Contrary to her custom and contrary to the general custom, she hadn't bolted the door, which made her father think but only briefly and almost without thinking it, as he finally managed to swallow that perhaps his daughter, while she was crying, had been expecting, wanting someone to open the door and to stop her doing what she'd done, not by force, but by their mere presence, by looking at her naked, living body or by placing a hand on her shoulder.
But no one else apart from her this time, and because she was no longer a little girl went to the bathroom during lunch. The breast that hadn't taken the full impact of the blast was clearly visible, maternal and white and still firm, and everyone instinctively looked at that breast, more than anything in order to avoid looking at the other, which no longer existed or was now nothing but blood.
It had been many years since her father had seen that breast, not since its transformation, not since it began to be maternal, and for that reason, he felt not only frightened but troubled too. The other girl, her sister, who had seen the changes wrought by adolescence and possibly later too, was the first to touch her, with a towel her own pale blue towel, which was the one she usually picked up , with which she began to wipe the tears from her sister's face, tears mingled with sweat and water, because before the tap had been turned off, the jet of water had been splashing against the basin and drops had fallen on to her sister's face, her white breast, her crumpled skirt, as she lay on the floor.
She also made hasty attempts to staunch the blood as if that might make her sister better, but the towel became immediately drenched and useless, it too became tainted with blood. Instead of leaving it to soak up more blood and to cover her sister's chest, she withdrew it when she saw how red the towel had become it was her own towel after all and left it draped over the edge of the bath and it hung there dripping. She kept talking, but all she could say, over and over, was her sister's name. He was standing on the threshold, like the other two guests, not daring to go in, as if despite the abandonment of all social niceties, they considered that only members of the family had the right to do so.
The three guests merely peered round the door, leaning forwards slightly the way adults do when they speak to children, not going any further out of distaste or respect, possibly out of distaste, despite the fact that one of them the one who'd looked at himself in the mirror was a doctor and the normal thing would have been for him to step confidently forward and examine the girl's body or, at the very least, to kneel down and place two fingers on the pulse in her neck.
He didn't do so, not even when the father, who was growing ever paler and more distressed, turned to him and, pointing to his daughter's body, said "Doctor" in an imploring but utterly unemphatic tone, immediately turning his back on him again, without waiting to see if the doctor would respond to his appeal. He turned his back not only on him and on the others but also on his daughters, the one still alive and the one he still couldn't bring himself to believe was dead and, with his elbows resting on the edge of the sink and his forehead cupped in his hands, he began to vomit up everything he'd eaten including the piece of meat he'd just swallowed whole without even chewing it.
His son, the girls' brother, who was considerably younger than the two daughters, went over to him, but all he could do to help was to seize the tails of his father's jacket, as if to hold him down and keep him steady as he retched, but to those watching it seemed more as if he were seeking help from his father at a time when the latter couldn't give it to him. Someone could be heard whistling quietly. As he could neither ask what had happened nor push his way past, and since no one took any notice of him and he had no way of finding out whether or not there were any empties to be taken back, he resumed his whistling this time to dispel his fear or to lessen the shock and went back into the kitchen, assuming that sooner or later the maid would reappear, the one who normally gave him his orders and who was neither where she was supposed to be nor with the others in the corridor, unlike the cook, who, being an associate member of the family, had one foot in the bathroom and one foot out and was wiping her hands on her apron or perhaps making the sign of the cross.
She realized then that, as usual, she'd made the mistake of taking in the dessert before she'd cleared the plates away and laid new ones, but she didn't dare collect the dirty ones and pile them up in case the absent guests hadn't finished with them and would want to resume their eating perhaps she should have brought in some fruit as well. Length and complexity of sentences, and preference for hypotaxis or parataxis The first part of the ST lines , words consists of 4 sentences, each containing at least one subordinate clause.
The second part ST, words comprises one long sentence containing a number of subordinate clauses. Syntactical structures are deliberately extended, delayed and elaborated to produce the stylized slow-motion effect. In general, the TT carefully matches the length and complexity of the sentences, using the same punctuation as the ST except for slight variation in the use of commas. There is one clear example of a hypotactic ST structure being replaced by a paratactic one in the TT: By reproducing the discourse structure of the ST so closely, the translator has risked creating a style that is more likely to be regarded as contrived, over-formal or even awkward by TL readers than the style of the ST would be perceived by SL readers.
However, there are places where the TT wisely sacrifices some of the density and concision of the ST in order to achieve a more communicative flow by means of expansion: The overall carefulness and formality of social register indicated by the sentence structuring is also markedly offset by the use of contractions, introducing a more informal style suggestive of oral discourse: Flexibility of word order The ST provides no examples of manipulation of word order for emphatic or tonal effect. Its tendency to keep to unsurprising subject-verb-object sequences contributes to the overall effect of careful, dispassionate dissection of the suicide and its aftermath.
