Schlesinger expressed his view of assimilation this way: In other words, there are no hyphenated Americans. Trump might not put it in these words, but he gets it. The average American gets it too, because it is not very difficult to get: But like Trump, the average American does not care whether Islam is or is not a religion of peace; he can see with his own eyes that it is being used as an instrument of war. When Muslim terrorists say they are doing the will of Allah, Americans take them at their word.

This is nothing but common sense. We make ethnicity an essential consideration and then claim ethnicity should not matter. That is not common sense. This is a sad reflection of the times, but these are the times we live in, and we must judge political things accordingly. In each of these instances, when conservatives joined liberals in excoriating Trump, conservatives were beating up our most important truth teller.

Conservatives and Republicans should be using these instances to explain America and what is required for its perpetuation. In the examples listed above, they should have explained the importance of having one set of laws, full assimilation, and color blindness; the incompatibility of theocracy with the American way of life; that under certain circumstances we might rightly exclude some foreign immigrants, not because of their skin color but because they come from countries unfamiliar with republican government.

Instead conservatives are doing the work of the multiculturalists for them: In exposing the dangers of multiculturalism, Trump exposed its source: And from the academy these ideas and rules are drained into the mostly liberal, mostly unthinking opinion-forming elite who then push for open borders, diversity requirements, racism which somehow they get us to call its opposite , and other aspects of multiculturalism.

Multicultural rules were in full force in the Kavanaugh hearings.

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At the same time, multicultural rules required Republicans to fight with one hand behind their backs: Republicans reflexively accepted their assigned role as misogynists and would have been accepting the role of racists had the accuser been black. True, Republicans had no choice; still when one is being played one needs to notice. After all, that is the American view of the matter. We know that because Trumpsters have told us. In the Kavanaugh hearings, the multiculturalists did not see a contest between two individuals but rather between all women who are all oppressed and all white men who are all oppressors.

Americans were seeing a revolution in action. We now find ourselves in a situation not unlike that which existed before the Civil War, where one side had an understanding of justice that rested on the principle of human equality, while the other side rested on the principle that all men are equal except black men. One side implied a contraction and ultimate extinction of slavery; the other, its expansion.

It was a case of a ship being asked to go in two directions at once. It could, as long as there was agreement that slavery was bad and on the road to extinction. But once half the country thought slavery a good thing and the other thought it a bad thing the country could no longer stand. It was the different understandings of justice that were decisive because when there are two understandings of justice, as in the Civil War and now, law-abidingness breaks down. In the Civil War, this resulted in secession. One shudders to think. Conservatives have been dazed by Trumpism. Even those conservatives who now acknowledge that Trump has accomplished some good things are not certain what is to be learned from Trumpism that might inform the future of the conservative movement.

The lesson is this: He made opposition to slavery the non-negotiable center of the Republican party, and he was prepared to compromise on all else. Conservatives should do likewise with multiculturalism. We should make our opposition to it the center of our movement. Multiculturalism should guide our rhetorical strategy, provide a conceptual frame for interpreting events, and tie together the domestic dangers we face.

We must understand all these dangers as part of one overarching thing. This approach, however, will not work unless conservatives begin to think about politics like Lincoln did. That they do not may explain why so many of them missed the meaning of the election. This topic is complex but I think it comes down to this: It should not then be surprising why they missed, or underappreciated, the political dangers of multiculturalism with its assault on the American understanding of justice. Having missed or underappreciated multiculturalism, conservatives could not see that those attributes of Trump that in conventional times would have been disqualifying were in these times just the ones needed to take on multiculturalism.

Trump was not a conventional conservative, yet his entire campaign was about saving America. This is where conservatism begins. Education is another area that conservatives believe is less politically important than Lincoln did. Conservatives must relearn what Lincoln knew, and what, until the mid-twentieth century, our universities and colleges also knew: If the elite universities are promoting multiculturalism, and if multiculturalism is undermining America, then the universities are violating their obligation to the common good no less than were they giving comfort to the enemy in time of war.

In such a case, the government, the federal government if need be, can rightfully impose any remedy as long as it is commensurate with the risk posed to the country and is the least intrusive option available. Reorienting the conservative movement is a formidable undertaking, but we have a few big things in our favor: In addition, multiculturalism, as with abolition, has the potential to energize the conservative movement. Conservatives, who are in the business of conserving things, come to life when there is something important to conserve because this allows them to stake out a very distinctive and morally powerful position with enough room to accommodate a broad coalition.

Marie Vaton Le Nouvel Obs 08 novembre La petite ne parle pas. Elle sent bien que quelque chose ne va pas. Non par manquement professionnel mais par manque de personnel chez les professionnels de la petite enfance. A comprehensive new biography on the life of a French intellectual of international prominence who crossed the boundaries of literature, history, psychology, sociology, anthropology and religion.

Many of us felt this honor was long overdue, given his international prominence as a French intellectual whose works had crossed the boundaries of literature, history, psychology, sociology, anthropology and religion. The title is apt. Mimetic desire gives rise to rivalries and violence and eventually to the scapegoating of individuals and groups—a process that unites the community against an outsider and temporarily restores peace.

Girard believes that the scapegoat mechanism has been intrinsic to civilization from its beginning to our own time. With his thick dark hair and leonine head, he was an imposing figure whose brilliance intimidated us all. Yet he proved to be generous and tolerant, even when I announced that I was to have another child—my third in five years of marriage.

Whatever his private feelings about maternal obligations—he and his wife, Martha, had children roughly the same age as ours—he always showed respect for my perseverance in the dual role of mother and scholar. Under his direction, I managed to finish my doctorate in and commenced a career as a professor of French. Fast forward to , when Girard came to Stanford University. I had been a member of the Stanford community for two decades, first through my husband, then on my own as a director of the Center for Research on Women.

On campus, Girard quickly became a hallowed presence, a status he maintained long after his official retirement. Among the people drawn into his life at Stanford was Ms. Her carefully researched biography is a fitting tribute to her late friend and one that will enlighten both specialists and non-specialists alike. Think of the lynching of African-Americans, the systematic extinction of Jews in Nazi Germany, the murder of Christians in Muslim countries, and the current animus toward immigrants in Europe and America.

She relates the amusing story of how Mr. For a man who woke every day at 3: Haven portrays Girard as he interacted with colleagues, students, friends and family. The list of his close associates throughout his long career at Hopkins, Buffalo and Stanford is impressive. A complete list would run close to 40 or 50 men. Haven devotes to a major conference organized by Girard and his Hopkins associates in reads like an uproarious movie script featuring the oversize egos of the all-male cast, most notably the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan.

Even as Girard negotiated the politics of American academe and international rivalries, he drew strength from his Catholic faith. Haven sympathetically recounts his conversion experiences in and Haven adds her own eloquent words: An Unconventional History of Love. Mimicry, Mania, and Memory: In a new biography of the anthropologist and literary critic, we glimpse the personal experiences that corresponded to his analysis of competitive envy. Starting out as a literary critic writing mainly about the 19th-century novel, Girard developed into a wide-ranging cultural critic and anthropologist at Johns Hopkins —68, —80 and then at Stanford — His thinking has had a vast effect throughout the Western world on literary studies, anthropology, sociology, religious studies, theology, and even the writing of history, influencing numerous scholars in these fields, as well as novelists Milan Kundera, J.

Coetzee , and leading to associations and journals for the study and application of his thought. Evolution of Desire is itself a distinguished, judicious work of interdisciplinary cultural analysis and synthesis in the current of Girard. The revolutionary implications of this conception found their first political heroes in Robespierre and the Jacobins, and the first of their many explosive modern political outbursts came in the sanguinary French Revolution.

The catastrophic French Revolution was their sequel. There have always been powerful critics of Rousseau: Eliot, and Lionel Trilling in the mid 20th century, and, more recently, E. The long-term effect can be illustrated in declining enrollments: The fundamental paradox of a relativistic but left-wing, Francophile Nietzscheanism married to a moralistic neo-Marxist analysis of cultural traditions and power structures — insane conjunction!

