Finally, in contrast to a sole reliance on voices of politicians, bureaucrats and experts, integration of competing voices, especially from citizens, seems desirable. This illustrates the importance of situating different voices within specific socio-economic, cultural and institutional contexts. Inspired by Callon and Latour approach, her research shows the interplay between many players, such as ordinary citizens, non-governmental organizations NGO , businessmen involvement, and private companies. While all government in one way or another subscribe to more participation, this does not necessarily imply an adequate response to the transformation of society.
Reflexivity is at the very heart of the transformation of industrial society to a risk society, which Beck suggests. In this context, reflexivity means that individuals become aware of the contradictions and limitations of the industrial society, their institutions and instruments. Critical reflections have been mostly concerned with expertise originating from hard sciences. Another line of contestation originates from social sciences.
Sociologists such as Latour Latour and Wolgar, have underlined social and institutional embeddedness of science, implying biases and reductionism in scientific presentations. It is the latter part of criticism that had the greatest implications for the ways in which risks were managed. One type of research resulting from this analysis was the field of risk communication in order to overcome some of the challenges mentioned above Fischhoff, Another type of research was the development of templates for risk governance Renn, that take into account input from social sciences.
It studies media and public perceptions of risks and benefits of aquafarming in several European countries. The purpose of this research is to anticipate food safety concerns and devise an appropriate risk communication and governance strategy to avert these contestations, reflecting insights from risk perception and amplification studies.
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Nonetheless, it is this kind of social science research that requires the expansion of reflexivity to include the social sciences. Moreover, the way in which social sciences are being integrated into emerging templates for risk governance is marginal: Rather than using critical social sciences to question the scientific input and the political normative implications systematically, the use of social sciences is often instrumental and acceptance-ensuring.
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However, it is merely a mechanism, which can be used for good and bad purposes. It is for this reason that reflexivity matters — and needs to be thought through. As we have seen above, the Brussels workshop turned out to be a great venue for discussing in details several contested issues surrounding risk and uncertainty. As a UK-Belgian joint project, it served as an important forum for having a dialogue between the sometimes co-existing but not interacting English-speaking and French-speaking scholarly communities.
One set of questions they asked concerns policy practice and solutions that can be facilitated through critical, reflexive social sciences. How can a democratic polity including transnational bodies such as EU and UN better design its responses to uncertainty? This is a question on the global dimension, as many of the policy issues are multifaceted and trans-boundary, requiring a global policy response and coordination.
Is the rise of individualism and lack of trust in elites and science a global phenomenon and, if so, how do different institutional arrangements, in different sectors, nations, on different governance levels, deal with this change? How can we design-in reflexivity and respect for variations as we face similar societal transformations and policy challenges?
Critical social science has the potential to observe, analyse and propose new designs, especially if it continues to disclose the underlying assumptions. Studying emergent forms of uncertainty governance can also advance social theory, by questioning old concepts associated with democratic governance and identifying gaps in research and practice. Most importantly, reviewing Beck after 20 years demonstrates that we are still more or less where he left us, with some selected areas of progress e. However, we have yet to understand how we can collectively organise societies in the long term in a way that material and institutional challenges associated with uncertainty can be resolved in a way that is sustainable and ensures citizenship.
While a world risk society may not be here today, yet, the issues arising from risk and uncertainty provide us with abundance of important questions for global policy and governance research. Questions to be revisited include the following. What would be the cross-boundary, boundary-respecting evaluation criteria for effective framework for governing uncertainty e. How can social science at the interface between research and practice play a constructive role without being instrumentalised?
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These and other questions have become increasingly relevant everywhere and on all governance levels, posing further challenges both empirically and theoretically to academics and practitioners. We would like to thank Dr. Eva-Maria Nag and her Global Policy editorial team for their support, and all the participants for their contributions to the workshop. The Social Sciences and Democracy, ed. Participatory Politics for a New Age. University of California Press. Towards a New Ecology.
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The Politics of Risk Society. Multilevel Governance, Re-nationalization or Centralization? The Remarkable Story of Risk. John Wiley and Sons. Public Administration, 84, 3. The Politics of Empowerment. Law, Power, action and belief: Barthe Acting in an Uncertain World. An Essay on Technical Democracy.
Democracy and Power in an American City. An essay on the selection of technical and environmental dangers. Chicago University Press, pp. Self and society in the late modern age. Risk Analysis, 15, pp. Sociology of Science, Harmondsworth: Baldwin The government of risk: Understanding risk regulation regimes.
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A comparative analysis of science. Presses de Science Po. Woolgar Laboratory life: Dangerous Dogs Regulation in Comparative Perspective. Cross-cultural perspectives on representation, accountability and public space. Designing a world of risk management. The spiralling regulatory logics of societal and institutional risk.
Insights from the environmental policy domain. An emerging issue for public concern? Risk, Environment and Modernity: Questioning World Risk Society: Three Challenges for Research on the Governance of Uncertainty.
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More than two decades have passed since Beck published his seminal work. Voice matters Traditionally, only few sources of voice mattered, namely those of experts that would — through scientific assessments — reduce uncertainty, converting it into governable risk. Reflexivity matters Reflexivity is at the very heart of the transformation of industrial society to a risk society, which Beck suggests. Conclusion As we have seen above, the Brussels workshop turned out to be a great venue for discussing in details several contested issues surrounding risk and uncertainty.
Note We would like to thank Dr. Rowe Trust Matters in Health Care. Risk, Uncertainty and Government. The Perception of Risk. Author information Fabrizio Cantelli, Ph. Scientific Humanism and its Impact on Multilateral Diplomacy. He has researched the area at Australian, British and North American universities, and has served on many government committees in the field. Recently he was appointed to a Canada Research Chair with a brief to continue investigations into the 'risk society'.
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