Positioning of adjectives The ST is sparing in its use of adjectives, since the focus is primarily on the narration of actions and reactions. Most of the adjectives used are doing a straightforward defining job and are therefore postpositioned and unmarked: The TT reproduces the sense accurately and fluently though leaving the notion of simultaneity implicit , but does so in a more idiomatically normal way, without conveying any of the stylistic peculiarity of the ST construction. Use of nouns as attributive adjectives The TT contains two more or less obligatory transpositions of this kind: Markers of possession The first part of the ST features a number of phrases in which possession especially of clothing and parts of the body is indicated without an explicit possessive adjective: These are sensibly translated with possessive adjectives: The ethic datives that do appear in the ST perform the common function of marking possession and are translated with possessive adjectives, as noted above see section 9: Variation in the form of adverbs In line with normal usage in English, the TT shows minimal variation in the form of adverbs, in contrast to the ST: Range of tenses available The ST sets up a complex set of relationships between three different points in time: Consequently, the text uses an unusually wide range of tenses: Some of these are unproblematically matched by corresponding tenses in the TT, but there are two places in the ST where nuances conveyed by specific tense forms are difficult to capture in the TL.
This provides a striking opening for the novel, generating a slightly unsettling sense of temporal uncertainty or complexity from the outset. In both Spanish and English, the perfect implies a link to the present time in which the utterance is made: In Spain, the perfect is sometimes also used to refer to very recent events that would not be expressed with a perfect in English: More radical transposition may help to convey the effect in a different way: The TT, however, seems to suggest perfective aspect: Another instance of the translator misjudging aspect occurs in the second section of the ST: As expressed in the ST, the two simultaneous events — the shot and the dropping of the dishes — are most obviously understood as instantaneous.
In the TT, the action of setting down the dishes is presented as continuous activity one dish at a time? A verb indicating a more abrupt event is required, and there is no good reason to put it into a continuous form. The effect is cinematic, as if showing in slow motion the seconds during which the father reacts to seeing the body, and offering a close-up of his shocked face with a bulge moving incongruously from one cheek to the other.
- Request Rejected.
- Bed Bugs Travelers Handbook (The Bed Bug Chronicles Part 11).
- Ye are gods: The Path of Righteousness.
The contrast could be brought out even more by expansion: None of these transpositions is obligatory and more literal versions would be equally viable: Preference for phrasal verbs in English Many of the phrasal verbs used in the TT appear in phrases in which there is no satisfactory alternative: However, the TT has not taken every available opportunity to introduce phrasal verbs, which could have been sed in the following cases: Primero entraba la mujer, recelosa; ahora llegaba el amante, lastimada la cara por el chicotazo de una rama. He had put it aside because of some urgent business, opened it again on his way back to the estate by train; he allowed himself a slowly growing interest in the plot, in the drawing of characters.
That afternoon, after writing a letter to his agent and discussing with the manager of his estate a matter of joint ownership, he returned to the book in the tranquility of his study which looked out upon the park with its oaks. Sprawled in his favorite armchair, with his back to the door, which would otherwise have bothered him as an irritating possibility for intrusions, he let his left hand caress once and again the green velvet upholstery and set to reading the final chapters.
Without effort his memory retained the names and images of the protagonists; the illusion took hold of him almost at once. He tasted the almost perverse pleasure of disengaging himself line by line from all that surrounded him, and feeling at the same time that his head was relaxing comfortably against the green velvet of the armchair with its high back, that the cigarettes were still within reach of his hand, that beyond the great windows the afternoon air danced under the oak trees in the park.
Word by word, immersed in the sordid dilemma of the hero and heroine, letting himself go toward where the images came together and took on color and movement, he was witness to the final encounter in the mountain cabin. The woman arrived first, apprehensive; now the lover came in, his face cut by the backlash of a branch.
BUY ON AMAZON'S NEVER EASY
Hasta esas caricias que enredaban el cuerpo del amante como queriendo retenerlo y disuadirlo, dibujaban abominablemente la figura de otro cuerpo que era necesario destruir. En lo alto, dos puertas. The dagger warmed itself against his chest, and underneath pounded liberty, ready to spring.
A lustful, yearning dialogue raced down the pages like a rivulet of snakes, and one felt it had all been decided from eternity. Even those caresses which writhed about the lover's body, as though wishing to keep him there, to dissuade him from it, sketched abominably the figure of that other body it was necessary to destroy. Nothing had been forgotten: From this hour on, each instant had its use minutely assigned. The cold-blooded, double re-examination of the details was barely interrupted for a hand to caress a cheek.
It was beginning to get dark. Without looking at each other now, rigidly fixed upon the task which awaited them, they separated at the cabin door. She was to follow the trail that led north. On the path leading in the opposite direction, he turned for a moment to watch her running with her hair let loose. He ran in turn, crouching among the trees and hedges until he could distinguish in the yellowish fog of dusk the avenue of trees leading up to the house.