His own efforts turned increasingly to anthropology and religious studies. Yet the repentant Girard resisted the deluge and critiqued it, initially from within Stendhal, Flaubert, Proust , but increasingly relying on the longer and larger literary tradition, drawing particularly on Dante and Dostoyevsky as well as the Judaeo-Christian Scriptures. His subsequent professional trajectory took him from Indiana to Duke where segregation left him with a lasting impression of scapegoating evil , then to Bryn Mawr and Johns Hopkins, Buffalo, Johns Hopkins again, and then to Stanford and well-merited world eminence.

Let us hope Girard is right. It deserves wide notice and careful reading in a time of massive and pervasive attention-deficit disorder. On Thursday evening, Ryan Gosling made international news when he justified the fact that the new Damien Chazelle biopic of Neil Armstrong will skip the whole planting the American flag on the moon thing. Putting a man on the moon: All of this is in keeping with a general perspective that sees America as a nefarious force in the world.

In reality, however, America remains the single greatest force for human freedom and progress in the history of the world. And landing a man on the moon was part of that uniquely American legacy. Kennedy announced his mission to go to the moon in ; in , he gave a famous speech at Rice University in which he announced the purpose of the moon landing:. For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon and to the planets beyond, and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace.

We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding. Yet the vows of this Nation can only be fulfilled if we in this Nation are first, and, therefore, we intend to be first. We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be won, and they must be won and used for the progress of all people. For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own. Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man, and only if the United States occupies a position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war.

The moon landing was always nationalist. It was nationalism in service of humanity. Ryan Gosling is not an American, but he is part of a species that visited a celestial body beyond Earth. It depicts the mission to land men on the moon and return them safely. But the film does not show Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin unfurling and planting an American flag on the lunar surface. Of course, it celebrates an America achievement. Hansen, according to Hollywood Reporter. Their father died in Hollywood erases American flag from moon landing.

The film, which debuted this past week at the Venice Film Festival, will arrive stateside Oct. Ironically, the controversy may endure longer than the flag itself: Aldrin told controllers he saw the flag knocked over with a blast of spacecraft exhaust, NASA has said. Department-store flags cannot even withstand terrestrial wear and tear, like sunlight and wind, for more than a few years. On the moon, decades of extreme temperatures, ultraviolet radiation and micrometeorites have probably disintegrated the flag entirely, scientists say , and the bombardment of unfiltered sunlight has probably bleached flags left on subsequent missions stark white.

Even the original flag planting was controversial. Debate raged over whether to raise an American flag or a banner of the United Nations. Congress forbid NASA from placing flags of other countries or international bodies on the moon during U. We were not going to make any territorial claim, but we were to let people know that we were here and put up a U.

I was less concerned about whether that was the right artifact to place. I let other, wiser minds than mine make those kinds of decisions. Damien Chazelle est un Clint Eastwood en velours. On a assez envie de lui mettre deux claques. Le premier homme sur la lune, de Damien Chazelle. What Do Words Cost? At the Venice Film Festival in late August, Gosling, who is Canadian, spoke about words in defending the flag-planting omission. And we wanted the film to reflect Neil. If the ensuing controversy really suppressed ticket sales—and who can know whether sharper-than-expected competition from Venom and A Star Is Born was perhaps a bigger factor?

Such is the terror of entertainment in the age of digital rage and partisanship. The simplest moment of candor at a routine promotional appearance can suddenly become a show-killer. The real math, of course, is mysterious. To what extent a slip of the tongue or an interesting thought helped or hindered a film or television show will never be clear. But, increasingly, the stray word seems to be taking a toll on vastly expensive properties that have been years, or even decades, in the making.

A Star Wars Story, answered: What followed was a full-throated digital debate about sexual identity in the Star Wars series. Some fans loved it. In retrospect, I begin to understand a backstage encounter I once witnessed between Bob Weinstein and Viggo Mortensen before a press conference at the Toronto International Film Festival. Back in , this struck me as a rude, heavy-handed attempt to censor an intelligent actor who was perfectly capable of speaking for himself. But having seen what a few misplaced words can now cost, I suspect that Weinstein was ahead of his time.

On that day, Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the lunar surface. He was joined by Buzz Aldrin approximately 20 minutes later. This can be seen in the Apollo 11 Moon Landing Video. The First Man true story reveals that unlike many astronauts, Neil Armstrong was not the hotshot type, nor was he a fame-seeker.

He was a man of few words who was driven to accomplish something no other human being had done. Up to his death, he largely remained a bit of an enigma. Is the First Man movie based on a Neil Armstrong book? Was Ryan Gosling the first choice for the role of Neil Armstrong? For the most part, yes. He indeed had trouble returning to Earth as the plane began to bounce off the atmosphere instead of slicing back into it. Armstrong was more than 20 miles above the Earth. At , feet, he was roughly double the altitude of the highest clouds, so realistically, the clouds would have been much further beneath him.

Is the song playing when Neil and Janet dance in the living room based on an actual song that they listened to? The eerie space melody that Neil and Janet dance to in the biopic is an actual song that they listened to. Did Neil Armstrong really lose a daughter to brain cancer? On January 28, , Neil and Janet lost their two-year-old daughter Karen to a case of pneumonia while suffering from a malignant brain tumor. Janet woke in the middle of the night and smelled smoke, at which time she alerted Neil.

Astronaut Ed White portrayed by Jason Clarke in the movie was their neighbor at the time and jumped the fence to help. The Armstrongs nearly lost their lives. Neil passed their ten-month-old son Mark through a window to Ed. Did Neil Armstrong almost die while training for the lunar landing?

Two Lunar Landing Research Vehicles were built. On May 6, , Neil Armstrong was piloting one of the vehicles roughly feet above the ground. Unanticipated depletion of helium used to pressurize the fuel tanks led to a total failure of his flight controls and the LLRV started to go into a roll. He ejected and parachuted safely to the ground.

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Future analysis concluded that if he had ejected just half a second later, his parachute would not have deployed in time. The top image below shows Neil Armstrong floating to the ground after Lunar Landing Research Vehicle 1 exploded into a ball of flames upon hitting the field. Did astronaut Neil Armstrong injure his face during the Lunar Lander training accident like in the movie? No, he did not injure his face when he was forced to eject from the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle and parachute to the ground.

The worst that happened was that he bit his tongue hard during his impact with the ground. Did Neil Armstrong really have a serious talk with his kids about the possibility of him not returning from the mission? He and his brother collaborated with director Damien Chazelle for two-and-a-half years. As for the specifics of the conversation, Mark says he was too young to remember, but Rick says that the movie gets the gist of it right.

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Rick said that it could have happened, or maybe it was a hug. The nail-biting sequence is true. Does the lunar footprint in the famous photo belong to Neil Armstrong? Aldrin made the bootprint in the photo as part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar regolith the loose rock and dust sitting on top of the lunar bedrock. As we explored the First Man true story, we quickly discovered that there are no good photos of Neil Armstrong on the Moon.

The best image is displayed below. It was taken by fellow astronaut Buzz Aldrin and shows Armstrong removing equipment from storage in the Lunar Module. The reason for the lack of photos of Armstrong on the lunar surface is because most of the time it was Armstrong who was carrying the camera. Some people blamed Aldrin for the insufficient number of photos of Armstrong, reasoning that he wanted the limelight since Armstrong was first to step onto the moon. Aldrin later addressed the criticism, saying he felt horrible that there were so few photos of Armstrong but there was too much going on at the time to realize it.

The most iconic shot of an astronaut on the Moon is of Buzz Aldrin standing and posing for the camera. It is here that the movie perhaps takes one of its biggest liberties. Astronauts flew with a PPK personal preference kit , which included any non-regulation or sentimental items that they wanted to bring with them. We do know that he took with him remnants of fabric and the propeller from the Wright Brothers plane in which they took the first powered flight in How much time did Neil Armstrong spend walking on the Moon? Astronauts on the five subsequent NASA missions that landed men on the Moon were given progressively longer periods of time to explore the lunar surface, with Apollo 17 astronauts spending 22 hours on EVA Extravehicular Activity.

