At the peak of breeding, newts are active by day after emerging from terrestrial shelters and migrating to ponds at night. Terrestrial individuals spend most of their time in shelters, making only short movements in darkness. Based on recapturing four individuals of different ages adults and juveniles , the mean distance of such daily movements in summer was m. The total movement distance of a young individual over four days was Evidently, such movements are facilitated by continental environmental conditions whereby there is a sharp decrease in temperature and an increase in humidity at night.
Reproduction by Siberian Newts in Mongolia apparently occurs from April May, as in most parts of its range. Oviducts of females caught in May from Bayanzurkh contained 60, and eggs, including eggs ready for deposition Munkhbayar, ; Kuzmin et al. In Darkhadyn Depression, reproduction apparently occurs during the second half of May Hasumi et al. In the highlands of Munkhsardag, reproduction evidently takes place later; clutches. From 3 to 4 clutches deposited at a depth of not more than cm were observed per 1 m 2 of shoreline.
The clutch consists of two spiraled mucous sacs with eggs that are attached to grass, branches and other underwater objects Litvinov and Skuratov, The newt breeding period in Mongolia is generally similar to that of the neighboring Baikal Region; in mountainous areas, reproduction is delayed similar to that in the Lake Khuvsgul area Ishchenko, Godina et al.
No information is available on embryonic and early larval development of the newt in Mongolia. Studies in the area of Shaamar in and revealed that the rates of larval development are similar in different water bodies in one season. By the beginning of July, the larvae reach the intermediate stages of development.
The beginning of larval metamorphosis coincides with their emergence from water onto land. This occurs by the end of July, and mass migration to land is completed in August. The mean total length of metamorphosing larvae ranges from mm. In July in the vicinity of Shaamar, newt metamorphosis started as early as in Hasumi et al. Early metamorphosis in mid-july also was recorded in Darkhadyn Depression Hasumi et al. Prior to metamorphosis, larvae stay primarily in shelters on the bottom of the pond near the shore. On the grassy plains of Northern Mongolia Shaamar area , metamorphosing larvae are found in moist shoreline areas near water, and larval metamorphosis is completed on land.
It should be noted that the period of Siberian Newt metamorphosis there at the beginning of August is accompanied by rains, which promote juvenile dispersal. In the Munkhsardag highlands, larval hatching from egg sacs occurs in the second half of June through the first half of July, and metamorphosis is completed mainly by mid-august Litvinov and Skuratov, Young-of-the-year concentrate near water, as on the plains of Northern Mongolia.
Siberian Newt growth rates and sizes at metamorphosis in both regions are generally similar, although there is variability in these parameters even between larvae from neighboring oxbow lakes Borkin and Kuzmin, The duration of newt development, from egg laying to the time when young-of-the-year enter land, is similar between locations on the plains near Shaamar and in the mountains near Khuvsgul, and takes about three months Kuzmin et al. However, all phenological parameters are shifted by 2 3 weeks in the highlands, compared to the plains, due to the more severe climate conditions in the mountains Borkin and Kuzmin, According to data from Shaamar, the total length of an individual increases by about a quarter in the first year of life the mean length of yearlings is about 55 mm; Kuzmin et al.
Later, individual growth rates vary greatly. As a result, the size ranges of different age groups overlap significantly, similar to other geographical populations, for example, in Transuralia. Nine adults from the Shaamar and Zuunburen areas Selenge Aimag investigated using skeletochronological methods, had a maximum of five dormancy periods Ledentsov, Subsequent study has shown that the maximum age of newts near Shaamar is 9 years Hasumi et al.
This is comparable with what is known for several populations in Siberia and the Russian Far East 6 9 years: Ishchenko and Ledentsov et al. The differences may be related to the different sample sizes used in these studies. The diet of Siberian Newts varies by stage of development and habitat Table 1.
The main larval food prior to metamorphosis is small crustaceans Daphniidae, Cypridae and Chydoridae having lengths of mm that live in the water column and on plants. More motile planktonic crustaceans, Diaptomidae and Cyclopidae, are less accessible to larvae and are eaten less frequently. Small insect larvae that live mostly on the bottom Chironomidae and Coleoptera, and in particular, Hydrophilidae also play significant roles in the diet of larvae. Larvae sometimes eat relatively large prey; a chironomid larva of A comparison of the larval food composition with the composition of invertebrates available in ponds has shown that larvae forage almost indiscriminately.
High selectivity in some cases is evident only towards small crawling crustaceans Chydoridae. In the dry summer, the food niche of newt larvae becomes narrower; the food composition and number of prey in one digestive tract changed only slightly Kuzmin et al. During metamorphosis, the rate of feeding by newt larvae is sharply reduced, but feeding does not stop completely. In this period, there is a transition from aquatic to terrestrial invertebrates as prey.
At the last stage of metamorphosis, feeding intensity is minimal, and only terrestrial invertebrates are eaten. The decrease in feeding rate and the transition to terrestrial feeding occur more sharply in Mongolian newts than newts in the Urals Kuzmin et al. This decrease probably is connected with the low air and soil humidity in the forest-steppe, which hinders movements of individuals from the shoreline to the water and back. This rapid change also may be related to the fact that adults outside the breeding period and yearlings forage only on terrestrial invertebrates, which are inhabitants of the soil and its surface see Table 1.
They evidently do not visit water during this period, in contrast to some other regions where the terrestrial humidity is higher. The largest prey found in the digestive tracts of adults was a caterpillar of 19 mm length. As with younger individuals, adults consume large prey more rarely than small prey, but this is compensated for by the greater biomass of the larger prey item.