The dogs were not supposed to bark, and they did not bark. The estate manager would not be there at this hour, and he was not. He went up the three porch steps and entered. Through the blood galloping in his ears came the woman's words: At the top, two doors. No one in the first bedroom, no one in the second. The door of the salon, and then the knife in his hand, the light from the great windows, the high back of an armchair covered in green velvet, the head of the man in the chair reading a novel. A la manera cervantina, en un juego de espejos, asistimos al milagro de la lectura: Y nos remite al infinito: No es nuevo este mecanismo literario del libro dentro del libro —mejor, en este caso, del lector dentro del lector—.
Y el verbo es, significativamente, volver, es decir, regresar; el acto de leer ingresa al protagonista en otro espacio: Instalado en una aparente seguridad frente al mundo que lo rodea, el lector se separa de la realidad progresivamente. La vigencia del momento se apodera de la propia escritura y las palabras, de pronto, parecen cobrar vida: Con la llegada de la noche se precipita el relato hacia su desenlace, cobrando movimiento.
Tras la tercera puerta —y entonces Un hombre lee una novela. Argumento de la novela: El acto de leer se describe con deleite en lo que tiene de sensualidad, comodidad y abandono —un placer casi perverso— por medio de formas no personales del verbo: El cuento tiene mucho que ver con el poema. Editorial Santillana 36 Translation from Spanish to English 4.
Explaining cultural items Task 4. In Spain it comes close to being an art form. There are so many ways of imbibing it that it can take some considerable time to explain to a waiter exactly how you want it served. You can have it solo black , cortado with just a drop of milk or con leche white. Each of the three varieties can be served with single or double measures of coffee, in either a glass or a cup. The strength can be varied by asking for your coffee to be corto de cafe short on coffee or largo de agua long on water , a solo largo de agua being known as an americano.
In the case of cafe con leche, you must decide between a large, medium or small cup or glass, with corresponding amounts of milk added to bring it up to the brim. And with cafe cortado, you have the choice of either hot or cold milk. By my reckoning, that makes for seventy-two basic permutations, though it could be argued that a single largo de agua is the same as the corresponding double, corto de cafe.
It does not stop there. There are the various forms of instant coffee — universally known as Nescafe, even if of another brand -and of cafe descafeinado decaffeinated coffee. Both can be mixed with either milk or water or both. Then there is cafe helado, which is chilled black coffee served with crushed ice and a straw, and not to be confused with cafe con hielo which consists of hot black coffee in a cup served together with a glass full of ice cubes.
Finally — I think — there are the alcohol-laced variations. A carajillo a cafe solo with a shot of Spanish brandy is usually, though not always, partially burnt off before serving and customarily, though not always, served in a glass. There are at least two more elaborate regional varieties of flavoured coffee — Catalan creimat and Galician queimada — which are prepared with locally made aguardiente, coffee beans, sugar and spice. Add to these at least half-a-dozen imported liquorenhanced brews — Irish coffee is immensely popular in Spain — and you have almost twenty further ways in which coffee can be ingested.
Ignorant of these subtleties, the newcomer to Spain is most likely to be struck by the sheer strength of the stuff. A lot of visitors to Madrid find they cannot sleep for the first few nights and put it down, quaintly, to the altitude. In fact, they have very likely taken in as much nerve-jangling, sense-awakening caffeine on their first day in Spain as they would normally ingest in a week or more back home.
Most of the coffee served in bars and restaurants comes from Colombia. But simply roasting and grinding one of the world's stronger varieties and serving it in generous measures is not enough to satisfy the Spaniards' requirement for something that enables them to remain alert while getting up early, staying up late 37 Translation from Spanish to English and often drinking significant quantities of alcohol in between.
The coffee you will normally be served in Spain is known as torrefacto, which has been double roasted and finely ground until it is the gastronomic equivalent of Semtex. Every so often, coffee industry representatives will urge their compatriots to switch to something that is easier on the nerves and softer on the palate, but their pleas never seem to make any difference.
The Spaniards' addiction to torrefacto is all of a piece with a nation in which there is very little that is bland, gentle or reassuringly soft. What is demonstrably the case is that democracy has so far done much more good than harm to the cause of bullfighting. It was not long before Spain's local politicians worked out that one way to improve their chances of re-election was to invest ratepayers' money in making a success of the town or village fiesta. Since, in most parts of the country, bullfights are traditional at festival time, one of the easiest ways to do this is to increase the quantity, or more rarely the quality, of the corridas.
At a national level, democracy has brought to power a Socialist administration which is unquestionably one of the most protaurine ever to have governed Spain. For several years after coming to power, he and his ministers nevertheless seemed content with a policy of benign neglect.
But the appointment of Jose Luis Corcuera as Interior Minister in handed responsibility for 'the bulls' to a lifelong aficionado. The degree of his complicity with the aims of the bullfighting lobby was apparent in an interview he gave to an Andalusian paper two years later. Reforms, he said, needed to be carried out 'with speed, but without making too much noise, because it would not be a good idea if the echoes were to reach those inside and outside Spain who.
He has since provided it with an entirely new legal framework. Corcuera's Ley de Espectaculos Taurinos was, remarkably, the first law ever to be enacted by a Spanish parliament to deal exclusively with bullfighting. It defined it as a 'cultural tradition', thereby strengthening the hand of those who seek to identify bullfighting with patriotism.