Did Neil Armstrong and his wife Janet stay together? He had begun a relationship with Carol Held Knight, a widow who he had met at a golf tournament in Armstrong married Knight, who was 15 years his junior, on June 12, , exactly two months after his divorce became final. Below, you can further explore the true story behind the Neil Armstrong biopic First Man by watching actual footage of the Apollo 11 Moon landing, including witnessing Armstrong take the first steps on the surface of the Moon.

You can also view footage of his ejection from the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle LLRV and its subsequent crash, which happened more than a year prior to landing on the Moon. When the book was first released back in April of , the reaction was definitely mixed, to say the least.

But to the shock of the reader, the whitewater adventure turns into a struggle for survival when the character Bobby Trippe is brutally sodomized by a mountain man while his friend Ed Gentry is tied to a nearby tree. A most dangerous game. Nobody worth a damn could ever come from such a place. The book is a tall tale written by a man raised in a wealthy neighborhood in Atlanta, who both loved and feared the mountains of North Georgia, according to Satterwhite.

In the beginning of the book, Lewis attempts to describe to Ed, the narrator of the novel and the character who is generally believed to be loosely based on Dickey himself, what makes the mountains of northern Georgia so special. Lewis continues to try to persuade Ed by telling him about a recent trip he took with another friend, Shad Mackey, who got lost in these very same mountains. He was skinny, and had on overall pants and a white shirt with the sleeves rolled up. I told him I was going down the river with another guy, and that I was waiting for Shad to show up.

You have any idea whereabouts he is? He went and got a flashlight and an old single-shot twenty-two. He picked up a handful of bullets from a box and put them in his pocket. He called his dog, and then he just faded away. Several hours later, the boy returned with Shad, who had broken his leg. He walked out into the dark. When the pair reaches the fictitious mountain town of Oree, Georgia, in the novel, Ed is clearly even less impressed.

He looked like a hillbilly in some badly cast movie, a character actor too much in character to be believed. I wondered where the excitement was that intrigued Lewis so much; everything in Oree was sleepy and hookwormy and ugly, and most of all, inconsequential. As Lewis continues to negotiate with the mountain men, Ed becomes even more harsh in his description of Oree and its residents. In the comparatively few times I had ever been in the rural South I had been struck by the number of missing fingers.

Offhand, I had counted around twenty, at least. There had also been several people with some form of crippling or twisting illness, and some blind or one-eyed.

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No adequate medical treatment maybe. But there was something else. And so many snakebites deep in the woods as one stepped over a rotten log, so many domestic animals suddenly turning and crushing one against the splintering side of a barn stall. But I was there, and there was no way for me to escape, except by water, from the country of nine-fingered people. It was allegedly improvised by the actor during filming. A Cultural History of an American Icon.

But all of that meaning appeared to be lost in the film, Harkins wrote. Instead, Hollywood was much more interested in the horrific tale and captivating adventure of traveling down a North Georgia river being chased by crazed hillbillies. The film was about the shock and fear of such an incident in the rural mountains that enthralled moviegoers. Our last choice would be to identify with the victim. If we felt we could truly be victims of rape, that fear would be a better deterrent than the death penalty. These people up here are a very caring, lovely people.

Several local businesses embraced the festival including the owners of the Tallulah Gorge Grill. The Tallulah Gorge is the very gorge that Jon Voight climbed out of near the end of the film and the owners of the Tallulah Gorge Grill wanted to celebrate that milestone. Some good, some bad.

We caught a glimpse into the lives of the people who inhabit this place, some good and some not so good. A community knit together by hardship, sharing and caring for each other and willing to help anyone who came along. Drawn here by what they saw on the big screen, tourists flocked to the area to see and experience for themselves the good things they had seen in the movie. Over the years, Rabun County and surrounding North Georgia communities have embraced these changes. Some parts of the area have become a playground for high-end homeowners with multi-million-dollar lakefront property.

Non, ils ont fait un diagnostic, une analyse rationnelle: Emmanuel Macron est le candidat du front bourgeois. Ce soft power des classes populaires fait parfois sortir de leurs gonds les parangons de la mondialisation heureuse. Hillary Clinton en sait quelque chose. La jeune Afrique en route pour le Vieux Continent. Le timing est impeccable. Sans compter la reprise en boucle sur internet. A ses contradicteurs, Guilluy oppose une fin de non-recevoir.

Difficile pourtant de situer politiquement Guilluy. Certains mandarins estiment que ce sont eux qui devraient avoir voix au chapitre. La suite est connue. Bradley qui a bien connu celui-ci …. Death of a dissident: Saudi Arabia and the rise of the mobster state.

As someone who spent three decades working closely with intelligence services in the Arab world and the West, the Saudi dissident and Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi knew he was taking a huge risk in entering the Saudi consulate in Istanbul last week to try to obtain a document certifying he had divorced his ex-wife.

A one-time regime insider turned critic of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman — the de facto head of the Saudi kingdom which tolerates no criticism whatsoever — Khashoggi had been living in Washington for the previous year in self-imposed exile amid a crackdown on independent voices in his homeland. He had become the darling of western commentators on the Middle East.

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With almost two million Twitter followers, he was the most famous political pundit in the Arab world and a regular guest on the major TV news networks in Britain and the United States. Would the Saudis dare to cause him harm? He went inside the Istanbul consulate, but failed to emerge. Turkish police and intelligence officials claimed that a team of 15 hitmen carrying Saudi diplomatic passports arrived the same morning on two private jets. Their convoy of limousines arrived at the consulate building shortly before Khashoggi did. To torture, then execute, Khashoggi, and videotape the ghastly act for whoever had given the order for his merciless dispatch.

The assassins fled the country. Saudi denials were swift. Is this great reforming prince, with aims the West applauds, using brutal methods to dispose of his enemies? What we have learned so far is far from encouraging. There are also reports in the American media that all surveillance footage was removed from the consulate building, and that all local Turkish employees there were suddenly given the day off. None of this has yet been independently verified, but a very dark narrative is emerging. When Boris Johnson was foreign secretary, he said that bin Salman was the best thing to happen to the region in at least a decade, that the style of government of this year-old prince was utterly different.

But the cruelty and the bloodletting have not stopped. Saudi Arabia still carries out many public beheadings and other draconian corporal punishments. It continues to wage a war in Yemen which has killed at least 10, civilians. Princes and businessmen caught up in a corruption crackdown are reported to have been tortured; Shia demonstrators have been mowed down in the streets and had their villages reduced to rubble; social media activists have been sentenced to thousands of lashes; families of overseas-based activists have been arbitrarily arrested.

We are told he was a liberal, Saudi progressive voice fighting for freedom and democracy, and a martyr who paid the ultimate price for telling the truth to power. This is not just wrong, but distracts us from understanding what the incident tells us about the internal power dynamics of a kingdom going through an unprecedented period of upheaval.

It is also the story of how one man got entangled in a Saudi ruling family that operates like the Mafia. In truth, Khashoggi never had much time for western-style pluralistic democracy. In the s he joined the Muslim Brotherhood, which exists to rid the Islamic world of western influence. He was a political Islamist until the end, recently praising the Muslim Brotherhood in the Washington Post. Khashoggi frequently sugarcoated his Islamist beliefs with constant references to freedom and democracy. But he never hid that he was in favour of a Muslim Brotherhood arc throughout the Middle East.

For Khashoggi, secularism was the enemy. He had been a journalist in the s and s, but then became more of a player than a spectator. Before working with a succession of Saudi princes, he edited Saudi newspapers. The exclusive remit a Saudi government—appointed newspaper editor has is to ensure nothing remotely resembling honest journalism makes it into the pages.

Khashoggi put the money in the bank — making a handsome living was always his top priority. Actions, anyway, speak louder than words. His most trusted friend, then, was an adviser to President Erdogan, who is fast becoming known as the most vicious persecutor of journalists on earth. Khashoggi never meaningfully criticised Erdogan. So we ought not to see this as the assassination of a liberal reformer.

