The day's events will begin at the corner of Old Amwell Road Rt. See the schedule below for a complete listing of times and locations. A map of Millstone with the location of the Reformed Church can be found here. For more information call Christine Fung at This is an event for young and old: The uniforms worn by the corps members are authentic reproductions of the uniforms that would have been worn by the fifers and drummers of the 2nd New Jersey Regiment, four of whose eight companies were raised at the Barracks in Trenton in The corps is made up of boys aged drawn from central and southern New Jersey as well as eastern Pennsylvania.
With flags flying, everyone marches the short distance to the grounds of Millstone's historic Borough Hall and enjoys a moderately priced picnic. After that there are crafts for children and games for all to enjoy. This year we take pride in presenting the storyteller Lawrence E. Walker during the afternoon program.
Walker has spent seven years collecting historic photographs, visiting African-American historic sites in New Jersey and neighboring states, and researching Journey to Freedom: During this guided tour, the visitor will learn about the Revolutionary War sites and the many historic buildings in the village. They built a thriving farming community and became an integral part of the development of New Jersey. In Robert Kennedy's paintings, the artist uses his interest in the architecture and wildlife in Millstone and the Millstone Valley to make paintings that everyone can enjoy.
We are proud to be able to show his work as part of the W3R celebration. Watercolorists Unlimited is a group of artists that was formed in The group has had exhibitions in several venues around New Jersey, including at the Gourgaud Gallery in Cranbury and the Canal House in Franklin, where their annual shows have attracted a devoted following. We are glad to be able to show their paintings as part of the W3R celebration.
The painting at the left is Colorado Rockies , a watercolor by Berenice Fatto. The army's fifth camp was located in Bolton Center, but the original road leading there has been unused since the late 19th century and has been overgrown by forest. The four divisions had been traveling a day apart. They rested for three nights in East Hartford, necessitating additional camp sites in the same vicinity. Route 6 is a state highway trunk line route, and the surrounding area is heavily urbanized and has lost most of its historic character.
However, two sections of the road have been bypassed in Andover and Bolton and remain relatively preserved in their 18th century appearance. A segment of Hutchinson Road between Route 6 and Henderson Road retains the stone walls and mature trees along the side of the road, as well as the expansive views of open fields towards the Hop River. This road segment is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The Daniel White Tavern was built in and used by French officers, and it still stands along this road segment. North of Henderson Road, Hutchinson Road has modern development and no longer has the visual continuity of the southern part of the road. Bailey Road originally connected Route 6 with Brandy Street in Bolton, but the portion west of the Andover-Bolton town line has since been overgrown and is no longer passable by motor vehicles. A remnant of Bailey Road in Bolton still exists as an unpaved footpath and still retains the characteristic stone walls, as well as two original stone culverts.
It, too, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The first division of Rochambeau's army crossed the Connecticut River by ferry on June 25 into Hartford , with the other divisions following in one-day intervals as before. From there, they traveled along Farmington Avenue through West Hartford until Farmington , the site of the seventh camp. The camp site was located toward the south end of the town center village. Rochambeau and his officers are said to have stayed at the Elm Tree Inn. After staying overnight in Farmington Center, the army followed Route 10 on June 26 through the town center of Southington until the Milldale section of town, then headed west along Route until they reached the eighth camp site in the Marion section of Southington.
Rochambeau and his officers stayed at the Asa Barnes Tavern.
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The following day, they continued westward along Route , then Meriden Road into Waterbury. The route continued into present-day Middlebury , specifically the area around Breakneck Hill. The ninth camp was located at the foot of Breakneck Hill, where the first division stayed the night of June Rochambeau and his officers were entertained at the Israel Bronson Tavern.
On June 28, the first division resumed its march heading south on Artillery Road and Middlebury Road Route 64 through the town center of Middlebury, continuing along Route and Waterbury Road into the center of Southbury. They continued along Church Hill Road through the center of Newtown, where they set up their tenth camp west of the town center.
The officers stayed in Caleb Baldwin's Tavern. Rochambeau reorganized his troops into two brigades in Newtown. The army marched along Route 6 and Newtown Road into Danbury. The eleventh camp was set up on July 1 in Ridgebury near the Congregational Church. The French army resumed its march on the morning of July 2 through the town of Ridgefield, heading south on Ridgebury Road then turning west on Mopus Bridge Road. After crossing the New York state line, they continued southwest and south following Route past the hamlets of North Salem and Cross River until the hamlet of Bedford Village.