It provided much-needed statutory backing for penalties imposed by the authorities for infringements of the rules. And it paved the way for the introduction of an updated rule-book, or reglamento, to replace the one which had been in force since The new reglamento took effect soon after the start of the season, and at once set off a raging controversy.
Perhaps the most remarkable thing about it, in view of mounting pressure from outside for the abolition of bullfighting, was that its authors should not have seen fit to include more than a nod in the direction of animal rights. The conditions in which bulls are transported were improved. But reports at the time suggested that this was to make sure they reached 38 Translation from Spanish to English the ring in a satisfactory condition rather than to save them from unnecessary suffering. The first stage of the corrida, in which the bull is lanced by mounted picadores, was modified — but not with any evident intention of reducing the cruelty involved.
This has long been the most hotly debated phase of the fight. One reason is that, whatever changes are made, they lead either to more punishment for the bull or to greater risk for the horses. In the old days, when the picador had a more or less ordinary and unprotected mount, it was the norm for horses to be gored, and to be stumbling over their own entrails by the time they left the ring. Half-a-dozen or more were usually killed every afternoon.
To reduce the amount of gore, it was decided in to equip the horses with a mattress-like covering known as a peto. At first, it was quite light and covered only the belly and flanks. But it soon grew in size and weight to the point at which it was impeding the horse's mobility.
In the meantime, and in order to make things easier and safer for themselves, the picadores gradually ensured that their mounts became progressively heavier and stronger, to the point at which they were using virtual - if not actual - carthorses. Sitting atop these equine tanks, the picadores were in a position to mete out severe punishment to the bull, while the matadores, who were just as keen to limit the risks they were going to have to run in the second and third stages of the fight, often encouraged them to do so. Corcuera's reglamento tried to redress the balance.
It made the lance-head smaller, set a maximum weight for the peto of 30 kilos, banned carthorses and reduced the top weight for a picador's mount from to kilos. The first corrida held under the new rules took place in Seville on May Day, , and there was keen interest to see what effect the new rules would have. The first bull, after lifting one of the picador's horses into the air and dropping its rider on to the sand, ended the opening phase only slightly weaker than when it began.
- .
- Translation from Spanish to English.
- .
- Field Manual Interim FMI 4-93.2 The Sustainment Brigade February 2009 US Army!
- Wertorientierte Unternehmensführung mithilfe der Balanced Scorecard (German Edition)?
As the banderillero Manolo Montoliii raised his arms over the bull's head to thrust the darts into his back, the bull drove his horns through his chest, splitting his heart and killing him almost instantly. The post-war bulls, although small and young, had at least been fiery. Those of the sixties became progressively more docile and by the seventies some were actually falling over in the ring before the fight had run its normal course. Although that is less common nowadays, predictable, 'collaborative' bulls have become the accepted norm.
What happens to Charles I of England - and why?
El gaucho no fue menos: Ese tipo de carrera, llamada "cuadreras" porque la distancia a recorrer era de dos o tres cuadras, ha perdurado y en la llanura argentina, se sigue practicando con entusiasmo. Convoca a centenares de personas quienes, desde luego, apuestan su dinero a las patas de uno u otro animal. Lo que el verdadero aficionado quiere es un lugar especial, una suerte de "catedral del hipismo".
In Argentina, as everyone knows, horse-racing is a democratic and multi-racial passion: Native tribes long ago tested their mounts, gleaned from the strays left behind by the Conquistadors, in competitions of speed and endurance. And the mixedrace gauchos were no less equestrian. Jose Hernandez's immortal Martin Fierro, in one passage of the epic poem that bears his name, mentions a dark horse that he once owned: The type of races referred to here were known as "cuadreras" literally, "block-races" , because they ere two or three blocks long.
They are still run enthusiastically in the Argentine plains today. And they draw crowds of hundreds of spectators, who place bets on the animals of their choice. But these races are simply not enough for the true aficionado, who wants a special place to watch is races, a sort of equestrian "cathedral". In Argentina, such a place exists. It is called the San Isidro Hippodrome. And those in the know say that it is one of the most beautiful racetracks in the world. Inaugurated on December 8, , on hectares of grounds, it has a grass track, which belongs to the Jockey Club, an institution founded by Carlos "El Gringo" Pellegrini, a thoroughbred politician in the best sense of the term.
Ellos compraron las tierras, comisionaron a expertos para que trazaran la pista, que mide 2. Aunque, en rigor de verdad, no todos van a ver como los pura sangre tratan de consagrarse: Indeed, the Jockey Club is one of the foremost institutions in Argentina. Its earliest members included estancia owners, whose manifest intention was to improve the quality of local equestrian bloodlines.
