Below is a list of important works written by Carlo Levi, Levi also wrote numerous prefaces and introductions for many authors throughout his lifetime. Pugliese, and Carlo Levi. Pasolini also distinguished himself as an actor, journalist, philosopher, novelist, playwright, painter and his murder prompted an outcry in some circles of Italy, with its circumstances continuing to be a matter of heated debate. Pasolini was born in Bologna, traditionally one of the most leftist politically of Italian cities and he was the son of Carlo Alberto Pasolini, a lieutenant of the Italian army, and Susanna Colussi, an elementary school teacher.
His parents married in , Pasolini was born in and his family moved to Conegliano in and, two years later, to Belluno, where another son, Guidalberto, was born. In , Pasolinis father was arrested for gambling debts and his mother moved with the children to her familys house in Casarsa della Delizia, in the Friuli region. That same year, his father Carlo Alberto, first detained, at any rate, Carlo Alberto was persuaded of the virtues of fascism. Pasolini began writing poems at the age of seven, inspired by the beauty of Casarsa.
One of his influences was the work of Arthur Rimbaud. In , his father was transferred to Idria in the Julian March, in they moved again to Cremona in Lombardy, and later to Scandiano and Reggio Emilia. Pasolini found it difficult to adapt to all moves, though in the meantime he enlarged his poetry and literature readings. In the Reggio Emilia high school, he met his first true friend, the two met again in Bologna, where Pasolini spent seven years while completing high school, here he cultivated new passions, including football. With other friends, including Ermes Parini, Franco Farolfi, Elio Meli, in Pasolini graduated and entered the Literature College of the University of Bologna, discovering new themes such as philology and aesthetics of figurative arts.
He also frequented the cinema club.
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Pasolini always showed his friends a virile and strong exterior, totally hiding his interior travail and he took part in the Fascist governments culture and sports competitions. After the summer in Casarsa, in Pasolini published at his own expense a collection of poems in Friulan, the work was noted and appreciated by intellectuals and critics such as Gianfranco Contini, Alfonso Gatto and Antonio Russi.
His pictures had also been well received, Pasolini was chief editor of the Il Setaccio magazine, but was fired after conflicts with the director, who was aligned with the Fascist regime. A trip to Germany helped him also to perceive the status of Italian culture in that era.
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Alda Merini — Ho la sensazione di durare troppo, di non riuscire a spegnermi, come tutti i vecchi le mie radici stentano a mollare la terra. Merini was quite young when, as a poet, she gained the attention and her writing style is described as intense, passionate and mystic, and it bears an influence from Rainer Maria Rilke. Some of her poems concern her time in a home and are often of a long. She explores the otherness of madness as part of creative expression, diary of a dropout is considered by some as her masterpiece, Scheiwiller, In she won the Elsa Morante Ragazzi Award with Alda e Io — Favole written in cooperation with the fable writer Sabatino Scia, Giorgio Napolitano then President of the Italian Republic described her, at her death, as an inspired and limpid poetic voice.
The mother, Emilia Painelli, was a housewife, Alda was the second daughter of three children, including Anna, born on November 26,, and Ezio, born on January,, who appear, albeit with a certain detachment, in her poems. Because studying has always been a part of my life. However, she did not succeed, as she did not pass the Italian language test, in the same period she also studied the piano, an instrument she especially loved. She made her debut at the age of fifteen, under the guidance of Giacinto Spagnoletti.
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In , Merini met the first shadows of her mind and was interned for a month in the clinic Villa Turro in Milano, Giacinto Spagnoletti was the first to publish her work, in Antologia della poesia italiana contemporanea —, published in The chosen works were the lyric poems Il gobbo, dated 22 December , in , at the suggestion of Eugenio Montale and Maria Luisa Spaziani, the editor Giovanni Scheiwiller published two of the authors previously unpublished poems in Poetesse del Novecento.
From to , the writer developed a professional connection, at the end of the relationship with Giorgio Manganelli, August she married Ettore Carniti, a bakery owner from Milan. The same year Schwarz publishing house published her first volume of poems entitled La presenza di Orfeo, a time split between periods of health and illness followed, probably caused by her bipolar disorder.
In with Alda e Io — Favole, written in collaboration with the fable writer Sabatino Scia, in Merini began her most intense works on her dramatic and upsetting experience at the psychiatric hospital. These works were included in what Maria Corti called her masterpiece, la Terra Santa, on July 7,, her husband died and Alda, without any support from the literary world, fruitlessly tried to spread her poems.
He wrote on political theory, sociology and linguistics and he attempted to break from the economic determinism of traditional Marxist thought and so is considered a key neo-Marxist. He was a member and one-time leader of the Communist Party of Italy and was imprisoned by Benito Mussolinis Fascist regime. He wrote more than 30 notebooks and 3, pages of history and his Prison Notebooks are considered a highly original contribution to 20th century political theory. The notebooks cover a range of topics, including Italian history and nationalism. The bourgeoisie in Gramscis view develops a hegemonic culture using ideology rather than violence, economic force, hegemonic culture propagates its own values and norms so that they become the common sense values of all and thus maintain the status quo.
Hegemonic power is used to maintain consent to the capitalist order, rather than coercive power using force to maintain order. This cultural hegemony is produced and reproduced by the dominant class through the institutions that form the superstructure, Antonio Francesco Gramsci was born in Ales, on the island of Sardinia, the fourth of seven sons of Francesco Gramsci. The senior Gramsci was an official from Gaeta, who married Giuseppina Marcias.