The first brigade set up camp in Bedford Village 12th camp and resumed the following day while the second brigade skipped the Bedford camp. InMay of that year, Congress directed that the army employ a procurement In theory, thesecontractors could replace officers previously appointed as commissariesand assistant deputy quartermasters and abolish the vulnerable systemof fixed magazines and depots on which the army depended for the dis-tribution of provisions and supplies.
Turning the job of military supply to private contractors was theidea of Robert Morris. This method also wasdriven by unfounded congressional fears that Army quartermasters mightunfairly enrich themselves at the expense of the United States. Many of the supplies remained in thedepots where they were delivered because the states did not assume theresponsibility for transporting them to the troops, and the quartermasteragents had no money with which to hire wagon drivers.
This situation shifted the burden of finding the funds to finance thelogistical system to the superintendent of finance. In July , Congressauthorized Morris to contract for all supplies needed by the ContinentalArmy, as well as for their transportation. As long as Congress lacked theauthority, or refused to accept the responsibility, to raise and collect thetaxes necessary to maintain the army, Morris lacked the funds to pay thecontractors for their supplies.
Initially he pledged his private resources topay for supplies and to establish depots along the route, but more oftenthan not the regimental supply officers relied on interest-bearing state orContinental loan certificates, promissory notes that were redeemable atsome future date, and the goodwill of providers to accept them. The logistical challenges facing French and American forces on theirmarch to Yorktown were immense. Each Peale Independence Nationalinfantry regiment was allowed Historical Park twenty-two horses and thirty-twooxen.
An artillery regiment needed twenty horses and forty oxen todraw its baggage and supplies and more draft animals to draw its artil-lery pieces, ammunition wagons, traveling forges, and other vehicles. The needs of the sappers and miners, artificers, commissary, and staffadded hundreds to the requirement. Accordingly, Duportail planned onan initial allocation of 3, horses and 2, oxen for the main armyalone for the campaign.
On 1 July, Maj. Henry Knox requested horses for theartillery carriages and another 40 to draw the spare ammunition. On11 July , Maj. Thomas Cogswell informed Pickering that he alsoneeded horses. When Duportail issued the recall of Continentalhorses from their winter dispersal stations, fewer horses returned thanexpected. With Morris in charge of finding supplies, Pickering and his stafffocused on selecting roads and campsites.
The bottoms are good. I was particular inthese enquiries yesterday as I passed. The 1st fording place is about amile above Shamminy ferry, the 2d half a mile above that. The American line units hadlittle time for preparation as well. Once the movement commenced,the daily routine began with special instructions issued verbally just Since the Continental Army had already spentyears marching across New Jersey and was familiar with the roads, itcould easily execute its instructions with a minimum of detail.
The orderly book forCol. The men marched until reaching the nextbivouac site, usually by early afternoon. The soldiers then drew theirdaily ration, including beef. A company of Continentals was typicallydivided into messes, usually consisting of six men who ate and were bil-leted together both in the field and in garrison. On occasion, the messes would be issued provisions to last overseveral days. An army supply trainincluded a drove of cattle on the hoof to slaughter as needed.
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When itbegan its march on 25 August, Lincoln ordered: Many supplies had to be purchased as the armies moved. Thachercommented regarding the French: They punctually paid their expenses in hard money, whichmade them acceptable guests wherever they passed. Those selling to the Americans, on the other hand, had to settle forpayment in either nearly worthless Continental paper currency or Con-tinental loan certificates.
On 18 August, Washington informed Rochambeau: Morris left Camp he made a proposal which he desired might becommunicated to your Excellency. He informed me that he understood Mr. I shall be obliged by your making Mr. Morris, I shall be glad to know the exact quantity and where Mr.
In extreme circumstances, to meet the requirements of keeping theArmy in the field, American officers frequently had to resort to impress-ing, or confiscating, supplies in exchange for loan certificates. Coldcloug, Forage Masterto the Park, who will give the necessary Certificates. In Delaware, for example, state authorities had supplies Henry Darby, and Capt. William McClay to procure thesupplies and allocate funds to cover expenses.
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With this assistance, stateand Continental authorities collected and delivered a large amount ofmuch-needed supplies. Sebastian Baumann led the artificers viaRingwood to Pompton. The main body of the Continental Army movedvia Suffern. About a mile into New Jersey the main body of the Continental Armydivided into two columns. The one on the right, commanded by Col. John Lamb, was composed of the Rhode Island Regiment, the sappersand miners, baggage trains, the Second Continental Artillery, and thirtyflatboats on carriages, and proceeded on what today is the Ramapo ValleyRoad to Pompton.