They were the ones who bought the land for the Hippodrome and commissioned the experts to lay out its 2,meter track and landscape the surrounding area. On the days when classic races are run, like the "Carlos Pellegrini" instituted in in honor of the Club's founder , the comfortable grandstands host crowds of over , fervent burreros, as local slang refers to fans of the sport of Charles "The Headless". But of course, not everybody goes to the races to see how the thoroughbreds perform on the turf beneath the stands. Just as occurs at the Epsom Derby, San Isidro's classics bring out myriad dames and damsels, who come to rival one another in beauty and elegance.
Here an aside is in order: This is no idle, extemporaneous question. Anyone who has been to the races, not as an impartial observer, but as a knowledgeable aficionado, will note that the burrero in behavior somewhat akin to misogyny vanishes as soon as the race is done. He totally ignores feminine presence, fails to celebrate it, and has eyes only for the horse that he is certain will win. The latter are nearly always published with an English translation. Below is the beginning of an article on the importance of yerba mate as an Argentine export commodity.
The English version of the title and the introductory paragraph contains 56 words more than the original Spanish. Note that the translator has divided the text into three separate paragraphs in English to make the information more digestible. What techniques has he used to explicate the cultural artifacts, customs and pre-suppositions implicit in the original.
The mate makes the rounds. The circle can be a family circle or a country style one. It can be in the open air or indoors, with one gourd or two. Or the mate can even be the daily companion of a solitary person, who, on any given morning, warms up his or her body with this infusion El mate se comparte, se toma en grupo, en familia, con amigos o en el trabajo. And the mate went from hand to hand like a peace pipe This medicinal infusion, a green tea, is of ancestral origin.
A deeply rooted and characteristic custom in the River Plate region, this drink has generated a whole series of sociological and cultural interpretations. As in the case of the British 5 o'clock tea, the mate tradition is practically a religious ritual. The mate is usually shared, drunk in a group, in family, with friends, on the job. The round of mate, as this group consumption is called, generates a singular social event. The drink's greatest exponents refer to it as "the friendship ritual".
The same mate gourd and metal straw known as a bombilla is used by everyone in the round. The cebador is the person who heats the teakettle or supplies a thermos full of hot water and invites the rest of the group to take part in the mateada. The cebador serves each mate in turn to the people in the round and makes sure the yerba the green tea placed in the gourd, over which the hot water is poured and the water maintains the proper temperature. This ritual can go on indefinitely, a sort of natural and healthy vice, to be enjoyed every day at any time.
Mate is prepared using the dried leaves — without peduncles— of the herb known as Ilex paraguarensis, or simply yerba mate. A system of labour tribunals Jurisdiccion del Orden Social comprises courts of professional judges that resolve individual and collective labour disputes. These courts have an area of competence and procedure that are different from those of civil law. However, before disputes reach these labour tribunals, there are two opportunities for conciliation.
The first opportunity is offered by the Regional Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration Units that are staffed by civil servants. If this fails, the second opportunity is given on the same day as the public hearing before the judge specialising in labour law. The judge attempts mediation, which means that an interesting mixture of conciliation and mediation is involved. The administrative decision is adopted after a period of consultation between the company management and the workers' representatives, and this channel therefore also incorporates elements of mediation for resolving disputes.
The Labour Inspectorate also takes part by drawing up reports. However, if there is no agreement in the consultation period then the final ruling is made by the Labour Administration. The competence of all these joint institutions covers collective labour disputes and certain individual disputes where more than one worker is involved. Both the agreements reached through conciliation and mediation and the findings of the arbitrators produce defence of res judicata.
This means that a person concluding his or her action with a joint institution cannot then present it to a labour tribunal, and vice versa. The interested parties may choose either one channel or the other. However, there are matters for which competence is reserved for the labour tribunals, such as social security litigation.
Clarifying the syntax Non-literary texts Spanish often contain long chains of nominalizations verbal nouns , gerunds and passives that can produce nonsense when translated literally into English. Read the following advice from a Uruguayan teacher of Spanish, on how to write effectively in Spanish: Marcos Medina Vaio, 1. El estilo del periodista, Taurus, Madrid, Las palabras largas hacen las frases cargadas y complicadas y pueden hacer que el lector se fastidie. Las palabras largas cargan y complican las frases y pueden fastidiar al lector. Voz activa y voz pasiva Veamos las siguientes oraciones.
Todos los partidos del Mundial fueron trasmitidos por el canal XYZ. Todos los partidos del Mundial se trasmitieron por el canal XYZ. Los gerundios pesan La abundancia de gerundios, aunque sean correctos, carga la frase y le imprime un tono formal y solemne. Marcos Medina Vaio Task 5. It is true that there are still some tricky phrases and expressions to translate — but these are much easier to handle once the syntax is clear. An acceptable if not brilliant translation might read as follows: Clearly, the debate on the reform of the State has ideological roots and it is healthy that these should be brought out into the open.
But today our purpose is to examine the political and strategic reasons for reform rather than the underlying ideological positions. The State has a powerful influence on collective social action. It must act as a manager, promoting development and creating conditions so that this benefits society as a whole. History shows that when the market alone distributes social goods and wealth, they are not distributed fairly.