The senior Gramscis financial difficulties and troubles with the police forced the family to move about through several villages in Sardinia until they settled in Ghilarza. In Francesco was convicted of embezzlement and imprisoned, reducing his family to destitution, the young Antonio had to abandon schooling and work at various casual jobs until his fathers release in As a boy, Gramsci suffered from problems, particularly a malformation of the spine that stunted his growth.
Gramsci was also plagued by various internal disorders throughout his life, Gramsci completed secondary school in Cagliari, where he lodged with his elder brother Gennaro, a former soldier whose time on the mainland had made him a militant socialist. However, Gramscis sympathies then did not lie with socialism, but rather with the grievances of impoverished Sardinian peasants, in , Gramsci won a scholarship to study at the University of Turin, sitting the exam at the same time as Palmiro Togliatti.
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At Turin, he read literature and took a keen interest in linguistics, Gramsci was in Turin as it was going through industrialization, with the Fiat and Lancia factories recruiting workers from poorer regions. Trade unions became established, and the first industrial social conflicts started to emerge, Gramsci frequented socialist circles as well as associating with Sardinian emigrants.
He was the author of books, novels, collections of short stories, essays. Levi died in from injuries sustained in a fall from a third-story apartment landing and his death was officially ruled a suicide, but some have suggested that the fall was accidental. Levi was born in in Turin, Italy, at Corso Re Umberto 75 and his father Cesare worked for the manufacturing firm Ganz and spent much of his time working abroad in Hungary, where Ganz was based.
Cesare was a reader and autodidact. Levis mother Ester, known to everyone as Rina, was well educated and she too was an avid reader, played the piano, and spoke fluent French. The marriage between Rina and Cesare had been arranged by Rinas father, on their wedding day, Rinas father, Cesare Luzzati, gave Rina the apartment at Corso Re Umberto, where Primo Levi lived for almost his entire life.
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In Anna Maria, Levis sister was born, he remained close to her all his life, in he entered the Felice Rignon primary school in Turin. A thin and delicate child, he was shy and thought he was ugly and his school record includes long periods of absence during which he was tutored at home, at first by Emilia Glauda and then by Marisa Zini, daughter of philosopher Zino Zini. The children spent summers with their mother in the Waldensian valleys southwest of Turin and his father remained in the city, partly because of his dislike of the rural life, but also because of his infidelities.
In September Levi entered the Massimo dAzeglio Royal Gymnasium a year ahead of normal entrance requirements, in class he was the youngest, the shortest and the cleverest, as well as being the only Jew. For these reasons, he was bullied, in August , following two years at the Talmud Torah school in Turin, he sang in the local synagogue for his Bar Mitzvah. In , as was expected of all young Italian schoolboys and he avoided rifle drill by joining the ski division, and spent every Saturday during the season on the slopes above Turin.
As a young boy Levi was plagued by illness, particularly chest infections, in his teens, Levi and a few friends would sneak into a disused sports stadium and conduct athletic competitions. In July at the age of 14, he sat the exams for the Massimo dAzeglio liceo classico, a Lyceum specializing in the classics, and was admitted that year. The school was noted for its well-known anti-Fascist teachers, among them the philosopher Norberto Bobbio, and Cesare Pavese, Levi continued to be bullied during his time at the Lyceum, although six other Jews were in his class.
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Upon reading Concerning the Nature of Things by Sir William Bragg, distracted and terrified by the draft accusation, he failed the exam—the first poor grade of his life—and was devastated. His father was able to him out of the Navy by enrolling him in the Fascist militia. Poli assumed the nom de plume Saba in , and his name was changed to Umberto Saba in From he was the proprietor of a bookshop in Trieste. He suffered from all his adult life. Sabas Christian father, year-old Ugo Eduardo Poli, converted to Judaism in order to marry year-old Felicita Rachele Coen in July , Felicita was one month pregnant with Umberto at the time of the wedding.
Saba was a reader who kept pet birds and studied the violin. In he transferred from the Gymnasium to a college, the Imperial Academy of Commerce and Navigation. In he began composing poetry, signing his work Umberto Chopin Poli, in January Saba travelled to Pisa to study archaeology, German and Latin, but began to complain of a nervous disorder and, in June, returned to Trieste. After a holiday in Slovenia, he spent some time later that year in Switzerland, writing a play.
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Between and he completed a year of Italian military service in an infantry unit based in Salerno. He married Lina in a Jewish ceremony in , and they had a daughter, Linuccia, in November his first collection of poems, Poesie, was published under the name Saba, and the name was legally recognised as his surname in This choice of name is thought by scholars to be an homage to his Jewish mother, while others point to the similarity with his wet-nurses surname.
Destitute, in the family moved to Milan, where Saba found work first as a secretary, then as a nightclub manager. The business produced enough income to support the family, and Saba soon became enthusiastic about buying and selling rare old books and he self-published the first edition of his Songbook in In he began psychoanalysis under the influential Trieste psychoanalyst Edoardo Weiss, after being prescribed injectable opium for his depression, from onwards Saba was frequently admitted to a Rome nursing home for treatment of addiction. Manuale di conversazione La moglie ingenua e il marito malato - Prima Edizione Agosto, moglie mia non ti conosco Se la luna mi porta fortuna Tragedie in due battute Italian Edition 24 Jul Vite degli uomini illustri Italian Edition 5 Jul Agosto moglie mia non ti conosco 1 Jan L'eroe Si direbbe che a uno squillo di tromba Il diario di Gino Cornabo'.
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