In addition to prey, plant residues were found in the digestive tracts of larvae and, rarely, yearlings see Kuzmin et al. Plant material is swallowed simultaneously with the prey; plant material is not digested and, therefore, is not food. Natural Enemies, Parasites and Diseases. Natural enemies and diseases of the Siberian Newt in Mongolia are unknown, except for diving beetles Dytiscidae , which are probably the only predators of larvae of this species in the highlands of Munkhsardag Litvinov and Skuratov, The lungs of one yearling from the vicinity of Zuunburen Settlement in Selenge Aimag contained the parasitic nematode Rhabdias sp.
This infection probably resulted from eating intermediate hosts, which can be earthworms and terrestrial mollusks see Kuzmin et al. Oligodactyly in the form of three digits instead of four was described in one individual from Ukhegiin Gol River in Uvs Nuur Depression Lhamsuren et al. Its populations have declined sharply; individuals disappeared from several wetlands near Shaamar between and It probably has been extinct from the southernmost locality in the area of Bayanzurkh Kuzmin, The lack of records from there over a long period of time may be associated with increasing anthropogenic pressure due to intensive development of the area for residential buildings Munkhbaatar and Erdenetushig, Studies in , , , and discovered that the Siberian Newt was not found in two of the three re-visited localities that were based on previous records.
This species, together with the Far Eastern Treefrog, exhibited the most serious decline in its distribution among all Mongolian amphibians Kuzmin, , Additional surveys are needed. The first edition of the Red Data Book of Mongolia Munkhbayar, recommended establishing protection for the newt population near Bayanzurkh Hill. This was not done, resulting in the possible extinction of this population. Currently, it is absolutely essential to create local nature reserves to protect the surviving water bodies containing Siberian Newts in the vicinity of Shaamar, Darkhadyn Depression and Uvs Aimag.
In particular, protected areas for the newt and other syntopic amphibians especially the Far Eastern Treefrog, a species from the Red Data Book should be established near the Ikh Buureg Tolgoi and Baga Buureg Tolgoi hills, as well as at a small isolated oxbow pond near the bridge over the Orkhon Selenge channel near Shaamar Settlement Kuzmin, , Population monitoring and the creation of educational programs for the protection of the species have been recommended Terbish et al. Pseudepidalea Frost et al. Based on molecular genetic data, the genus Bufo was split into several genera Frost, As a result, the territory of Mongolia should contain toads of the genera Bufotes and Strauchbufo, which are as genetically different between from each other as they are from the Bufo bufo species group.
There are differing opinions on this generic splitting among systematists. Some researchers adhere to a conservative point of view, that is, that the genera that have been separated from Bufo should be considered subgenera within Bufo. Others, based on the phylogenetic species concept, support the separation of Bufo into several distinct genera.
They point out that the genus Bufo, with species from the Old and New Worlds, would otherwise become paraphyletic. Thus, a number of genera in the Old and New Worlds would actually be considered as subgenera despite being very different from Bufo. Other names have been proposed to designate genera separated from Bufo see comments on the taxonomy of the Bufonidae, Bufo, Bufotes and Strauchbufo in Frost, , for details and. Questions concerning the number of species in each genus within the monophyletic clades of the former genus Bufo, as well as the potential for new suprageneric and subgeneric groups, remain unresolved.
Thus, the taxonomy of the family Bufonidae remains unclear. Females are usually larger than males. The dorsal background coloration is sand or gray, usually with dark spots and greenish shades. The total number of species has not been determined. Bufo danatensis Pisanets et al. Bufo pewzowi strauchi Stoeck et al. Pseudepidalea pewzowi Frost et al. Larva of Pewzow s Toad Bufotes pewzowi before metamorphosis. Localities for Pewzow s Toad Bufotes pewzowi. Bufo viridis Bannikov, Buto viridis Shagdarsuren, Bufo viridis Borkin, Bufo pewzowi Terbish et al.
Bufotes pewzowi Frost, Bufo pewzovi Munkhbayar et al. Mongolian name Pevtsovyn bakh. Taxonomic Notes Forms with different ploidy exist among Green Toads, but only the tetraploid form is found in Mongolia. The systematics of polyploid Green Toads has been intensively studied since their discovery in in Kyrgyzstan.
Shortly thereafter, tetraploid toads from Danata Village in Turkmenistan were described as a separate species, Bufo danatensis Pisanetz, This name later was used for all polyploid toads in Central Asia. Comprehensive studies of Green Toad genetics, morphology and systematics have shown that they belong to different species Stoeck et al.
The tetraploid Bufoptes pewzowi inhabits Mongolia. Bedriaga described several subspecies of toads later shown to be tetraploids, including Bufo viridis var. Among these names, B. Bufotes pewzowi is a tetraploid species inhabiting arid zones at different elevations from the lowlands to the highlands. Diploids are distributed in a similar manner. Therefore, it is difficult to directly link Green Toad polyploidy with landscape conditions.
Polyploidy likely results from cytogenetic factors rather than from landscape conditions. Tetraploid toads originated from diploids. Molecular genetic analyses have shown that B. After a comprehensive analysis of the genetics of Central Asian toads, the following subspecies were recognized within the species Bufo pewzowi: However, subsequent study of mtdna from populations in different parts of the species range, including the type localities, revealed that B. The phylogeny of this group as determined by mtdna is closely intertwined with that of the diploid B.
In addition, the geographical boundaries of the forms under consideration are unclear, and the taxonomic position of the tetraploids of Uzbekistan, especially from southwestern populations, requires further study. Therefore, separation into subspecies does not seem justified at present Kuzmin, b , including those populations found in Mongolia. A study of standard characters of the external morphology of more than 2, individuals from a considerable part of the range of the Green Toad complex demonstrated that the morphometric characters usually used in diagnoses are mostly useless for distinguishing taxa in this amphibian complex.