Khashoggi had this undeserved status in the West because of the publicity surrounding his sacking as editor of the Saudi daily Al Watan back in I broke the news of his removal for Reuters. He was dismissed because he allowed a columnist to criticise an Islamist thinker considered to be the founding father of Wahhabism. Thus, overnight, Khashoggi became known as a liberal progressive. The Muslim Brotherhood, though, has always been at odds with the Wahhabi movement. Khashoggi and his fellow travellers believe in imposing Islamic rule by engaging in the democratic process.

The Sudd has rich and abundant fish populations, a response to the favourable environmental conditions for recruitment and survival offered by its mosaic of habitat types. Key aquatic habitats range from open water and riverine to lacustrine and palustrine, which offer ideal spawning, rearing, growing, feeding and survival grounds for over a hundred species of fish.

These habitats are largely intact and largely unaffected by industrial development and include; 31 Siluroids, 16 Characoids, 14 Cyprinoids, 11 Momyrids, 8 Cichlids, and 7 Cyprinodonotids of fish communities. There are also eight 8 endemic Nile dwarf fish species found in the Sudd wetland, which are Cromeria nilotica, Nannaethiops unitaeniatus, Barbus stigmatopygus, Chelaethiops bibie, Andersonia leptura, Aplocheilichthys loati, Epiplatys marnoi and Electris nanus. The culture and society of the approximately 1 million people inhabiting the Sudd wetland region are closely linked to its ecological functioning.

These groups have developed traditions that have allowed them to adapt to the inundated and seasonally variable conditions across the Sudd through a combination of nomadic agro-pastoralism, non-timber forest product collection and fishing. Specific practices include the seasonal construction of settlements on small islands in flooded areas, and traditional hunting and fishing techniques. The cultural groups living within the Sudd region also maintain beliefs and practices that serve to support and conserve the environment they live in. For example, the cultural beliefs of the Shilluk community living within the Sudd region are an important aspect in the preservation of the Nile lechwe antelope species endemic to South Sudan as they consider killing of the animal species as taboo, and this of course helps in their conservation and sustainable use.

It is therefore valuable to support many of the cultural practices of the communities living in the Sudd as these are closely intertwined with the natural elements and preserving them also creates and maintains an awareness of past and traditional knowledge in the general public. N13 00 W4 27 Date de soumission: N13 34 - 16 51 O2 28 -5 45 Date de soumission: Provinces de Bengo, Kwanza Norte e Malanje. S15 09 E19 10 Date de soumission: Nimba County, Yarmen and Gbalay-geh District. Also adding credit to the site is its biodiversity potential, form, and array of endemic and threatened fauna.

The site is currently considered to be the richest forest domain of the country; particularly, in terms of rarity and endemic species composition. The Liberian side has also been recorded as a very important site for Papilio antimachus — the Giant African Swallowtail butterfly. Around butterfly species have been listed for Nimba Mountains and surrounding forests, whereof species occur in the core area ENNR.

From a global conservation perspective, the Nimba Range is among the most important areas in Africa, with numerous endemic species, many of them globally threatened. The importance of this area is recognized by its inclusion in national and international conservation priority schemes such as: There 83 reptile species recorded for Mt. Several species of butterflies are new to science or endemic to the Liberian side of the Nimba Mountains as recorded during some field surveys at the protected area. At Coldwater, an area in the Southwest ENNR, many lowland forest specialists were found exclusively in this area including 2 un-described species.

Providence Island, formerly known as Dozoa, is located approximately meters away from the bar mouth of the Atlantic Ocean. The Island has both hydrological and geophysical characteristics that define the western fling of the Mesurado or Doo River. The island has sparsely distributed mangrove swamps at its south-eastern end. Providence Island, from an aerial view present a geophysical shape of a guitar with a land mass of Providence Island is a former trade post and the first arrival point of freed American Slaves. The rusted heavy steel bar of the dock are partly buried into the Mesurado river today.

In addition to these elements, is the oldest cotton tree, years according to history of the State. In the context of contemporary history, a metal tree exists at the site symbolizing the need for peace after many years of internal strife in Liberia. The site is of historical and cultural significance in the history of West Africa as the Island was one of the first places freed slaves landed on January 1, Before the arrival of first batch of freed slaves from America, Providence Island was a major trade post for both Portuguese and ethnics of the land.

N14 05 00 O8 53 00 Date de soumission: Sur les rives du Bafing, on peut y voir les hippopotames et dans les mares du parc des crocodiles sont visibles par endroit. Il traverse trois communes rurales du Cercle de Kayes: Environ treize 13 villages peuplent les abords du lac. Karas and Erongo Regions. The ecosystem is characterized by high productivity and defined by the Benguela upwelling associated with the eastern boundary current Benguela Current of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre.

Inshore of the Benguela Current proper, the south easterly winds cause coastal upwelling, forming the Benguela Upwelling System. A marine protected area in Namibia along the southern Namibian coast and adjacent islands is associated with this upwelling area. The upwelling of cold, nutrient rich waters from around — m depth results in high rates of phytoplankton growth that sustains the Benguela ecosystem. The intensity of upwelling events is determined by wind strength. Pulses of upwelling induce biological production. Phytoplankton growth in the Benguela system requires a period of upwelling followed by a period of stratification and relatively calm waters.

It is estimated that the annual new production in the Benguela system is 4. Mean annual primary productivity of 1. The Benguela Upwelling System is one of five wind-driven coastal upwelling systems in the global oceans. The Benguela Marine Ecosystem is an important center of marine biodiversity and is one of the most productive ocean areas in the world due to its distinctive bathymetry, hydrography, chemistry and trophodynamics.

The system supports rich fish stocks of sardines, anchovies, horse mackerel, other small pelagic fish as well as zooplankton and crustaceans. The most abundant fishes in the Benguela system are pilchards Sardinops ocelata , which has been intensely overfished by foreign fishing fleets during the s to s, and anchovies Engraulis capensis. These species in turn supports a large biomass of larger fish, sea birds and marine mammals. These various seabirds breed on the islands from where they range tens of kilometres out to sea before returning. Mercury Island alone, which is ca. Early in the 20th century annual harvesting of the bird guano accumulating at nesting sites on the offshore islands started that continue to this day, currently managed to ensure sustainability and to prevent disturbing the sea birds during their breeding seasons.

At that time a novel and globally unique guano harvesting industry was pioneered by building wooden platforms at suitable locations near Swakopmund and Cape Cross in Namibia. These platforms provide protected breeding areas for thousands of seabirds, principally cormorants, which are inaccessible to land-based predators such as jackals, brown hyenas and seals. The thick accumulations of bird guano are harvested after the end of the breeding season and marketed world-wide as organic fertilizer.

The Benguela Current also plays a significant role in global ocean and climate processes through heat transfer from the Southern Hemisphere to the Northern Hemisphere. In the regional context the upwelling area imposes extreme aridity over the adjacent continental areas.

The Benguela Current developed around 11 million years ago with the expansion of Antarctic ice sheets and changes in global circulation caused by tectonic processes such as the emergence of the Panama Isthmus and rise of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. The upwelling system was fully established around million years ago, imposing the atmospheric conditions that resulted in the Namib Desert, the Karoo arid shrublands and the Succulent Karoo Ecosystem. Kunene and Oshikoto Regions. The km 2 Etosha Pan is a huge, pristine oval-shaped salt pan situated in northern Namibia.

It is the terminal playa of the Cuvelai drainage system in the lowest part of the Ovambo Basin at an elevation between 1, to 1, m above sea level. The pan is most of the time a dry, saline desert. During the hot dry season of the austral spring and early summer, numerous dust devils with high winds may form and move over the pan, sucking up small debris or blasting larger objects with salty sand. The only large animal to regularly inhabit the pan floor itself is ostriches that nest several kilometres into the pan where few predators will follow.

In contrast, many species of large game are found around its edges as they rest on the bare pan floor. Water is found only in numerous spring-fed waterholes on the pan margin. Etosha Pan is subject to occasional partial flooding during the rainy season. During such years floodwater transforms the pan into a shallow lake holding large sheets of water, usually not exceeding one meter in depth.

The water in the pan is, however, unfit for animal consumption as the salt content is often double that of sea water. On such occasions large flocks of flamingos, pelicans, gulls and other waterbirds migrate to the pan. Both greater and lesser flamingos, and even white pelicans, may then breed at Etosha. The pan formed in Pliocene times when the upper Cunene River and possibly the Cubango River currently part of the Okavango system terminated as an interior lake and swamp system, similar to the Okavango Delta in Botswana today.

