Decades of heavy industry have polluted the air and water, but few questions are asked of the now privately owned Magnitogorsk Iron and Steelworks MMK. Magnitogorsk lies near the northern edge of the steppe: Many people commute from Europe to Asia for work each day, travelling from the residential western side of the Ural River to the steel mill on the eastern side. Iron and steel became the watchwords of the era. It became the very embodiment of the push to create an industrialised, socialist society. Magnitogorsk was reportedly inspired by the US Steel plant in Gary, Indiana, then the largest in the world.
The first years of construction, however, were chaos, as the impossibly short deadlines set by Moscow collided with the total lack of infrastructure, chronic fires and a shortage of skilled workers and equipment. The results were rarely of top quality: According to Vasilyev, 40, families of dispossessed peasants were sent to the Chelyabinsk region, many of them Turkish-speaking Tatars and mostly to Magnitogorsk.
In addition, more than 26, non-political convicts had been sent to Magnitogorsk by the end of The overcrowded, mostly dirt-floored tents and ramshackle barracks in which early residents lived were buffeted by blizzards in the winter and dust storms in the summer. Rats, bed bugs and lice tormented their occupants.
Other newcomers reverted to rural ways, building mud huts dug deep into the ground. Crowded, cold, filthy conditions, combined with the lack of clean water and scarcity of food and medical care, resulted in epidemics of typhus, malaria and scarlet fever. Even today, the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steelworks website makes no mention of this forced labour on its history page.
On 31 January , in temperatures below degrees, blast furnace number one was blown in; the following year, it had to be shut down again and completely rebuilt. Although officials were reluctant to allocate labour or resources away from the factory, a city still had to be built around it. In , Moscow enlisted the help of German architect Ernst May, who had won acclaim building egalitarian housing settlements in Frankfurt with standardised, prefabricated materials.
May drafted a plan for a linear city, with a green belt between bands of residential and industrial areas. But when he arrived on site in October , May found that not only was the designated site unsuitable for his plan, but that local officials had already begun construction. The supposedly highly planned building process turned out to be highly erratic. Although the buildings are run-down, flats here are still in demand today, since they are constructed of brick rather than concrete panels like many later flat blocks. The site has now been proposed for Unesco World Heritage status.
The start of the first streetcar in , bearing a portrait of Stalin — Magnitogorsk would eventually have the largest streetcar network in the country after Leningrad — was not enough to make up for the lack of paved roads and vehicles. By Magnitogorsk, already a city of ,, still had only one temporary hospital, and robberies were common. Far from a well-designed socialist city, this was an urban planning catastrophe with the chaotic outlaw atmosphere of a frontier town.
On the other hand, the housing and social services, while always too scarce, began to establish a more collectivised way of life, with public baths, laundries, cafeterias and nurseries. But the bulk of the west bank construction had to wait until after the second world war. Of 56, men in Magnitogorsk, more than 30, were sent to the front, with women taking their places in the factory. Locals are still fond of bragging that every second tank and every third shell during the conflict was built with Magnitogorsk steel. Pittsburgh is home to the world's second largest furry convention known as Anthrocon , which has been held annually at the David L.
Lawrence Convention Center since The city's first play was produced at the old courthouse in [25] and the first theater built in The Duquesne University Red Masquers, founded in , are the oldest, continuously producing theater company in Pennsylvania. The Pittsburgh New Works Festival utilizes local theatre companies to stage productions of original one-act plays by playwrights from all parts of the country. Similarly, Future Ten showcases new ten-minute plays. New writers include Chris Kuzneski who attended the University of Pittsburgh and mentions Pittsburgh in his works and Pittsburgher Brian Celio, author of Catapult Soul who captured the Pittsburgh 'Yinzer' dialect in his writing.
Pittsburgh's unique literary style extends to playwrights, [] as well as local graffiti and hip hop artists. Pittsburgh's position as the birthplace for community owned television and networked commercial television helped spawn the modern children's show genres exemplified by Mister Rogers' Neighborhood , Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? The Pittsburgh Dad series has showcased the Pittsburghese genre to a global YouTube audience since The modern fantasy, macabre and science fiction genre was popularized by director George A. Common Pittsburghese terms are: The dialect is also notable for dropping the verb "to be.
The staccato qualities of the dialect are thought to originate either from Welsh or other European languages. Pittsburgh often places high in lists of the nation's most livable cities. After placing fourth and first in the first two editions of Places Rated Almanac , Pittsburgh finished first in , third in , fifth in , 14th in , and 12th in , before reclaiming the number one spot in In , , and , Pittsburgh was ranked as the most livable city in the United States by The Economist and, in those years, between the 26th- and 29th-most livable city worldwide.