The reason is that individuals and groups do not enter the market on equal terms. But at the same time it is necessary for private initiative to have a relatively free hand if it is to meet the changing needs of society. They saw the advantages to be gained from doing joint European research.
Its aim was to enable the member states to jointly exploit nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. But as scientific and technological innovation gathered pace, European research had to diversify, bringing together as wide a variety of scientists and research workers as possible. The EU had to find new ways of funding their work and new industrial applications for their discoveries.
Doce lecciones sobre Europa por Pascal Fontaine Translator: EU Joint research at EU level is designed to complement national research programmes. It focuses on projects that bring together a number of laboratories in different EU countries. It supports fundamental research in fields such as controlled thermonuclear fusion a potentially inexhaustible source of energy for the 21st century through the Joint European Torus JET programme.
It also encourages research and technological development RTD in key industries such as electronics and computers, which face stiff competition from outside Europe. In order to translate well, you need to develop a feel for the ways in which ideas can be expressed in the TL. Rewrite the passages below using participle constructions, appositives, verb tenses, conjunctions and relative pronouns, etc.
Passage 1 It was four days after these curious incidents. A funeral started from Canterville Chase. The hearse was drawn by a black horse. It carried on its head a great tuft of ostrich-plumes. The leaden coffin was covered by a rich purple pall. On it was embroidered in gold the Canterville coat-of-arms. By the side of the hearse and the coaches walked the servants.
They carried lighted torches. These made the whole procession wonderfully impressive. Lord Canterville had come up specially from Wales. He was the chief mourner. He sat in the first carriage along with little Virginia. In the last carriage came Mrs Umney. She had been frightened by the ghost for more than fifty years of her life.
She had a right to see the last of him. Passage 2 It had been a long, rainy winter. The woman and her husband were tired of their small apartment. They decided to drive to a seedy part of town. They were searching for excitement. The couple were cruising slowly down a side street. They were looking for some local nightlife.
nocaut | Spanish to English Translation - Oxford Dictionaries
It was coming from a small bar on the corner. They left their car. Some stray cats started fighting in a side alley. The couple walked into the bar. They sat down at the bar. Nobody bothered to look up. A tired-looking woman was languidly smoking her cigarette at one end of the bar. She was expertly blowing out smoke rings. The bartender was wiping down the counter. He was softly whistling to himself. Four men were hunched over a table in the back corner. They were enjoying a friendly game of cards.
A sad Billie Holiday tune was playing softly from an old jukebox. The song was over. The room went silent.
- The Surprise of Haruhi Suzumiya (light novel) (The Haruhi Suzumiya Series);
- Enseignements dune conscience animale (French Edition).
- The United Nations and International Politics (Studies in Contemporary History)!
- The Human Body.
He threw his cards down on the table. He began to reach into his pocket. The couple looked at each other anxiously. They hurriedly backed out the door. Passage 1 Four days after these curious incidents, a funeral started from Canterville Chase. The hearse was drawn by a black horse which carried a great tuft of ostrich-plumes on its head. The leaden coffin was covered by a rich purple pall on which was embroidered in gold the Canterville coat-of-arms. By the side of the hearse and the coaches walked the servants who carried lighted torches, making the whole procession wonderfully impressive.
Lord Canterville, the chief mourner who had come up specially from Wales, sat in the first carriage along with little Virginia. As she had been frightened by the ghost for more than fifty years of her life, she had a right to see the last of him. Passage 2 After a long, rainy winter, the woman and her husband had become tired of their small apartment, so they decided to drive to a seedy part of town in search of excitement. The couple had been cruising slowly down a side street, looking for some local nightlife, when they heard music coming from a small bar on the corner.
They had just left their car when some stray cats started fighting in a side alley. When the couple walked in and sat down at the bar, nobody bothered to look up. At one end of the bar, a tired-looking woman was languidly smoking her cigarette and expertly blowing out smoke rings. The bartender was wiping down the counter and softly whistling to himself.
Hunched over a table in the back corner, four men were enjoying a friendly game of cards. A sad Billie Holiday tune had been playing softly from an old jukebox, but once the song was over, the room went silent. Suddenly, a man in the back stood and threw his cards down on the table, cursing loudly. When he began to reach into his pocket, the couple looked at each other anxiously and then hurriedly backed out the door.
Information flow within the paragraph There are two basic ways of sequencing information in English paragraphs: We … My family…. Our dog … ; 2 Linear Pattern — in which the Rheme of the previous sentence becomes the Theme of the new sentence. Notice how the same information cannot be the Rheme of both sentences Linear Pattern: I was born in Glasgow.
Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. The largest city in Scotland is Glasgow. Analyse the information flow constant and linear patterns in the ST and the TT below. Their repertoire contains a wide range of compositions by well-known composers, including Argentinean composers: All the members of the ensemble are respected musicians and teachers, with extensive careers as soloists and chamber musicians. Douglas Town 53 Translation from Spanish to English 6.