The Etosha Pan is a remnant of that endorrheic lake system. Wind erosion removed most of the river-end deposits and deepened the depression. During the drying and deflation process, the soil of the pan became mineral-rich and brackish. The pH is high 8. The soils surrounding the pan are shallow, brackish and alkaline, mostly cemented by calcrete. The pan margin is fringed with halophytic vegetation consisting principally of various grasses and shrubs. Open grasslands rise gradually away from the pan and sustain a wide variety of perennial and annual grasses and shrubs.

The grasslands and shrubland surrounding the pan are renowned for supporting vast herds of giraffes, zebras, blue wildebeest, oryxes, springbok, ostriches and their accompanying large predators, as well as one of the largest and healthiest populations of black rhino in the world. The area also supports a considerable diversity of smaller mammals, birds, snakes, lizards, invertebrates, etc. The majestic scenes of elephant herds refreshing themselves at the natural springs along the margins of the pan, backdropped against the shimmering-white expanses of the pan itself and the spectacular diversity of other large mammals, makes it one of the most popular game parks in Africa.

Kavango East and Zambezi Regions. This delta system in Kalahari Desert comprises permanent marshlands and seasonally flooded plains. It is one of the very few major interior delta systems that do not flow into a sea or ocean, with a wetland system that is almost intact. One of the unique characteristics of the property is the progressive annual flooding from the River Okavango that progress through the system to reach its peak in Botswana during the dry season, with the result that the native plants and animals have synchronized their biological cycles with these seasonal rains and floods.

The biota has uniquely adapted their growth and reproductive behaviour, particularly the flooded grassland biota, to be timed with the arrival of floodwater. It is an exceptional example of the interaction between climatic, hydrological and biological processes. This situation changed rapidly from the 18th century onwards with the expansion of European colonizers and ensuing conflicts over land. These groups themselves are sub-divided into several distinct language groups and self-identifying communities, e. Kung, the Naro, the Khwe and the! The Succulent Karoo biome is an internationally recognized biodiversity hotspot, and is the world's only arid hotspot.

The km 2 biome extends from the south-west through the north-western areas of South Africa and into southern Namibia. N15 17 W23 46 Date de soumission: N14 49 - N14 54 W - W24 44 Date de soumission: Brava, ville de Nova Sintra. N14 55 15 W23 31 30 Date de soumission: Santiago, ville de Praia. N16 86 - N16 51 W24 85 - W24 51 Date de soumission: La superficie totale du complexe est de ,6 km2, couvrant la superficie des terres, la zone marine et la zone tampon.

N15 03 - N14 48 W24 16 W24 30 Date de soumission: Sao Filipe ha: Ceci explique le fait qu'une grande partie de la population a une couleur de peau claire, les yeux bleus et les cheveux blonds. S18 55 20 E47 31 58 Date de soumission: N13 44 31 W15 31 01 Date de soumission: Janjangbureh Island, Central River Region. The historic quarter of the Island of Janjangbureh, Historic Georgetown, is being proposed for inclusion in the tentative list as an extension of the Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites inscription.

The area continues to evoke the spirit of the island in its heydays. Some of the buildings in the historic quarter which was the European settlement are in a reasonable state of conservation,especially those that were acquired by the local inhabitants and have been converted to new uses such as accommodation and bar and restaurant facilities to serve the growing tourist industry.

Others have been converted to government offices. Many are rapidly decaying or are merely ruins with upstanding walls. The area around the Regional Governor's house was the British settlement and seat of government with several period buildings still standing in their original glory. The building has been renovated to enable it to continue its function as the residence and office of the most important government official in the region. In close proximity are two colonial relics, the Post Office which also doubled as telephone exchange facility and the Deputy Governor's house.

Both building are well preserved, maintained and continue to be in use. The street was mainly occupied by the trading firms of the colonial period. Most of their houses which doubled as shops can still be identified but are in various stages of decay. The streetscape remains virtually unchanged and continues to evoke the spirit of the time when trading was vibrant in this community.

A wooden house on this street testifies to the presence of the community of Liberated Africans who were sent in from Freetown in to plug the skills gap that was apparent in the new British settlement. On the same street is the Methodist Church which in its early life served both as church and school,and is regarded as the longest surviving Methodist church that continues to be in use. One of these buildings,of which only walls remain, appears to be a warehouse with an adjoining wharf inscribed at the bottom with the date still extant.

Both buildings are in various stages of decay and remain unused,but continue to gain immense attraction as relics of Georgetown's past. To the west of the settlement is a Christian cemetery where headstones and tombs attest to the numerous colonial administrators, traders, missionaries and liberated Africans who lived and passed away in Georgetown. At the junction of Jackson and Mercer Street is the last remaining colonial metal lamppost on which gas lamps were hung to provide light for the tiny British settlement.

N13 41 24 W14 52 39 Date de soumission: Nianija District,Central River Region. The quarry site is located on a laterite ridge to the east of the Wassu stone circles site. Other shallow cuts and stepped platforms also indicate quarry activity but may also imply natural erosion features. Some partially dressed stones remain in situ but are fractured;which probably led to their abandonment. Another quarry lies to the ESE.

From the visible remains in situ,the stones appear to have been removed in blocks, as it occurs naturally and it is then dressed, presumably at the quarry site. The ridge is littered with broken fragments of stone. The number of quarries does not reflect the magnitude of the Wassu circles and its outliers although present plant growth cover prohibits an accurate assessment of the extent of the quarries. S 34 01 51 69 E 18 25 07 92 Date de soumission: The Cape Winelands is situated in the extreme south-western corner of the African continent in the immediate vicinity of Cape Town, the capital of the Western Cape Province, one of nine provinces of the Republic of South Africa.

Overview of the early development of agriculture and interest in the botanical richness of the Cape of Good Hope: At the onset of globalisation, the Cape of Good Hope was established in as a victualling station for the Dutch East India Company to supply its fleets sailing to and from the East Indies. Fresh water and meat supplies as well as vegetables and fruit were essential to sustain the trading ventures and gardens were laid on. Soon, however, the interest in the botanical and medicinal qualities of the Cape botanical richness triggered interests in the Netherlands and plants, seeds, bulbs and cuttings were regularly supplied to the botanical and medical gardens of cities and private collectors.

The earliest agricultural calendar to guide farming activities at the Cape was compiled early in the 18th century by WA van der Stel, owner of Vergelegen. Overview of the development of the wine industry in the Cape: Together with three soil types - granite, shale and sandstone - the mediterranean climate of the Western Cape, influenced by maritime conditions and mountainous terroir, is viticulturally ideal for growing good grapes. After the small land grants along the Amsel now the Liesbeeck River on the slopes of Table Mountain were made to the first nine Free Burghers in , more vines were planted.

Barely two years later, on 2 February , the first wine was produced at the Cape. By governor Simon van der Stel planted more than , vines in the Constantia valley. These Protestant refugees brought with them the knowledge of viticulture, which helped to promote and advance the economic prosperity of the Cape. From , Constantia regularly exported red and white wines to Europe.

When the British took control of the Cape in , the wine trade and brandy production boomed and a dramatic rise in wine export occurred during the first half of the 19th century. However, by Great Britain and France entered into a trade agreement and the subsequent lowered import tariffs on French wine imported into Britain negatively impacted on Cape wine exports. To make things worse, the phylloxera louse Phylloxera vastatrix created havoc in the Cape winelands from after decimating vineyards in Europe.

After the end of the Second South African War , vineyards were re-established with vines grafted onto imported phylloxera-resistant rootstocks. In , the first South African wine co-operatives were formed in response to the depression in the wine and spirit industry. Regulations for cultivation and prices were established, followed by a quota system to curb over-production.

In an American doctor, Jack Winshaw, and a local farmer began producing natural wine. In the Stellenbosch Farmers' Wineries was registered as a public company, followed in by the establishment of the Distillers Corporation. The dawn of a democratic South African society at the end of the 20th century also heralded the abolishment of the over-controlled wine industry and the introduction of black empowerment initiatives in the wine industry.