In , Forbes and Yahoo! The Economist Intelligence Unit named Pittsburgh the top place to live in the United States in , [] and behind only Honolulu for and The city was listed among the 10 best U. Livability rankings typically consider factors such as cost of living, crime, and cultural opportunities. Pittsburgh has a low cost of living compared to other northeastern U.
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Birding enthusiasts love to visit the Clayton Hill area of Frick Park, where well over species of birds have been recorded. Enhancing Pittsburgh's livability is the area faces little risk of natural disasters from such causes as earthquake, hurricane, wildfire, or tornado. Forbes ranked Pittsburgh as having the 2nd-lowest natural disaster risk in the nation for Residents living in extremely low-lying areas near the rivers or one of the 1, creeks and streams may have occasional floods, [] such as those caused when the remnants of Hurricane Ivan hit rainfall records in Pittsburgh has the most bars per capita in the nation.
Pittsburgh hosted the first professional football game and the first World Series. The city boasts several professional teams and in the city won the Sporting News title of "Best Sports City" in the United States. Pittsburgh has a long history with its major professional sports teams—the Steelers of the National Football League , the Penguins of the National Hockey League , and the Pirates of Major League Baseball [] —share the same team colors, the official city colors of black and gold.
This tradition of solidarity is unique to Pittsburgh. The black-and-gold color scheme has since become widely associated with the city and personified in its famous Terrible Towel. Several mountain biking trails are within the city and suburbs, Frick Park has biking trails and Hartwood Acres Park has many miles of single track trails.
The Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team, often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos derived from buccaneer , is the city's oldest professional sports franchise having been founded in , and plays in the Central Division of the National League. The Pirates are nine-time Pennant winners and five-time World Series Champions, were in the first World Series and claim two pre-World Series titles in and Pittsburgh also has a rich Negro League history, with the former Pittsburgh Crawfords and the Homestead Grays credited with as many as 14 league titles and 11 Hall of Famers between them in the s and s, while the Keystones fielded teams in the s.
In addition, in the Pirates were the first Major League team to field an all-minority lineup. One sportswriter claimed, "No city is more synonymous with black baseball than Pittsburgh. Since the late 20th century, the Pirates had three consecutive National League Championship Series appearances —92 going 6, 7 and 7 games each , followed by setting the MLB record for most consecutive losing seasons, with 20 from until This era was followed by three consecutive postseason appearances: Their September pennant race in featured the franchises' last no-hitter and last award for Sporting News' Executive of the Year.
Football is the most popular and tradition laden sport in the region. The nation's first professional game was played in the city on November 12, , between the Allegheny Athletic Association and the Pittsburgh Athletic Club , the first pro-team in nearby Latrobe and first organized league, the NFL and their inaugural champions: The city's most popular team is the NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers , named after the distribution company the Pittsburgh Steeling company established in News of the team has preempted news of elections and other events, and are important to the region and its diaspora.
The Steelers have been owned by the Rooney family since the team's founding in , show consistency in coaching only three coaches since the s all with the same basic philosophy and are noted as one of sports' most respectable franchises. High school football routinely attract 10, fans per game and extensive press coverage. College football in the city dates to with the Division I FBS Panthers of the University of Pittsburgh posting nine national championships and recently [ when?
Heinz Field serves as home for the Steelers, Panthers, and both the suburban and city high school championships. Playoff franchises Pittsburgh Power and Pittsburgh Gladiators competed in the Arena Football League in the s and s respectively. The Gladiators hosted ArenaBowl I in the city, competing in two, but losing both before moving to Tampa, Florida and becoming the Storm.
The team has won 6 Eastern Conference titles , , , , and and 5 Stanley Cup championships , , , and Until moving into the PPG Paints Arena in when it was known as Consol Energy Center , the team played their home games at the world's first retractable domed stadium, the Civic Arena , or in local parlance "The Igloo". Ice hockey has had a regional fan base since the s semi-pro Keystones. The city's first ice rink dates back to , when there was an ice rink at the Casino in Schenley Park. Hockey survived with the Pittsburgh Hornets farm team — and their seven finals appearances and three championships in 18 playoff seasons.
Pittsburgh is a hotbed for semi-pro and amateur teams such as the top 50 ranked Junior Penguins, Predators and Viper Stars, with the Hornets a top 20 team for the last 7 years. The city has hosted dozens of pre-season and 15 regular season "neutral site" NBA games, including Wilt Chamberlain 's record setting performance in both consecutive field goals and field goal percentage on February 24, , NBA records that still stand. The Duquesne University Dukes and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers have played college basketball in the city since and respectively.