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The second column, commanded by General Lincoln, marchedto its assembly point between Chatham and Springfield via Hohokus,Acquackanonk modern Passaic , and Second River modern Bel-leville , before the two columns united to camp between Chatham andSpringfield, within seven miles of New York City. Two days later, 29August, the Continentals broke camp and continued marching south intwo columns.
Washington personally led the column that marched via Bound Brookto Princeton and Trenton; the other swung far to the east into Elizabethbefore turning west toward New Brunswick, via Quibbletown, and thenon to Princeton. French forces, unfamiliar with the territory and therefore depen- dent on maps, took the most direct route via Peekskill and Stony Point to Pompton, Morristown, Princeton, Trenton, and Philadelphia.
By dis- persing the French and American armies on multiple routes, the allies maintained the ruse that they were massing for an assault on New York. The dispersal was also a mat- ter of practicality, in that an army on the move consumes vast amounts of food and forage. When the armies reached Princeton, they were not only irreversibly committed toCharles Cornwallis, engraving the Southern campaign, but theyby J.
Ward from a painting by also had successfully disengaged from one theater and were free to W. Beechey, redeploy to another. From Philadelphia, the columns crossed the Schuylkill Riverand continued tramping southward. Meanwhile, the artillery was loadedaboard watercraft and moved down the Delaware River to Christiana inDelaware. As the allied armies were marching to Virginia, LordCornwallis and his exhausted redcoats were digging in for what theyhoped would be a well-deserved rest and quiet winter quarters.
Decisive Actions Virginia was the wealthiest and most populous of the colonies and hadhardly been directly touched by the war before General Leslie arrived in to disrupt American supplies being sent to Greene. The state suffered greatlyfrom enemy depredations. William Phillips landed later that same month with an additional2, men to take over the command from Arnold.
When Lafayette arrived in Richmond with about 1, Continentalsat the end of April to cooperate with von Steuben and the Virginia mi-litia, Phillips was finally forced to withdraw to Petersburg. Cornwallissent word to Phillips that they would join their forces together at thecity. Cornwallis arrived in Petersburg on 20 May to bring the number ofCrown forces to more than 7, men, of which 5, were fit for duty. Banastre Tarleton led his British Legion toward Charlottesville,dispersed the state assembly, and nearly captured Gov.
Thomas Jeffersonat his Monticello home on 4 June. Instead, the Americans could only shadow and observetheir adversary from a safe distance. On 25 June Cornwallis rode into Williamsburg. The next dayhe opened two letters from a very upset superior. Clinton upbraidedhis subordinate for conducting what he viewed as an unauthorized forayinto Virginia. Since the British commander in chief anticipated an attackby the allied forces on New York, he instructed Cornwallis to detachsix infantry regiments, with whatever supporting forces he could spare,to New York and to establish a naval base in the Chesapeake.
Just as the troops Clinton had re-quested were about to embark onvessels sent by Clinton, Cornwallisreceived countermanding orders toestablish a naval base and winterquarters at Old Point Comfort in-stead. Not finding the location tohis liking, he marched his forcesup the peninsula to Yorktown. On2 August his men began turningthe small port on the York Riverinto the fortified naval base Clin-ton wanted in Virginia.
ThoughCornwallis was not entirely pleased Francois Joseph Paul, comtewith the location, he was secure in de Grasse, engraving by Lemercier from a painting bythe knowledge that the Royal Navy A. Maurin, was close at hand. The decks were crowded with additional personnel. Along the way,the admiral dispatched the frigate Aigrette to Havana to pick up the 1. It tooknearly five hours to collect these funds from public and private sources,and the next day Aigrette was sailing north again. Hood arrived off the Virginia Capes on25 August, the same day Barras and his squadron sailed from Newportwith the French siege artillery.
Sighting no French vessels, however,Hood sailed on to New York. After Hood dropped anchor on 28 August,Clinton ordered him to join the naval squadron under Vice Adm. Aigrette hurried back to alert de Grasse. With someof the sailors ashore, and no time to recall them, many of the ships wereunderway without full crews. Beating against a wind from the north-northeast, the French had difficulty forming a battle line as their twenty-three ships straggled out of the bay.
Theensuing exchange of broadsides went on inconclusively until nightfall,when Graves finally signaled for the British ships to cease firing. During the next three days, both fleets drifted to the southward with-out resuming the fight. At nightfall on 9 September, de Grasse headedback north. De Grasse,who knew that Washington and Rochambeau were on the way, had ac-complished his objective. Cornwallis was noweffectively cut off from his naval support. Meanwhile, after three weeks of marching, the leading elements ofthe Continental Army reached Head of Elk, Maryland, on Thursday, 6September, followed by French forces over the next two days.