Similarities in morphometry occur between unrelated forms, whereas popu-. Therefore, the main distinguishing characteristics are genetic in nature Borkin and Kuzmin, With regard to Mongolian Green Toads, the problem is facilitated by the fact that only tetraploids occur within the country, and thus the problem of distinguishing between diploids and tetraploids does not occur. Pewzow s Toad can be distinguished from the second toad species in Mongolia, Strauchbufo raddei, by characters of its external morphology. The largest females reach 90 mm in total length; they are visibly larger than males Borkin and Kuzmin, The flattened head is about one third of the body length.
The eye s diameter is equal to or slightly less than the distance from its lower edge to the edge of the mouth and from the front edge of the eye to the nostrils. The distance between the nostrils is almost equal to the distance from the nostril to the eye. The diameter of the tympanum is slightly less than half of the eye diameter. The parotoids are weakly convex, wide in front and narrowed behind.
The outer edge of the parotoid is positioned at an angle to the lateral side of the head behind the tympanum. The skin is tubercular. Female tubercles are slightly flattened, whereas male tubercles are usually sharp. The largest tubercles are arranged in a row from the tympanic membrane to the forearm and from the lower edge of the parotoid towards the inguinal region. The belly is wrinkled.
The outer metacarpal tubercles are larger than the inner ones; the metatarsal tubercles are almost equal in size.
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Articular tubercles are often but not always paired. Male nuptial pads are arranged on the 1st and 2nd sometimes the 3rd fingers. They are best observed during the mating season. The shin is usually slightly shorter than the thigh. Males have an unpaired gular vocal sac. Toe webs are weakly developed. The dorsal background coloration is sandy or pale grayish-purple, often with leather-brown blotches and small black dots. Narrow, elongated dirty-green or olive-green spots and blotches of different sizes and shapes may be present.
There may be a dark filamentous border and small black points on the background of these spots. Lighter yellowish green or apple-green tubercles are present within the lighter dorsal pattern. Young individuals have isolated dark spots dorsally that often form more or less regular longitudinal rows Borkin and Kuzmin, A dark stripe is positioned from the tip of the snout through the nostrils to the anterior margin of the eye.
Similarly colored small spots or stripes occur in the region of the upper lip and supraorbital areas. Dark spots and bars are found on the dorsal surface of the limbs. The forelimbs of some individuals may have dark transverse bars assembled in a row one above the other. In some cases, dark spots and blotches are absent over the spine, thus forming a visible light mid-dorsal stripe that is most common in females. The dorsal pattern is more clearly expressed in females than in adult males. On the flank, spots are often noticeably paler than they are dorsally. The tips of the fingers in adults may be dark brown of different shades.
The black horizontal pupil is bordered by a whitish line. The iris is pale terracotta with goldenyellow patches at the periphery, and darkens at the corners of the pupil. The throat and lower part of the belly is light, and the middle part of the belly has small dark spots of irregular shape.
A female s belly usually is spotless. The throat of males is rarely intensely pigmented. Tadpoles reach a total length of 30 mm. The body is oval and brown. The operculum is sinistral. The anus opens in the middle, and the lower fin fold ends at the base of the tail. The oral disc has lateral pocket-like folds that. The dorsal and ventral areas are devoid of papillae. The jaws are black. Under them, there are three continuous series of labial teeth, with two rows above the jaws; the outer row is continuous, but the inner row is interrupted tooth formula 1: The body length of the tadpole is1.
The maximum width of the tail trunk is approximately equal to the maximum width of the upper and lower caudal fin folds, or a little wider. The end of the tail is rounded. The eyes are located dorsally. The tail trunk is brown with dark star-shaped pigment dots. The distal portion of the fin folds mostly the upper has small, often pigmented curved dashes.
Separate dashes are also visible at the lower edge of the upper fin fold at the border with the tail trunk. The lower fin fold is almost entirely unpigmented. Distribution Plate 11 Pewzow s Toad inhabits the dry plains of Central Asia, the foothills and mountains of Tien Shan, Zungar Alatau and the Pamirs Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan , and the mountains and deserts of Western China and Mongolia; the range extends westward probably to northern Afghanistan.
To the north, tetraploid toads are known approximately to the latitude of Lake Balkhash. The northeasternmost localities are found in the Altai Republic of Russia Litvinchuk et al. The elevational distribution varies considerably. It is likely that P. Chernov , included Mongolia in the range of Bufo viridis based on this erroneous report. Correcting Bedriaga s mistake, A. Bannikov recorded the toad near the southwestern border of the MPR and suggested that it might live along the Bulgan River in Western Mongolia.
In subsequent years, tetraploid individuals were found elsewhere. Diploid Green Toads have not been found in Mongolia. The eastern part of the overall range of Pewsow s Toad is located in Mongolia. The total area of the species distribution is estimated at 16, km 2 Terbish et al. In Mongolia, both species of toads, Pewzow s and the Mongolian Toad, are distributed allopatrically. The reasons for this have long been discussed see Borkin and Kuzmin, , but the question is still unresolved; zones of sympatry and potential ecological interactions between the species have not been determined.
The following localities of B. Terbish in ];. Stubbe in , F. Meyer in , O. Terbish in ; ZMMU. Terbish in , O. Orlova in , V. Orlova in , and Kh. Terbish and Khosbayar in , Kh. Terbish in , , , , and V. Ecology Habitats and Abundance Plate This species is found in various habitats, from hot lowland and foothill semi-deserts and cold deserts to alpine meadows and deserts. In Mongolia, it occurs in oases, mountain steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, where it inhabits swampy areas near shallow ponds, streams, springs, and brushy thickets along rivers Orlova and Terbish, ; Terbish, Kuzmin, Such places usually have woods of herbaceous vegetation, shrubs and trees, although in some cases woody vegetation is absent.