Development of the Cape vernacular architecture: From the outset, and following the example of the indigenous San hunters and Khoekhoe gatherers , the settlement at the Cape were dependent on the availability of local materials to build shelter. A limited amount of building materials, such as hard timber and floor tiles, were imported from Madagascar, Mauritius, the East Indies and the Netherlands. Stone was quarried and sun-dried bricks were made to build walls. Indigenous trees in the forests on the slopes of the Cape mountains were felled and hand-sawed into beams, rafters, doors and window frames, while the readily-available reeds restio of the Cape fynbos were used as thatching material for roofs.

The Cape limekilns were stacked with seashells from the beaches or, further into the interior, with local limestone to produce lime for building purposes. Exotic tree species, such as the oak Quercus rubur , bamboo and poplar, were planted on the farms to supplement the shortage of timber for construction purposes.

Some of the characteristic elements of the Cape vernacular architecture were established during the visit to the Cape in of a High Commissioner of the DEIC who gave instructions to the then Governor that all new buildings of the Company at the Cape had to be constructed with local stone at least up to window-sill height, had to be plastered and then limewashed to protect it from the notorious Cape winter weather there was not enough timber available at the Cape to produce hard-baked bricks and low walls were to be built to connect buildings and structures to create an enclosed farmstead that resembled a Dutch " hofstede ".

Even the Governor applied these instructions and he added to them the latest mathematical and scientific principles from Europe to personally set out his own estate, Constantia, and at least one outpost of the Company, Vergelegen. It was also here that a wide variety of exotic fruits and vegetables, sourced from all over the globe, were planted as experiments that laid the basis of the commercial agricultural development in South Africa. By more land grants were allocated to Free Burghers and freed black slaves. Following the prosperity that the 18th century brought to the Cape, farmsteads, originally simple and basic utilitarian, acquired gables - the earliest dated from the midth century.

These gables, both front and back gables as well as end gables, were usually decorated with plaster elements. However, two farmsteads stood out as the idealised farmsteads, i. During the latter part of the 18th century, Cape Town was known as "Little Paris". At the same time sailors, soldiers, craftsmen, labourers and Company officials originating from Europe also set foot at the Cape. Many were skilled craftsmen and women and were instrumental in the development, interpretation and the decorations found on the Cape's vernacular architecture, reflecting the cultural diversity of the artisans, the owners and the stylistic influences assembled from Africa, Europe and Asia.

Some farmers had teams of slave artisans specialising in crafts related to the building trade, such as plasterers, thatchers, ironmongers and carpenters. Others were talented cabinetmakers or silversmiths who crafted furniture and utensils that filled the homesteads. Only a few of these talents are known by name, in most cases Cape vernacular architecture has the anonymous yet individual signatures of individuals who meticulously worked on the elements that make up the whole - sometimes sophisticated, sometimes naive.

The Cape vernacular architecture even triggered a Revival Cape Dutch movement during the 20th century throughout Southern Africa. Much of the documentation related to both the history of the viticulture, the development of a vernacular architecture and slave history is included in the holdings of the Western Cape Archives, which is included in the VOC Archives inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World. One of the defining aspects of the dialogue and conflict of civilisations in South Africa and globally is missionary education.

They are located on landscape that had been ravaged by years of wars of dispossession. They produced Southern African leaders who presented a synthesis of Western and African values. The University of Fort Hare is regarded as the melting pot of the African nationalism influencing other African countries in the liberation of the continent. Governmental buildings, designed by Sir Herbert Baker, with towers and gardens, completed in Apartheid policy of racial separation; forced removal creates area for whites , defiance campaign, efforts of working class, role of youths, reconciliation rainbow nation.

These sites demonstrate a particularly brutal form of town planning, and a way of living that has since been overthrown, but whose impact lingers on long after it is gone. This site draws attention to the Non-Racial Fight for Human Rights and Freedom, draws attention to the values contained in the SA Freedom Charter, a document that draws very strongly from global founding documents on Human Rights, which has a very strong emphasis on reconciliation and inclusion.

The values of universal freedom, dialogue continue in this site. Chief Albert Luthuli was probably the first ANC and liberation leader to gain the kind of international stature he gained and is acknowledged as the first African leader to become a Nobel Peace Laureate. His leadership inspired generations of liberation activists and yet he spent most of his later life under house arrest. His home and now memorial museum houses authentic collections of his times and role in the liberation struggle.

His arrest was the catalyst for a series of trials, culminating in the Rivonia Treason Trial that would ultimately see him spend 27 years in prison. Manaye Hall in Pietermaritzburg was the site of the first major attempt to bring together all South African political role players to find a peaceful reconciliation to the conflict. From the s to mids itbecame the epicentre of low intensity conflict that was aimed to delay the advent of human rights and liberation. This conflict was resolved through negotiation and reconciliation, testified to by diverse sites in the Pietermaritzburg area.

This place tells the story of Nelson Mandela and the values that he represented. It hosts documents speeches and photographs that reveal authenticity and integrity to the many events that unfolded in the liberation struggle for South Africa. One of the sites of the subversion of justice in the service of violating human rights. It became a terrain of struggle where various political trialists indicted the colonial situation, and demonstrated links to the global human rights struggle. Massacre Sites associated with passive resistance and search for human rights and justice. The events at these sites accentuated international attention, accelerated the emergence of UN Resolutions, consolidated the internationalisation of the South African question.

These events were clear examples of the violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. While they are evidence of the brutality of the oppressor, courage of the oppressed — they are also reminders of the value of peace, reconciliation and human rights. Defiance; Liberation movement and ideals; human rights — produced 2 Nobel Laureates Tutu and Mandela, and Chief Luthuli once had ties to the same street ;.

Reconciliation; Memorial to Youth Activism and struggle for equal rights and access to education, memorial to youth victims of the state violence. Ideals of human rights and constitutional democracy; principle of restorative justices and reconciliation. Chronicles the journey of evolution of the struggle for human rights, freedom and justice; Celebrating democracy, human rights and reconciliation — the encompassing symbol of the story of South Africa. Freedom Park is situated on Salvokop in Pretoria.

Waaihoek site is an important representative of the domestication of international tools of political engagement, the transition to modern political movements with the formation of a National Liberation Movement that sought participation of the excluded in a united South Africa, rather than a reclamation of previous polities. These sites collectively illustrate the role of traditional African values in democratic and participatory governance.

The associated context shaped a leader like Nelson Mandela. They also signify the role of youth in achieving positive change. These sites collectively are a powerful symbol of the complex interaction between rural and urban in situations of a migratory labour system. They are one of the metaphors for the relationship of the urban and rural in the evolution of the modern political setup. These are associated with the Black Consciousness movement which emerged in the s to fight the repressive Apartheid regime after political formations were banned.

The killing of Biko drew global attention, consolidated international solidarity and changed the tone, emphasis and focus of the SA human rights and liberation struggle in a big way. They are sites at which new and alternative engagements with the universal idea of Blackness were developed and demonstrated. S 34 06 29 E 24 23 24 Date de soumission: Debates around the origin of these anatomically modern humans and the modernity of their behaviour are crucial to understanding the history of all modern people.

The South African sites; Blombos, Border Cave, Diepkloof, Klasies River, Pinnacle Point and Sibudu Cave have contributed outstanding evidence for palaeoenvironmental conditions via the rich mid to Late Pleistocene African mammal fauna with a number of species now extinct, as well as extensive other palaeoenvironmental data from well-dated stratigraphic horizons.

Evidence in artefacts such as stone tools, in indications of pigment use and hearths has been interpreted as showing the occupants made significant social, behavioral and technical innovations. Blombos has some of the earliest evidence for symbolic behaviour. Klasies River main site, Blombos, Pinnacle Point and other sites provide some of the earliest evidence for the systematic use of marine resources in the last Interglacial.