Once theAmerican rear guard arrived from Christiana on 9 September, the two Washingtonknew that speed was still of the essence. Cornwallis might attempt tobreak out of encircled Yorktown. And, in the same message Washingtonreceived from de Grasse on 5 September informing him the French fleetwas in the Chesapeake, there was also the warning that the ships wouldremain only until 15 October.
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On 7 Septemberhe asked Rochambeau for a loan of 26, Spanish dollars in specieto pay the American troops, with the promise that he would repay themoney. The 26, pieces of eight, or , livres, almost half theamount left in his treasury, was all Rochambeau could lend Morris topay the American troops.
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The effect of the French silver resonated for decades in the mindsof the recipients. I cannot evenobtain my pay as Captain in the Line. My comrades received the same amount. Eighty vessels of various sizes, including twelve sloops,eighteen schooners, and a few dozen smaller private vessels, eitherhired or impressed for service, waited at Head of Elk. On 8 September,headquarters ordered: When the first contingent was loaded, the second division beganboarding.
On 9 September, even before those loading at Head of Elk werefully embarked, the remainder of the men, about 4, French troops,the artillery, and approximately 1, Americans continued marchingby land. When the transports weighed anchor at on 11 September,loaded to capacity, the two New York regiments and the Rhode IslandRegiment followed the French. The convoy of transports arrived in Baltimore on 12 September, justafter the news had arrived that de Grasse had sailed from LynnhavenBay on 5 September to engage the British fleet. The victorious out-come of that fight was not known until the evening of 14 September.
Meanwhile, the convoy of assorted transports was on its way againon 13 September. Rochambeau had hoped to find enough shippingin Baltimore to embark at least two of his regiments. But the seawor-thiness of the vessels that awaited him was questionable. At on 14 September,Col.
The next evening, 15 September, Transports, sent from de Grasse, had arrived atAnnapolis to carry most of the French forces. Over the next few days the infantry regiments and field artil-lery loaded men, guns, and baggage aboard fifteen French vessels: The supply train, with an estimated 1,horses, oxen, and wagons, set off for Virginia.
Led by the ship ofthe line Romulus, with 74 guns, the frigates Gentile, Diligente, Aigrette,Isis, and Richmond the latter two captured from the British and the ninetransports sailed on 21 September in the afternoon. They arrived in theYork River only twenty-four hours later. After being overtaken by theFrench ships, the makeshift American transport fleet sailed to CollegeCreek Landing, opposite Williamsburg in the James River. By 26 September, the French transports were unloaded as well, and thetroops joined the camp at Williamsburg.
After he left Head of Elk traveling by road on 8 September, Wash-ington was eager to visit his Mount Vernon home for the first time in sixyears. Briefly stopping in Baltimore early on 9 September, he pushedon the last sixty miles and reached his estate that evening. After reaching Williamsburg on 15 September,they anxiously awaited the arrival of the combined armies.
The generals wereanxious for the battle to begin. On 29 September, de Grasse sent a landing force of men, lineinfantry serving as marines on his vessels, ashore from the fleet to op-erate with the army. Rochambeau ordered them to Gloucester, wherethey joined Brig. There they faced Lt. Almost half the enemyforce consisted of cavalry, including the famed British Legion about men of the hated and feared Banastre Tarleton. Lauzun was anxious tocross swords with him, and his opportunity came on 3 October Choisy and Lauzun wanted to move their troops closer to the Britishposition at Gloucester Point.
At the same time, Tarleton and of hishorse soldiers and infantry of the Twenty-third Royal Welsh Fusiliers, of them also mounted, were out foraging. About three miles fromGloucester, Lauzun emerged from the forest onto open ground. Seeing theenemy force before him, he advanced directly toward Tarleton. The Brit-ish force initially retreated, but rallied and then counterattacked.
Yorktown, 14 October , by H. Army Art Collection militia. British casualties numbered thirteen. The French suffered 3 killedand 16 wounded, while the Americans had 2 killed and 11 wounded. Bothsides claimed victory, but the allies retained the field. Across the river, on 28 September, the allied armies advanced onYorktown. Surprisingly, Cornwallis abandoned his outer defenses with-out a fight on 30 September. That meant digging trenches opposite the defensivelines of the besieged enemy.
In the meantime, artillery subjected the entrenched enemy to continu-ous bombardment to weaken them and cover the digging. Artillery thenmoved forward to covered positions and fired a concentrated bombard- In the final stage, infantry stormedthe resulting breech, assaulting from the protection of the closest parallel.