Writers of English for Science and Technology EST often simply edit for grammar and syntax, overlooking issues of coherence, topical structure, and organization--issues which are important in helping the reader to comprehend highly technical texts. Recent research in discourse analysis provides EST teachers with principles that they and their students can use in revising technical texts for coherence. Writers can build coherence by a locating information within the text in places where readers can find it easily, and b clearly indicating to the readers relative importance of given information.
The following principles from research on coherence and discourse analysis have proven useful to our students as they write and revise their technical and scientific texts. Within each sentence, order information so that old or given information comes before new or unknown information, to provide a context for the new information Weissburg, With this principle, important new information is presented in stress positions in the sentence, e.
For this first example, consider what works well in the following sentences: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. This principle, however, is not always true at rush hour in downtown Tokyo, when you're trying to get from your hotel to the restaurant down the street. The underlined clause in the second sentence refers us back to the old information in the first sentence, and prepares us for the new information in the second half of the sentence. If we rearrange the information in the second sentence, the reader has to wade through several chunks of new information before the relationship between the two sentences is revealed: However, when you're trying to get from your hotel to the restaurant down the street at rush hour in downtown Tokyo, this principle is not always true.
When the information being communicated is highly technical, the ordering of given and new information is important. For another example of what happens when this principle is flouted, consider the following, taken from a paper on steel fabrication: In addition to the factors discussed in the previous sections, the dynamic behavior of the flattened plate in relation with its position in the leveler is also another important factor in determining the final flatness.
The reader has to wade through the long phrase about the flattened plate's dynamic behavior before realizing that it is being presented as an additional factor the context for this information. Revise by switching the predicate nominative to the subject position. In addition to the factors discussed in the previous sections, another important factor in determining the final flatness is the dynamic behavior of the flattened plate in relation to its position in the leveler. In long paragraphs of such sentences, full of new ideas and technical concepts, the ordering of given and new information can make or break the reader's comprehension.
Readers identify the subject of a sentence and look for the verb that goes with it. Since short-term memory is limited, we may forget the subject of the sentence before we get to the verb. And, since we are focusing on the verb, we may skip intervening information until we reach the verb. So, if writers include important information between subjects and their verbs, readers may miss that information looking for the verb, or perceive that information as less important. Consider the following example: The present state of the theoretical basis of adsorption dynamics of multicomponent mixture with account for thermal effects accompanying adsorption is presented.
By the time the reader gets to the verb "is presented", the subject "present state. Inversion moving the verb nearer the subject also invokes Principle 1 as the given, context information is placed at the beginning and the new, most important information "with account for thermal effects accompanying adsorption" is moved to the end of the sentence, in a stress position. Presented here is the current theoretical basis of adsorption dynamics of multicomponent mixture with account for thermal effects accompanying adsorption.
This principle comes into play mainly at the paragraph level, and is important in signaling the relative importance of information. Since we unconsciously assign the most importance to main clause information, we focus on the subject as the main topic under discussion. When a new topic is introduced in the subject position, we understand that the focus has shifted away from the 55 Translation from Spanish to English topic of the previous sentence. Confusion can occur when the writer intends to remain focused on one topic, but sends conflicting signals by switching topics in the subject positions of sentences, as shown below: Several principles are flouted in the example above; for example, subjects and verbs are disjointed in sentence 2, and important information is buried in subordinate clauses at the beginning of sentence 3.
Yet there is another problem for the reader, the focus of the paragraph jumps from the Incubator, to the interviews, to the companies themselves. Careful revision can create a more logical flow of topics from general to specific: If we teach students to edit for mistakes in parallel forms this may result in ungrammatical sentences. Sometimes, however, even grammatical sentences can be made more comprehensible through the use of parallel forms: Most companies surveyed considered that more support from the government is necessary, even after leaving the Incubator.
Translation from Spanish to English
As an alternative, the period for which the company could stay in the Incubator should be extended from years. Because the two alternatives are buried in two sentences of differing structures, the contrast relationship is not readily apparent. The relationship can be highlighted by combining the sentences and framing the two alternatives as "for"-prepositional phrases modifying the noun "need. Most companies surveyed saw a need either for continued government support even after the company leaves the Incubator, or for an increase in the number of years a company can remain in the Incubator, from the 9 years currently allowed to 10 years.
Conclusion We have found that these principles of coherence are much more readily grasped when presented in the context of the texts our students read and write daily. We put examples good and bad of the principles in action on an overhead projector, and discuss them as a class. Our students report that they now regularly consider issues of coherence when drafting and revising their technical texts, and view grammar not as an end in itself but rather as a strategy for writing coherently and effectively.
Research and pedagogical perspectives. The science of scientific writing. American Scientist, 78, Technical writing and professional communication for nonnative speakers of English 2nd ed. Paragraph development models for scientific English. October 1, 57 Translation from Spanish to English 6. You need all the right ingredients: The top bun, a variety of fillings, and a bottom bun.