Border Cave and Klasies River have remains of early anatomically modern humans. As a group, these sites have been vital to our understanding of the origin of anatomically modern humans and their modern cognitive abilities. A recent hypothesis around modern cognitive behaviour has posited these fatty acids as being the primary trigger for the enhanced cognitive development of modern humans, resulting in the unique ability of modern humans to understand and utilise symbols.

This unique characteristic of modern human behaviour is responsible for language, art and religion.

The origins of this ability to think symbolically therefore have global relevance to each of the 7 billion people that currently occupy our planet. The South African coastal record tells the story of how the human species became intertwined with the marine environment and it gives a time depth and clarity unique in the world. The sites were eroded probably in Pliocene times, more than 2 million years ago, by wave action in the cliff face at 18m and 6m above the present sea level.

Unusual geological conditions have allowed the preservation of bone and shell. The extensive shell midden is the largest well preserved evidence for shell fish exploitation in South Africa, if not the world at the Last Interglacial. The bones include skull and post-cranial remains of among the oldest well-dated anatomically modern people, Homo sapiens.

These finds demonstrate that modern humans were living at the southern end and probably elsewhere in the African continent at a period considerably earlier than comparable fossils are recorded in other parts of the world. Border Cave is a very large solution cavern overlooking a spectacular drop into Swaziland. They include a morphologically very significant partial cranium, more modern than the remains from Klasies River. Sibudu has a comprehensive Middle Stone Age record well dated by Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating to between 77, and 38, years ago.

This period is seldom represented in such detail in other South African sites and it is therefore a model for the national Middle Stone Age sequence during a significant stage marked by a florescence of material culture that seems to imply complex human cognition.

As a result of the calcretes formed on the cliff top and their alkaline buffering action, all the PP sites have excellent fossil bone preservation, unlike many caves along the Cape coast. Research is based upon finds discovered in a trench that is 16 m across and 3. The deposits consist of burnt and nonburnt organic residues and ash from hearths, ash dumps and burnt bedding.

It is estimated that fragments from 25 containers have been found. Eggshell fragments have been found throughout the period of occupation of the cave but those with engraving are found only in several layers within the Howiesons Poort period. Blombos Cave is situated in a steep cliff, m from the Indian Ocean and The sediments of the cave were well protected as the cave elevation sheltered it from erosion by the high sea level stands during Marine Isotope Stage 5e and Marine Isotope Stage 1. The cave is situated in the calcified sediments of the Tertiary Wankoe Formation, which contributes to the good preservation of faunal and human remains recovered from the site.

The Blombos Cave site preserves an extensive record of archaeological evidence in the Middle Stone Age, integral to research on the oldest evidence for modern humans in sub-Saharan Africa and bears a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition which has disappeared. The symbolic significance of the marine-shell beads and the engraved ochre pieces, taken with the regular manufacture and use of bone tools, finely made bifacial points, and the probable ability to fish, suggests a cognitive-behavioural package not previously associated with Middle Stone Age people and may be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas or with beliefs, of outstanding universal significance.

The conceptual ability to source, combine and store substances that enhance technology or social practices represents ability for long-term planning and suggests conceptual and cognitive abilities previously unknown for this time. This may be considered to be an outstanding example of a technological ensemble which illustrates a significant stage in human history. N11 23 13 E42 46 53 Date de soumission: N11 01 48 E42 51 71 Date de soumission: Elle est de la famille des Bovidae.

N 11 10 45 18 E41 47 36 26 Date de soumission: On trouve les gazelles de Pelzeln Gazella dorcas pelzelni autour du lac. N11 41 00 E42 25 00 Date de soumission: N11 48 00 E42 41 00 Date de soumission: N11 36 E43 10 Date de soumission: Commune de Boulaos, Djibouti ville. En , Djibouti devient le chef-lieu de la colonie.

Il est le plus important du pays. N11 13 00 E43 11 00 Date de soumission: N11 24 E42 82 Date de soumission: Sans Soucis, Port Glaud. It is served by the public road Victoria-Sans Souci-Port Glaud which traverses the central mountain chain running from east to west. The site lies 6 km from the town and it can be reached by vehicle in 20 minutes. The general topography consists of a ridge with a flat summit, which is bordered by steep slopes above the road.

Florence Lerique

The flat zone, is the only one which is equipped covering an area of 0, 75 ha. Its longest dimension is meters from the entrance signpost until the viewing lodge. This zone is occupied by Venn's Town ruins and by the viewing lodge which are clearly demarcated by the natural change in the topography and by the dense forest vegetation which are found on the steep slopes. The ruins consist mainly of traces of foundations of the 5 buildings which cover a total area of square meters.

Certain of the wall elevators are still in place together with the window recess. The buildings were apparently built in lime. It is one of the most historically and culturally meaningful site in Seychelles. Its importance lies not only in the fact that its ruins bear testimony to an important phase in Seychelles history but its location itself, the landscape within which it exists, decidedly well-chosen by the missionaries to set up Venn's Town, is a heritage worth noting.

Venn's Town is a place of unique historical, cultural, aesthetic and ecological value. It is a mystical place nested amongst the dense and unique vegetations of the Morne Seychellois National Park. Venn's Town exudes a kind of mysticthat can be felt immediately as one step on the site. This probably due to its rich history in excluded location. It was set up as an industrious school by the Church Missionary society, a philanthropic group in to accommodate children of liberated slaves. The site is located on top of a mountain in a national park, far from the main town area, a place unique in biodiversity and history.

Originally Venn's Town covered an area of 50 acres of which a large percentage was used for vanilla and cocoa cultivation. The main buildings consisted of two dormitories measuring feet by 25 feet, one for the boys and one for the girls. A number of houses, washrooms, kitchens, huts for labourers, a workshop and storeroom and a mission cottage for the schoolmaster and his family made up the settlement. Since the last batch of liberated Africans landed in Seychelles in , the Institution eventually took in children born of African parents who worked as labourers on various plantations.

The site has a diversity of endemic plants and animals found nowhere else in the world. Apart from a diversity of native and exotic plants, the Morne Seychellois National Park is also home to a diversity of animal species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world. It contains the smallest frog Sooglosus species which is related to an ancestral species which was recently discovered in the mountains of India. There are also a number of endemic birds such as the Seychelles scoops owl Otus insultis , an endemic found only in Seychelles.

The species is so rare that it has been listed as critically endangered. Hence the biodiversity of the area is of paramount importance. Silhouette was the first island of the group to be seen when the islands were discovered in but was not settled until the early 19th century.

From attempts were made to develop parts of the island for agriculture or forestry. A wide range of plants was introduced for crops of timber, fruit, spices and oils. These are all abandoned now but the plants can still be found growing in the most unlikely places. In the s a small grove of Coco-de-Mer trees Lodoicea maldivica was planted high in the mountains. This thriving population of this rare palm provided an occupation for part of the strong labour force on the island, some of whom had to climb up to the trees to water them daily. The dramatic legacy of the island's history; a cast-iron neo-classical mausoleum, is the most remarkable piece of eccentricity in all Seychelles.

Silhouette is the third largest island in Seychelles archipelago and also rated as one of the most physically attractive island in the granites group. Five Kilometres long and wide, Silhouette which is about one hour boat ride from Mahe, boasts the meter high Mount Dauban and its surrounding thick virgin forests, which is a haven for ecologists and environmentalists. Blessed by this luxuriant evergreen vegetation, the island is surrounded with a rich marine life kingdom whose reefs contains a multitude of all types of fish and shells, whilst green turtles breed on some of its un spoilt beaches.

Silhouette which got its name from that of an 18th century French Minister is also known to have been the home to one of the most notorious pirates, Jean Francois Hodoul and the legend has it that his fortune still lies buried there. Surrounded by a national marine park extending a mile from its coastline, Silhouette lies near one of the fishing banks found between the island and one of the most beautiful beach the Beau Vallon beach.

N5 7 E38 40 Date de soumission: The Gedeo Zone lies between 5 0 and 7 0 North latitude and 38 0 and 40 0 East longitude, in the escarpments of the southeastern Ethiopian highlands overlooking the Rift Valley, in the narrow strip of land running from North Sidama zone to South Oromiya region. It shares the largest boundary with Oromiya regional state and only in the north-east with Sidama Zone. The Gedeo Mixed Cultural and Natural Landscape is the combination and the presence of a harmony of combination between nature and cultural civilization. Gedeo is the place where one can see great and magnificent ancient megalithic stones dispersed in the breadth and width of the natural heritage i.