For example, toads live in the axils of needlegrass Ders Achnatherum splendens in combination with saltwort Nitraria sibirica, Reaumuria soongorica, Kalidium sp. In Khan Bogd Sum, Dundgov Aimag, they live in semi-deserts composed of petrophyte saltwort mat-grass. Pewzow s Toad is also found in dry areas near water, but apparently it does not live far from water. Toad populations appear to be distributed patchily in accordance with the distribution of ponds and streams and that are separated by dry desert, semi-desert and steppe areas. The toads can be common or abundant where they occur.
For example, 30 toads were counted at the Uliastain Gol River on the evening Pewzow s Toad does not appear to be a rare species in Mongolia, but a reliable assessment of its abundance is very difficult due to the patchy distribution of its populations. The sex ratio among toad populations at different localities and during different seasons is highly variable, which may reflect differences in activity and habitat distribution of individuals in different seasons Borkin and Kuzmin, Like other toad species, Pewzow s Toads are active mostly in the evening and early night outside the breeding period, during which time they visit water bodies.
They spend the day in shelters under rocks sometimes up to 25 individuals hide under one rock , in rodent burrows, crevices in cliffs and within the substrate, in bushes, and in clumps of Ders Achnatherum splendens and other plants Terbish and Kuzmin, The use of shelters reduces temperature fluctuations and contributes to the survival of the species in hot and dry conditions.
In and , toad hibernacula were found in springs Khukh Bulag and Khavchig Us, as well as in springs at Uushigiin Us oasis. These hibernacula occupied large areas of the springs. The toads overwintering in Khukh Bulag Spring were concentrated at a depth of 1. In two other hibernacula, they were found under flat rocks at depths of 0. Terrestrial hibernacula have not been found, but it is known that this species overwinters both in springs approximately at the same water temperature and on land see Kuzmin, b in the former USSR.
Breeding occurs in May and probably June in puddles, streams, pools in creeks, and in wetlands with fresh water. One of the peculiarities of reproduction in the western Gobi is the use of very small water bodies whose depth is only 3 to 15 cm. Breeding extends over a considerable period of time even at small water bodies and occurs over a wide range of temperatures. At this time, an average of three pairs of amplexing toads was observed for every m of the creek.
At the same time, toad tadpoles with lengths of mm were observed there. From 2, to 2, eggs were found in the oviducts of females see Borkin and Kuzmin, The hatching of tadpoles from eggs and their further development appear to be highly variable in time among water bodies note the presence of tadpoles mentioned above in a pond with amplexing pairs.
Metamorphosing tadpoles and young-of-the-year Pewzow s Toads were observed at the end of the first week of July near Uushigiin Us Spring and at the Uliastain Gol River. It is assumed that the embryonic and larval development in this species takes about months Peters, a; Borkin and Kuzmin, ; Terbish and Kuzmin, The total length of metamorphosed young-of-the-year is mm Peters, a; Terbish and Kuzmin, Other reports indicate a range of mm for individuals in nature and mm for individuals raised in the laboratory Orlova and Uteshev, It has been assumed that Pewzow s Toads begins to reproduce after 2 3 periods of dormancy Orlova and Uteshev, Peters Peters, a identified four age groups of toads in a single sample from Uliastain Gol based on body size.
In his opinion, this sample included individuals aged 1 4 years. However, there is no well-defined relationship between the length and age of many animals, including toads, and for the correct estimation of age, research should be undertaken using skeletochronology e. Munkhbaatar, the hip bone section of an individual with a total length of Consequently, the age of these individuals was 4 and 2 years, respectively. Female Pewzow s Toads are assumed to be larger than males, as in many other toad species Peters, a.
Measurements of specimens from the ZISP collection are in agreement with this assumption, but we cannot rule out that this difference is due to a longer female life span compared with males. Sexual maturity of Pewzow s Toads is attained at a body length of more than 63 mm in males and 67 mm in females Borkin and Kuzmin, The algae Zygnemales, Hormogonales, Ulotrichales, Bacillariophyta, and Phaeophyta, as well as the remains of higher plants, detritus and sand, were found in the intestines of three mid-developmental stage tadpoles in the vicinity of Uushig Outpost 19 June Individuals do not forage at the end of development immediately prior to metamorphosis Kuzmin, ; Terbish and Kuzmin, Munkhbayar , three-quarters of the toad s prey consists of ants and beetles of the families Tenebrionidae, Scarabaeidae, Curcuionidae, Anthicidae and Carabidae.
Small objects comprise the main part of the dietary spectrum. Kuzmin , the prey of young-of-the-year and adults, as well as of individuals from different localities, differs markedly Table 2. According to these data, the prey size spectrum is also different. The diet of juveniles contains mainly invertebrates with a length of mm rarely 2 5 mm , whereas adult toads mainly consume prey with lengths of 2 10 mm, to 32 mm. No prey less than 2 mm were found. Toads swallow leaves to 12 mm and pebbles simultaneously with prey.
There are no sex differences in the diets of toads. Natural Enemies, Parasites and Diseases are almost unknown. In Mongolia, this species is common at some places, but its populations are unevenly distributed. Destruction of habitats, including as a result of mineral resource extraction, destruction of springs by livestock, the creation of settlements near oases, and water pollution from industrial, agricultural and household pollutants, are the main threats to toad populations. The creation of an education program informing local people of the threat of habitat loss to Pewzow s Toad, population monitoring, the conservation and expansion of protected areas, and the creation of small local reserves have been recommended as protection measures for this species Terbish et al.
Strauchbufo Fei, Ye et Jiang, Fei et al. Strauchophryne Borkin et Litvinchuk, Borkin and Litvinchuk, Sexual dimorphism in body size is not evident. The overall dorsal background coloration is bluish-gray or gray with dark spots and blotches of brown or olive tints. Pseudepidalea raddei Frost et al. Strauchbufo raddei Fei, Ye et Jiang, Bufo raddii Boulenger, Larvae of the Mongolian Toad Strauchbufo raddei. Localities for the Mongolian Toad Strauchbufo raddei.