Make sure you have all the ingredients to make a delicious, complete, and satisfying sandwich: The Topic Sentence has two parts: Subject and Focus Subject: What is your main topic? What specific comment are you making about that subject? Learning a first language is a remarkable achievement because it takes place with little or no formal teaching. It takes place with little or no formal teaching. Television sitcoms have been criticised for reinforcing stereotypical gender roles.
Reinforcement of stereotypical gender roles. It is like the filling of your sandwich. The more development you have, the more interesting and satisfying your paragraph will be. Each Ingredient works to develop the focus. Some ways you can develop your paragraph are: TV sitcoms have been criticised for reinforcing stereotypical gender roles.
Should you restate for emphasis? What evidence might you give? What examples might you give? What terms need to be defined? Should you explain something in more detail? Narrate and Describe o Could you tell the plot of an episode? Men and women are portrayed according to outdated notions of appropriate work and home roles in sitcoms. High status occupations are held by men. Low status occupations, usually service work like nursing, childcare, and teaching, are held by women Dohrmann, The characters on the sitcom Friends demonstrate stereotypes.
One episode of Home Improvement… 3. Without the bottom bun, your sandwich would not stay together in a neat package. With coherence, all the ingredients of your paragraph are held together. These strategies help your reader see how all your ideas fit together in a smooth, logical way.
Repeating Key Words and Synonyms c. Some standard transitions are: A stock character in most of these films is the German officer who has a welted scar on his cheek. This scar is not merely a Hollywood ploy to mark a villain, but is calculated to identify a member of a student fencing cult popular in pre- World War II Germany. As a result, a prominent duelling scar came to symbolise courage and prestige. Indeed, this duelling scar created what we might today call a macho image in the movies. Even now, a facial mark such as the German duelling scar may be considered an attractive emblem of masculine strength or an indication of an adventurous life.
Consider, for example, the scared chin of Harrison Ford, the romantic hero in the Star Wars and Indiana Jones adventure films. This example demonstrates all three of these transitional techniques: Compare it to this version: A stock character is the German officer who has a welted scar on his cheek. It came to symbolise courage and prestige. It created what we might today call a macho image. It may be considered an attractive emblem of masculine strength or an indication of an adventurous life. The human brain has two cerebral hemispheres, the left and the right.
This givento-new pattern links ideas and propels your thinking forward. These TV shows generally portray men and women according to outdated notions of appropriate work and home roles. According to Dohrmann, , high status occupations are held by men. Low status occupations, usually service work like nursing, childcare, and teaching, are held by women. The characters on the sitcom Friends have jobs that demonstrate stereotypes. For example, the jobs held by Friends characters demonstrate these stereotypes.
In addition, TV males in traditional female roles of housekeeping and childcare are portrayed as incompetent. One episode of Home Improvement… Revision: To illustrate, one episode of Home Improvement… Put it all together: For example, the jobs held by Friends characters. To illustrate, one episode of Home Improvement… Notice the standard transitions: TV sitcoms, TV shows, Friends, Home Improvement; work, jobs, occupations, roles; stereotypical outdated notions, traditional. Notice the pronoun at work: And finally, see how the sentences move from Given-to-New.
The approach to paragraph writing outlined below is typical of that taught for in high schools and universities in the United States. Read the example and definitions and then analyse the paragraph on euthanasia using the same definitions. Also, the euthanasia examples contain no quotes. Apart from that, the approach is identical. The outline below shows the different types of sentences to be used and their typical structure: Support 1 His negativity is apparent in the scene where he asks his wife what is being served for dinner. Commentary Instead of being grateful for the food that Miep and the Frank family work so hard to provide, he shows only disappointment and disgust.
Commentary 2 People are rationing food during war-time, and Miep risks her life daily trying to buy food on the Black Market, yet Mr. Van Daan thinks of nothing but his own appetite. Support 2 Another example of Mr. Dussel upon his sudden arrival in the Annex. Commentary In this situation, Mr.
Frank shows his guest. Commentary 2 Instead of thinking of the importance of saving another life, he thinks only of the difficulties created by adding another refugee to the hiding place. Conclusion It is no wonder that Anne Frank writes such scathing comments in her diary about the ill-mannered Mr. Being very needy and vulnerable, terminally ill patients are easily manipulated by family members and the medical community.
Desiring to be free from the trouble of having to care for the patient and maybe expecting to receive an inheritance, a family member might do nothing to dissuade a terminally ill patient from committing assisted suicide. The chances of something like this happening are drastically reduced if euthanasia remains illegal.
Family members are not the only ones who could abuse euthanasia. The medical community could also abuse it to solve problems caused by limited budget. We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. This website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Continue Find out more. More Spanish examples for this word. Nos atrasamos casi dos horas y quedamos al borde del nocaut. Australia y Costa Rica salieron a golpearse como dos boxeadores en busca del nocaut en el primer asalto.
Nunca se pierde por nocaut ni se retiran los protagonistas. Ha ganado 31 peleas por nocaut, en sus 39 apariciones. Cuando uno va a pelear afuera sabe que hay que ganar por nocaut. Sigue invicto en con 13 victorias por nocaut.