Chelba Tuttiti Megalithic Site. The height of these stelae measured from 0. It is far about 8 km south west of the town of Yerga Cheffe. Sede is located 6km from the main international road that connects Ethiopia with Nairobi. An altitude of a. It is found at the top of a hill. It is a protected area which has thirty five meters of length and 30 meters of width. Though it is a protected area, it does not have a fence and currently, the area is covered with bushes and trees. No one knows when and who erected the stelae at Sede Mercato.

More than stelae, associated with tumulus and the majority of them are found still standing. Sede Mercato is a cairn roughly oriented north-south. The site contains numerous stelae of various size with cylindrical shaft or quadrangular ones, with or without the Tuttofella type decoration or Tutti type. The height of the cairn seems to be about one or two meter in its central part.

Some of the occupation are likely recent and especially in the outer and northern part of the cairn, marked by roughly hewn monolithic stelae made from basaltic prism. The height of the stelae measures 2. The strong possibility in this was a funerary cairn whose tombs were built successively by acceleration, quite like Tuttofella cairn.

Phallic stelae are numerous, some were shaped using hammer stone and others have been obviously been worked with metal tools. Tuttofella Megalithic Site is located in Wonago Woreda. Joussaume discovered seven megalithic sites in three woredas of Gedeo. His intensive excavation in Wonago in Tutu Fela from resulted in the discovery of human remains buried in different layers. More than one dead body was buried in one tomb in different periods Metasebia, Joussaume , the top layer constituted corpses that are dated from 12th - 13th century A.

The bottom layer is dated to the 10th century A. Thus, he assumed that two different generations used the same site for burial in different periods. In Tuttofella, The stelae are carved from ryolites of various kind and basaltic prism columnar basalt. Sakaro Sodo Megalithic Site. Sakaro Sodo megalithic site contains an alignment of 27 standing stelae and seven stelae that lay in the ground. All of these stelae are found encircling a big indigenous Dokema tree. From these stelae only ten of them are standing or intact. The longest stelae measures 3.

Odola Gelma Rock Engravings Site. It is located on a river named Hanshi Malcho. This is a sacred river used for a ritual ceremony that is related to purity. Odola Gelma Rock Engraving Site is surrounded by red volcanic lava. It shows images of long- and short-horned cattle.

The Gedeo indigenous agro forestry is located along the eastern escarpment of the rift valley system of Ethiopia. This was formed during Miocene epoch 26 million ago. It is found with altitudinal ranges from to m. This is one of the indicators of how far the landscape diversities are important in the view of world center for flora and fauna diversities. This has also boosted landscapes connectivity and is maintaining wider watersheds areas. Moreover, the landscapes also create their own scenic beauties which serve as potential ecotourism sites.

Registration of the system safeguard these unique landscapes, and visitors may enjoy by looking at the physiographic and geological features and get a good understanding of the formation of the rift valley system in general and escarpment in particular. The escarpment also contains a hot spring which is also one of the tourist attraction features of the area. Gedeo Mixed Cultural and Natural Landscape is also exceptional, it carries the highest population density in Africa. Higher carrying capacity of the system is mainly attributed to the existence of Enset E.

About 20 million people from central and southern highlands of Ethiopia depend on this crop to supply family food Asnaketch, Thus, registration of this unique and drought tolerant food plants paves the way to maintain the genetic pools and perpetuate the species in indigenous agroforestry. Melka Kunture, as it can be seen today, is part of a gently undulating landscape of the Upper Awash Valley, in the highlands of Ethiopia, at c.

All over the Upper Pliocene and the Pleistocene, tectonic activity led to the deepening of the demi-graben depression where the meandering paleo-Awash deposited alluvia. Through time, parts of the paleo-landscape were buried again and again, blanketed both by alluvial deposits, and by volcanic deposits produced by the nearby volcanoes. Accordingly, past surfaces, littered with archaeological implement and prehistoric animal remains, were covered by sediments and escaped destruction.

There is now evidence by natural erosion on the banks of the little gullies of the local tributaries of the Awash. Archaeological excavations allowed for the recovery of the prehistoric heritage and of the related scientific information. More than 80 archaeological layers have been identified during 50 years of archaeological research; 30 of them have been extensively excavated over surfaces ranging from 50 m 2 to m 2.

Tens of thousands of lithic tools, faunal and sometime human remains Homo erectus sensu lato and archaic Homo sapiens have been discovered. Many more are preserved in an area of more than km 2 , and wait for future research and for future generations of scholars. The visible thickness of these deposits is around 30 m, but the cumulative thickness of the various levels is about m.

The archaeological deposits of Melka Kunture are a unique archive of human evolution, spanning over more than 1. All over this sequence, a diversified range of lithic raw materials of volcanic origin were available for knapping by humans: The volcanic rocks utilized for knapping were different types of basalts, ignimbrites, trachytes and trachybasalts on one hand, and obsidian on the other hand.

These two groups of raw materials present completely different qualities for stone knapping. Accordingly, Melka Kunture can be seen as a laboratory for human evolution, where the requisites for trial and error procedures were naturally available, fostering the development of cognitive capabilities in humans. Obsidian is especially important, and appears virtually at each site, starting from the archaeological record with the Oldowan at 1.

At some sites obsidian is the only material used. The primary source is Balchit, a dome-flow which is also part of the archaeological area. Erosion of the Balchit outcrops and re-deposition by the tributaries of the Awash eventually led to the formation of rich and numerous secondary sources, which did not escape from the attention of prehistoric humans.

Obsidian exploitation was still under way in recent historic times, when this naturally occurring volcanic glass was used in everyday activities, as in curing animal hides. The obsidian dome-flow of Balchit is spotted by extensive flaking areas. Cores, flakes, blades and debris have accumulated on thousands of square meters since prehistory and well into historic times. Sites memoriaux du genocide: Ces sites couvrent une superficie totale de Sa tombe qui est dans les enceintes du site existe avant avril N8 34 W13 2 Date de soumission: Bunce is a feet uninhabitted island lying approximately 20 miles up the Sierra Leone River from Freetown, the Capital city of Sierra Leone.

Bunce Island was established as a slave trading station in At their slave trading heights British traders shipped tens of thousands of African slaves to the Americas from this place. The trading fort was subjected to attacks a number of times by other Europeans. Slave trading ceased on the island with the abolition of slace trade in It was however in the that the Bunce Island fort was finally abandoned. Bunce Island was declared a National Monument in N07 39 00 W10 54 00 Date de soumission: It shows a high variety of different forest habitats in different stages pristine to disturbed, and various succession stages and is home to many species, many of them being endemic to the Upper Guinean forests, and even to smaller areas in the region.

Located in the south-eastern edge of Sierra Leone, on the border with Liberia, the Gola Forest is the largest remnant of the Upper Guinea tropical moist lowland high evergreen forest in Sierra Leone with a total area of 71, ha. It lies in three districts, principally Kenema district but extends into Kailahun district in the North and Pujehun District in the South. Seven chiefdoms are associated with the Gola Forest. These can claim land ownership of the Gola Forest, yet the legislative and administrative authority lies with the Forestry Division of MAFF and more directly with the offices of the local District Forestry Officer in each of the three districts.

The Gola Forest lies within the wet tropical climatic zone and the average rainfall is estimated at 2,mm White The predominant features of Gola include extensive rolling hills, but also areas of swampy terrain. Gola South, as far as the Mahoi River, is typified by relatively small trees with a dense understory and frequent swamps along the river valleys. The Gola Forest provides important local water supplies to villages around the forest and the forest reserves are an important catchment for the Moro, Mahoi, Mano and Moa rivers.

The total number of plant species recorded is species with forest species endemic to the Upper Guinea forests. Forty nine species of larger mammals are known from the Gola Forest. The most important mammals of conservation value and significance are pygmy hippopotamus, African forest elephant, zebra duiker chimpanzee, Diana monkey and western red colobus.