Prey composition, expressed as a percentage of the total prey number, of Strauchbufo raddei at the last stage of metamorphosis and just after metamorphosis in different habitats, Kuzmin et al. Prey composition of Strauchbufo raddei greater than one year of age expressed as a percentage of the total prey number. Data from different regions of Mongolia Kuzmin et al.
Bufo koslovi Kozlov, Strauchbufo raddei Fei, Ye and Jiang, Buto raddei Shagdarsuren, Bufo robbe Bazardorj, Bufo radde Bannikov, Bubo radde Bannikov, Bufo raddai Borkin et al. Buffo radei Orlova, Biforaddei Munkhbayar and Eregdendagva, On pages 42 and 50 of his publication, Bedriaga quoted collection numbers of the specimens he studied with a list of their localities and sources of these individuals, as well as specimens with other collection numbers but without specifying their localities of the three toad forms described by him.
Further studies by V. Nikolsky, using specimens from Transbaikalia, showed that the three forms described by J. Bedriaga differed only in color and that there are a number of transitional forms between them. In this regard, these latter subspecies have usually not been considered as valid taxa Borkin and Kuzmin, This toad was described by S. The inclusion by Mukhbayar was made on the basis of Zarevskij s information, since the lower reaches of this river are located near the southern border of Mongolia. Recent analysis of the type specimens has verified the conclusion reached by B.
Gumilevsky that Bufo koslovi is not a separate species, but only B. The Mongolian Toad is generally considered to be a taxonomically stable species. Subspecies are not recognized. The Mongolian Toad is a tailless amphibian with a maximum total length of 74 mm Borkin and Kuzmin, The body is stocky. Sexual dimorphism in body size is poorly expressed.
The flattened head is about a third of the body length. When viewed from above, the snout is rounded and obtuse at the nostrils; the distance from the nostrils to the edge of the mouth and the distance from the nostrils to the frontal edge of the eye are almost equal. The distance between the nostrils is almost equal to the distance from the nostril to the anterior edge of the eye. The eye diameter is equal to or only slightly less than the distance from its lower edge to the edge of the mouth, and a little less from the frontal edge of the eye to the nostril.
The diameter of the tympanum is slightly less than the diameter of the eye. The parotoid is flattened and broad, with the anterior portion angling down onto the lateral surface of the body. The skin has many tubercles of various sizes; tubercles are smooth in females and tapered in males. On some parts of the body, groups of tubercles sometimes are elongated into a row between the forearm and the angle of the mouth; between the forelimb and hindlimb.
The skin of the lower part of the body is wrinkled. The outer metacarpal is larger than the inner metacarpal, and the outer metatarsal. The tibia is shorter than the femur. Toe webbing is only weakly evident. The articular tubercles are small and usually singular. The main background coloration of the dorsum is light, from bluish-green to pale-gray, but with dark ash colored reticulated blotches throughout. The light background may have a bluish tint in the inguinal area and on the legs dorsally.
Against this dorsal background coloration, dark pale-brown, olive, dark olive, dark green, leather-brown, dark brown or olive-gray large spots and blotches are present. Numerous protuberances of different sizes are present throughout the dorsum. Uneven longitudinal bands of the same color are present on both sides of a light mid-dorsal line usually from the eye or parotoid glands to the anus. Males and young individuals have these dark blotches, but they do not form a distinct pattern and are usually more faded than in females Borkin and Kuzmin, The lateral sides of the body often lack the dark spots and have a relatively broad light space in the form of an irregular longitudinal line, under which between fore- and hindlimbs a dark band is present.
This pattern often is interrupted by the formation of separate dark spots so that the continuity may not be maintained. Some small dark spots may be observed below the eye, on the head, between the nostrils and eyes, laterally on the body, and on the dorsal portion of the limbs. The dark spots may be bordered by a thin blackish line, which in many locations is framed by an almost white threadlike line. The tympanum may have a light gray or dark-sandy background coloration, but it does not stand out from the adjacent skin color. Some tubercles on the flanks of the body in light colored individuals have a pale-ochre, wax-yellow, or sulfur-yellow coloration.
On dark colored individuals, they can be dark-sandy, crimson, wine-red or chestnut in coloration. The intensity of the dorsal body coloration depends on the physiological condition of an individual and its associated abiotic environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity and light Borkin and Kuzmin, A black horizontal pupil is surrounded by a pale lemon-yellow or straw-yellow thin stripe. The iris is sandy colored, with very thin, black, worm-like lines and small spots.
Irregular black smudges are located near the anterior and posterior ends of the pupil. I not to mention my buddies happened to be going through the good tips and hints located on the website and all of a sudden I had a terrible suspicion I never thanked the website owner for those tips. Those guys appeared to be as a consequence warmed to read through all of them and already have very much been using those things.
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Ahead of, I would often go to the health club nott definitely knowing what to do. I believed I had to invest two hours killing myself Just about every session to see benefits. Hi Tamara, begin off with the newabie routine and move up to the next level in six weeks time and tthe very same following that. We encourawge you to incorporate exercise in your life-style transform: No one likes counting calories, but it really is no secret that portion handle is 1 of tthe important variables in losing weight. Dansinger recommends eating a diet program that minimizes starches, added sugars, and animal fat from meat and dairy foods.
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Participants can decide on their exercise, which includes one hour of swimming, indoor cycling, jogging or running, weight education, and so on. You can customize your workouts by adding tailored workout routines and check back at any time to see how your strength gains journey is progressing. The calorie burning added benefits of standard workouts quit pretty much as soon as your workout is completed. Maintain rest periods below 30 seconds in between set and do not be concerned about adding muscle, it takes a lot of weight and tons of protein to get there.