Pitt and Duquesne have played the annual City Game since Duquesne was the city's first team to appear in a Final Four , obtain a number one AP Poll ranking , [] and to win a post-season national title, the National Invitation Tournament on its second straight trip to the NIT title game. Duquesne is the only college program to produce back-to-back NBA 1 overall draft picks with 's Dick Ricketts and 's Sihugo Green. The Panthers won two pre-tournament era Helms Athletic Foundation National Championships in and , competed in a "national title game" against LSU in , and made a Final Four appearance in Pitt has won 13 conference titles, qualified for the NCAA tournament 25 times including a post season tournament every season since — and regularly sells out the Petersen Events Center.
The program has produced 27 NBA draft picks and 15 All Americans while ranking 1 in the nation as recently as In the National Invitation Tournament the Colonials notched an upset win over the defending national champions Kentucky Wildcats. Pitt women began play in before being reintroduced in Pittsburgh launched the nation's first high school all-star game in Golf has deep roots in the area. Amateurs 8 have also called Oakmont home.
Pittsburgh hosts several annual major sporting events initiated in the late 20th century, including the:. The city's vibrant rivers have attracted annual world-title fishing competitions of the Forrest Wood Cup in and the Bassmaster Classic in Pittsburgh was in the Limelight with the popular Studio Wrestling in the Fineview section of the city.
It is the only promotion based in Pittsburgh. It operates in the city's Lawrenceville neighborhood. The Government of Pittsburgh is composed of the Mayor of Pittsburgh , the Pittsburgh City Council , and various boards and commissions. The mayor and the nine-member council each serve four-year terms. Since the s the Mayor's Chief of Staff has assumed a large role in advising, long term planning, and as a "gatekeeper" to the mayor.
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City council members are chosen by plurality elections in each of nine districts. The government's official offices are in the Pittsburgh City-County Building. Federally, Pittsburgh is part of Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district. In , Council President Luke Ravenstahl was sworn in as mayor at age 26, becoming the youngest mayor in the history of any major American city.
His successor, Bill Peduto , was sworn in January 6, Current Pittsburgh City Council members are: They are elected from single-member districts. Prior to the American Civil War , Pittsburgh was strongly abolitionist. It is considered the birthplace of the national Republican Party , [ citation needed ] as the party held its first convention here in February From the Civil War to the s, Pittsburgh was a Republican stronghold.
The effects of the Great Depression , combined with entrenched local GOP scandals, resulted in a shift among voters to the Democratic Party. With the exceptions of the and elections where lifelong Democrats ran off the party ticket , Democrats have been elected consecutively to the mayor's office since the election.
The city's ratio of party registration is 5 to 1 Democrat. Federally, Pittsburgh is part of Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district , represented by Democrat Michael F. The area's largest law enforcement agency is the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police , with close to sworn officers.
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The city also has separate housing and school police departments. Other agencies also provide police protection within the city because of overlapping jurisdictional boundaries. The Allegheny County Sheriff focuses on jail and courthouse security.
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Pennsylvania State Police Troop B provides patrols for the city and immediate suburbs. Crimes of a federal nature are covered by the U. Attorney for Western Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh annually ranks as one of America's safest big cities, in being named the 3rd "most secure" big city by Farmers Insurance.
More instances of violent crime were reported in 21 of the largest cities while 37 had less. The FBI recommends against using data for ranking. At the end of , the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police reported 59 murders in the city, marking "one of the most violent years in recent history. Pittsburgh is home to many colleges, universities and research facilities, the most well-known of which are Carnegie Mellon University , the University of Pittsburgh , and Duquesne University. The campuses of Carlow, Carnegie Mellon, and the University of Pittsburgh are adjacent to each other in the Oakland neighborhood that is the city's traditional cultural center.
The University of Pittsburgh, established in and popularly referred to as "Pitt", is a state-related school with one of the nation's largest research programs. Carlow University is a small private Roman Catholic university that while coeducational, has traditionally educated women. Duquesne University , a private Catholic university in the Bluff neighborhood and is noted for its song and dance troupe, the Duquesne University Tamburitzans , as well as programs in law, business, and pharmacy. Shady Side Academy maintains a PK—5 primary school campus in the Point Breeze neighborhood, in addition to its 6—12 middle and upper school campuses in nearby suburban Fox Chapel.
The city also has an extensive library system, both public and university. Most notable are the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh 's University Library System, which rank 9th-largest public and 18th-largest academic in the nation, respectively. There are two major daily newspapers in Pittsburgh: The Pittsburgh metro area is served by many local television and radio stations.
It was established on April 1, , and was the first community-sponsored television station and the fifth public station in the United States. The station has produced much original content for PBS, including Mr. There is a wide variety of radio stations serving the Pittsburgh market. There are also three public radio stations in the area; including WESA Pittsburgh's year-old film industry accelerated after the passage of the Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit.