If you have been exercising frequently for the last few months several instances a week and been rising your fitness levels, try the ffar more sophisticated weight loss plan. You should start to see benefits in about four weeks time if you stick to a healthful diet regime program as well. Such a sample workout could consist of a weekly schedule in which you alternate strength training with cardio, taking 1 day off.
This is not circuit education per se, but rather a highly effective variation that will allow for higher calorie loss. Grand words we know, but you can verify out our female particular fat loss and body shaping results on this web page and throughout the internet site to see that we can back them up in abundance.
Participants can pick out their exercise, like 1 hour of swimming, inddoor cycling, jogging or running, weight education, and so on. I have been undertaking this routine regularly for the past three weeks but my weight is not moving. Folks normally ask what the variations are involving designing workouts for a woman and designing workouts for a man. It has the complete explanation of the science behind the system and thoroughly guidelines for following the diet regime and exercise guidelines.
Appropriately timed protein intake is an crucial compoinent of an all round wolrkout training plan, crucial for proper recovery, immune function, and the growth and upkeep of lean body mass. Having said that,they are so productive, several females would be far better off replacing their complete regular workout with complexes.
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Each individual is familiar to this physical workout for weight loss Aerobic exercise is generally performed in a group. If you have tthe capability to split your day-to-day workouts into numerous sessions, there are various strategies you could benefit. It is an absolutely gear absolutely free workout that effectively utilizes the body weight to tone the arm and shoulder muscle tissues. If you can full more than eihht reps, then the weight is as well light and you should really boost the load.
Then, make certain to check out free of charge YouTubbe videos for pointers and even to downloadpdf cheat sheets — they are abundant on the Web. Increasing blood flow throughout the physique will help in losing weight by transporting FFA to exactly where they can be burned. This can be a pretty complex topic, but it is 1 of the causes why we have found that fat loss for females can be harder than for their male counterparts.
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In comparison with other crease-resistant fabrics, this fabric is durable, breathes better and better repels moisture. On top of the fabric does not shrink or stretch over time. The air gap between the layers of insulation of different thickness provides additional insulation. The most popular model You can use fanspage The polyester lining quilted together with synthetic padding that extends the life of clothing insulation remains in place when cleaning or washing Front zipper with two locks, unbuttoned both the top and bottom of the jacket Pleats at back to give extra freedom of movement Windproof flap covering the front zipper, knitted cuffs inside the sleeves to prevent the penetration of the cold under clothing Used stainless button May be upgraded with a jacket hood, collar and liner Pockets: Screaming appearance is not always the key to functionality.
Winter on the M4, despite its modest appearance, is the most popular model of the winter collection. From wind and cold and protects front two-way zipper with windproof placket, which opens at both the top and bottom and knitted inner cuffs of sleeves, in combination with drawcord waist. In section "Accessories" can be purchased separately hood, collar and liner that initially the jacket is not included. The jacket is popular for use as workwear, field form of clothes for security structures, as well as good for summer, winter exits into the forest or winter fishing.
In the camouflage version, you can use fanspage. The most popular model You can use fanspage The polyester lining quilted together with synthetic padding that extends the life of clothing insulation remains in place when cleaning or washing Front zipper with two locks, unbuttoned both the top and bottom of the jacket Pleats at back to give extra freedom of movement Windproof flap covering the front zipper, knitted cuffs inside the sleeves to prevent the penetration of the cold under clothing May be upgraded with a jacket hood, collar and liner Used stainless button Pockets: Designed for security services For attachment of chevrons on the chest and sleeve provided tape "vel'kro" Velcro You can use fanspage Insulated with three layers of batting: Very warm jacket intended primarily for use in the city in cold winter conditions.
Thick durable fabric, quality fluff, an extra layer of insulation lining Jacket has length to mid-thigh Deep removable hood with tightening the facial contours and volume The edge of the removable fur on the hood High collar with reverse side treated with warm velour 2 castle Central zipper Easy manners on the locks of the lightning Cover strips: A warm feather jacket you will be treated to winter much more tolerable. Pooh is one of the best insulation due to its thermal insulating properties the warmest material per unit weight , besides the lightest and durable.
The disadvantages can be attributed to the ability to absorb moisture, but in urban environments it is not very scary — the puff can be always dry. Cloth having a given property that is obtained by adding polyurethane with shape memory effect - crumpled cloth when smoothing the hand returns to its original state. On top of the fabric does not shrink or stretch over time, hold the fluff, is moisture and wind.
The lining is a breathable nylon. In the jacket, "Megapolis" provides everything that allows you to feel protected when they have to stay long in the cold or walk in bad weather. By the way, as welcome additions in the inner pocket provides a pocket for the player with the "lead" for the cord. Agree that it is much nicer to listen to music than the hum of cars, into which is woven the howling of the wind. Recall that the down clothing, it is better to wash with special means, and to store the expanded state by squeezing only during transport.
Comfortable and elegant women's powder puff of a thin, durable nylon with water-repellent impregnation Ideal for Hiking and sports, and for everyday use in cold seasons Can be used as an intermediate insulating layer With low weight and volume jacket has high thermal insulation properties Quality insulation is goose down High collar, tight-fitting neck Protective placket under the zipper The sleeves are edged with elastic band The tightening at the bottom of the jacket 2 side pockets Material: Light pugovichki also known as "down sweaters" , born to base camps of climbers and noisy ski bars, quickly conquered the world a warm and bright appearance.
Not designed for extreme cold, they are still much warmer than it may seem at first glance. European autumn and winter, often staying and we, the sponge can serve as outerwear. In the amplification Morozov complete her feather vest, warm jacket or wind protection. Despite the fact that modern synthetic insulation breathe his neck, Pooh remains in first place in their thermal insulation properties, lightness and durability. Recall that if we do not take eiderdown, which is very dear and in serial things are almost never met, the best is goose down from the North Siberia, Canada , since Pooh is affected by the conditions of poultry.
Especially appreciated the fluff of white geese. The main indicator of heat insulating properties of down is the Fill Power characteristic elasticity of Pooh - the volume in cubic inches, which is restored to previously compressed ounce of down. The higher the number the less down is needed for insulation and the better becomes detained the ratio of warmth to weight. Unlike the cheap, stuffed with duck feather counterparts, the powder puff"Gamma" made of high quality goose down with a Fill Power indicator - , which is a great indicator for specimens of this class.
The next thing you should pay attention to the descriptions of feather products, is the percentage of filler in the small feathers that remain when cleaning the fluff in an industrial setting and fluff. The fabric holds well down and does not pass wind. Sophisticated design of the jacket accentuate the elegance of your figure and make it the same pleasure to hold in her quiet routine and extreme holidays. Free, not hampering the cut You can use fanspage The polyester lining quilted together with synthetic padding that extends the life of clothing insulation remains in place when cleaning or washing Front zipper with two locks, unbuttoned both the top and bottom Windproof flap covering the front zipper; the bottom and cuffs, adjustable in size with additional buttons prevent the penetration of the cold under clothing Used stainless button Pockets: Warm, durable, windproof and waterproof, good for duty, and for recreation.
Due to the loose fit it does not restrict movement and warms easily and burdensome, especially when combined with insulated pants or overalls. However, if you need more protection, you can always buy the "accessories" section or and fur collar. Characteristic "Alaska" hood with fur trimming, in combination with a high collar that closes when you need almost all face, and is adjustable in volume and oval of the face.
Jacket length mid-thigh allows you to be long in the cold, and the loose fit does not restrict movement. Large buttons allow you to unbutton the jacket with the gloves. Voluminous, warm front pockets are covered with a soft knitted fabric and large buttons top pockets allow you to undo them with gloves on. Warm comfortable jacket designed for a long stay in the cold. Two big pockets at the bottom are closed with buttons, pocket on "lightning" on chest for mobile phone, 2 down jackets, 1 for "lightning", with a section for pens on the sleeve, 2 internal.
Warm, comfortable, not constraining movements jacket. Jacket all season long BB M jackets-membrane figure. Suit summer casual green dial, Mirage. Suit vegasas 25 MPA coating membrane pixel. Summer suit MPA Peleus-1 green. Winter jacket MO extended statutory jacket. Summer suit MPA field green. Jumpers MPA green figure. Jacket winter VCBO fabric rip-stop membrane pixel. Staff costume consists of trousers and jacket with long sleeves, made of lightweight fabric that does not crumple, does not fade and does not lose its shape even after numerous washings.
This suit is designed to protect from rain at minimal cost and maximum comfort. The product is made of membrane fabric with Teflon coating. These materials allow the suit to effectively repel moisture and do not miss the wind. Hood with visor folds into the collar-pocket. All zippers are waterproof. Each sleeve has platforms on Velcro for patch. Underarms placed vent holes with mesh that prevents the inner t-shirt from abrasion on the zipper. The cuffs on the sleeves regulated with snap closure Velcro for better protection from wind and moisture. On the back is roomy pocket with two zips and the mesh.
At the bottom of the jacket is elastic cord with locking mechanism for width adjustment. Pants have belt loops, side vents and slits in side seams and zipper. Consists of shirt shirt View all products by tag shirt and trousers. Shirt Shirt kind of easy shoulder wear. As a rule, the word shirt, currently, it is accepted to name clothes for boys and men, also called the upper chemise or men's shirt. The history of the Learn about Shirt from the Encyclopedia a straight cut.
Turn-down collar Front zip detachable zip. On the shoulder line the shoulder straps shoulder straps View all products by tag shoulder boards with removable stalemates fullpagename With back yoke. Two chest patch pockets with flaps on the buttons. Two side slash pockets with leaflets. At the bottom of the jacket jacket View all products by tag jacket the cutting zone, the volume of which is adjustable by side panels with elastic braid.
On bottom of sleeves cuffs with flap button closure. Istan the subject of outerwear covering the lower body, including each leg separately, covering the knees. In the classic version of pants on the bottom Learn about Pants from the Encyclopedia a straight cut. Detachable belt with five belt loops under the belt. Volume the waistband is adjustable by side panels with elastic braid. Two side slit pockets. On the right rear half placket button closure. The arrow on the front halves of trousers stitched.
Viscose in Latin "viscosus" means "viscous" is an artificial fiber that is produced by The costume consists of trousers. Straight cut jacket with a Central countersunk supatoy closure on "Canada". Stand-up collar with zipper on the button. Shelf with voluminous patch pockets two chest, two side with flaps, fastened with the Canada. The left side inner pocket water resistant fabric with Velcro fastener Telekrona back waist inner rocker with perforated rubber band and buttons for volume control.
At the bottom of the slide with cord and clamps for volume control, the cord ends are withdrawn from the inner side and closed plates. Double-seam set-in sleeves with elbow pads and cuffs nestrashnye with stalemates curly shape fastened with "NATO". On the sleeves pockets with zipper at the side, in the joints of connection of the sleeve with the armhole at the shoulder vacany shoulder straps with slip-on shoulder straps snap button "NATO".
Sleeves with vents with protective mesh in armhole. Trousers with stitched belt, fastened with sewn loop and button, with five wide belt loops: The lateral portion of the belt tight elastic band. The codpiece of trousers with a hidden button closure. The front half of the trousers with soft pleats, side pockets and overhead volume pockets with flaps with zipper on the button "Canada" in the region of the side seams. In the knee nastrochennogo gusset plate with soft pleats. Halves on rear pockets with flaps with zipper on the button "Canada".