Romero has shot nearly all his films in the area, including his Living Dead series. The city is served by Duquesne Light , one of the original power companies founded by George Westinghouse. News and World Report 's "Honor Roll" every year since The first military hospital in U. Starzl arranged the liver transplant of 5 year old Amie Garrison as a UPMC surgery team flew to Baylor University , starting its transplant program. Griffith, Hardesty, and Trento revealed a new device after a heart-lung transplant.
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The campus was featured in world news in for several unique approaches to patient care. UPMC has pioneered several world firsts including the first known cystic fibrosis heart-lung transplant , the world's first simultaneous liver and heart transplant operation on a child 6-year-old Stormie Jones in , the youngest heart-lung transplant 9 years old in , the world's first heart-liver-kidney transplant , the world's first heart-liver transplant on an infant , [] the first pediatric heart-double lung-liver transplant , the nation's first double hand transplant , and the first total forearm and hand transplant , as well as the state's first heart transplant The Lancet published a UPMC study of two 9 year quadriplegics being able to move a robotic arm by thought, to pick up objects, shake hands, and even eat.
Wiring the brain around spine damage to restore arm and leg muscle function was successful using robotic arms controlled via an embedded computer to translate signals near a small group of neurons with needles. Pittsburgh is a city of bridges. With , [] it has three bridges more than Venice , Italy, which has historically held the title "City of Bridges. The Smithfield Street Bridge was the world's first lenticular truss bridge. The city's Three Sisters Bridges offer a picturesque view of the city from the North.
Over 2, bridges span the landscape of Allegheny County. In Andrew Carnegie opened the Pittsburgh Locomotive and Car Works which manufactured for the industry until Carnegie also founded the Union Railroad in for heavy freight services and it still serves the area's steel industry, while George Westinghouse 's Wabtec has been a leader in rail engines and switching since Pittsburgh is home to one of Norfolk Southern Railway 's busiest freight corridors, the Pittsburgh Line , and operates up to 70 trains per day through the city. The suburban Conway Rail Yard —originally built in —was the largest freight rail center in the world from until and is today the nation's second-largest.
CSX , the other major freight railroad in the eastern U. Amtrak provides intercity rail service via the Capitol Limited and the Pennsylvanian which use Penn Station. The Port of Pittsburgh ranks as the 20th-largest port in the United States with almost 34 million short tons of river cargo for , the port ranked 9th-largest in the U. Locals refer to the interstates fanning out from downtown Pittsburgh as the "parkways. The "parkway north" is Interstate connecting to I The mile-long and mile-long expressway sections of Pennsylvania Route 28 and U. Route 22 also carry traffic from downtown to the northeast and western suburbs, respectively.
Interstate 70 , 79 and 76 the Turnpike roughly form a triangular-shaped "beltway" with Interstate 68 and 80 within the media market's northern and southern limits. Pittsburgh International Airport and Arnold Palmer Regional Airport provide commercial passenger service to the metropolitan area. While serving only a portion of the Pittsburgh area the nation's 20th largest metro area , it is the 11th largest transit agency in the nation and helped the region rank 8th on commuters that use non-car means to work, second to only Chicago in metros outside the Northeast corridor.
The Bus System lines are labeled by number and letter. These are the largest portion of Port Authority and serve on streets and designated busways.
Meanwhile, the light rail system commonly known as the "T" runs along both new tracks and those refurbished from the street car area. The light rail currently runs from Heinz Field to South Hills Village and Library , while taking commuters through one of two routes; one which serves Castle Shannon , Mt. Lebanon , and Beechview , while the other is an express line using railways through Overbrook. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Pittsburgh, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 73 min.
The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 3. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the City of Pittsburgh. It is not to be confused with the Greater Pittsburgh metropolitan region. For other uses, see Pittsburg. City in western Pennsylvania. City in Pennsylvania, United States. Location in Allegheny County and the U.
Interactive map of Pittsburgh. New France Quebec Virginia. George Washington General John Forbes. We've seen a steady decrease in pollution levels over the past decade and certainly over the past 20, 30, 40, 50 years or more. List of corporations in Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh is the poster child for managing industrial transition.
List of fiction set in Pittsburgh , List of films shot in Pittsburgh , and List of television shows shot in Pittsburgh. American football in Western Pennsylvania. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
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Allegheny County Sanitary Authority. List of hospitals in Pittsburgh. List of people from Pittsburgh. Due to its river valley and urban location as well as elevation, many of the summertime warm minima temperature records set at the WBO have not even come close to being matched at KPIT, which is at-elevation and located in the western suburbs.
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