Overlay-amplifier in the seat part forms a burlap pockets. On the bottom of the trousers is inserted braid to adjust the width and stropki. Winter military field figure pea coat army authorized number. Has two detachable hood Balaclava and winter. Complete lining to protect from the low temperatures. Large hood, wide Velcro covers the neck and part of his chin. Central zipper, closed windproof strap on buttons. The model has kuliski-regulators around the waist and hemline. Hands from cold and wind protect cuff of wide practical knitwear.
Mounts for shoulder strap and on the shoulders and on the chest and sleeve. Summer suit consists of a jacket and trousers. Is part of an all-season set of basic uniforms WCBO. The jacket is straight cut. Stand — up collar, adjustable volume, patoi on a textile fastener. Front zip closure detachable strap closed textile fasteners. Two chest patch pockets with flaps on textile fasteners. Back with two vertical pleats for freedom of movement in the shoulder blade area.
At the top of the sleeve overhead volume pockets with valves for textile fastener. In the elbow pads-amplifiers with input protectors on textile fasteners. In the lower part of the sleeve — patch pocket for pens. On bottom of sleeves cuffs with stalemates on textile fastener to adjust the volume. Tselnokrajnie waistband with seven belt loops under the belt.
Volume the waistband is adjustable with cord and stoppers. Scoring two side pockets. On the side seams two large patch pockets with three pleats for volume. The upper part is contracted pockets elastic cord with lock.
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The entrances to pockets, are decorated downhill, hike the hands, closed valves for textile fastener. The knee pads-amplifiers with input protectors on textile fasteners. At the bottom of the trousers overhead volume pockets with valves for textile fastener. The volume on the bottom of the trousers is adjustable braid. On the rear halves of the pants two back pockets with flaps with hidden button closure. In the area of seat trim amplifier. Jumpers MPA used alone or as an extra warming layer, depending on weather conditions and tasks. Perfectly wicks moisture away from the body, does not restrict movement.
Jackets membrane rip-stopComposition of raw materials of the fabric: The costume consists of a jacket and trousers,with external water-repellent layer of fabric on the membrane,with insulation Fibersit. Jacket MPA with windproof placket and chin strap, removable insulated jacket and hood. Before cutting through the waist, the upper part of the front with vertically-stacked pockets on the clasp "lightning" and bulky patch pockets with flaps, fastened with a loop and "canadian" button.
On the lower parts of the front are overhead volume pockets with flaps fastened with loop and "canadian" button. The back with a stitched bottom. Volume jacket at the waist adjustable set-in swing arm with cord. The ends of the cord through the clamps removed. Sleeve one-piece with side parts of the front and back, double seam with an opening at the bottom for width adjustment with the help of textile fasteners. Scribbled on the sleeves pockets on "lightnings", which is hidden. Hood with visor and drawstring for adjustment of the hood.
Facial neck pulled the cord, whose ends are withdrawn through the eyelets , cord length is adjustable latches. At the shoulder seams are loops under the shoulder straps. Shoulder straps and trim detachable shoulder straps. Detachable jacket liner is fastened to the jacket with a zipper on the edges of the sides and the neck, as well as on the loop of elastic cord and button closure along the seam, the attaching knitted cuffs.
The removable liner is made of double sided quilted fabric. Single-seam set-in sleeves with a stitched knit cuffs. On the left side of the inner removable jacket patch pocket scribbled on a textile fastener, a pocket from main fabric. Replaces multiple layers of clothing combining petrolacosaurus and the heat insulation layer. Thanks tselnokrajnimi sleeves provides unrestricted freedom of movement and reducing fatigue.
Detachable jacket liner allows you to provide comfort when a sharp change of the ambient temperature: A large number of different pockets overhead surround, Welt is convenient to accommodate all kinds of equipment. Recommended to operate complete with underwear. The Ministry of defence products, reviews , 14 videos. The costume summer field, a new sample camouflage, epaulettes on the shoulders. Winter jacket for office uniform cloth rip-stop membrane green.
Winter jacket for office uniform cloth rip-stop membrane black. The MO cap green new sample fabric rip-stop. Note - in this model, the insulation of a fleece jacket just in! The costume consists of a jacket and trousers. The jacket with the Central onboard fastener on the tape "lightning". With top front pockets with flaps and leaves, fastened on textile fasteners and side pockets in the "frame" is fastened on the braid "lightning".
Front and back of the jacket on the lining. Turn-down collar with a stand. The suit authorized staff from a fabric rip-stop with Velcro. Vtachnoy sleeve, single seam, with a reinforcing lining in the elbow area,with stitched cuffs, fastened with the Velcro fastener is cut with putty. For fastening removable shoulder strap in the shoulder seams are set of loops, perpendicular to the shoulder seam sewn two continuous loops. On the bottom of the jacket cutting zone, the volume of which is adjustable by side panels with elastic braid.
Straight leg pants with pleat arrows and side pockets on the front halves. Clasp the front of the trousers with zipper "lightning". In the back halves - tuck. On the right rear half Welt pocket with valve leaflets , fastened with the Velcro fastener. The belt is stitched, fastened with loop and button. To regulate by volume, the belt pulled elastic tape, in the region of the side seams.
Winter jacket, THE The suit includes pants and. The pockets are tilted, the hands. At the top of the sleeve overhead volume pockets with valves for textile fastener, with belt loops ribbon belt from the inner side of the valves.
At the bottom of the sleeves — pockets for pens. In the area of seat trim amplifier Fabric: The cap of the Ministry of defence office. Cap made of ripstop fabric, olive color. According to the provisional regulations No. On caps and caps is a sign of distinction on belonging to the bodies of Executive power where the law provides military service the cockade of Golden color , high-ranking officers, in addition, the visor and the cap band with sewing Golden color.
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