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Reviewed September 28, Extremely clean, charming. The twin bed in the Rose room has both a headboard and footboard and is not very long. I am 5'6" cm and I fit but If you are tall, you might have a problem with this particular room. The beds in the other rooms are longer. Ask chompo b about Hostel Namaste. Cdda has but one termination. It has no plural, and is only declinable with the indefinite article: Outro has two terminations, viz. Sutro, outra; and in the plural, outros, Sutras. It is declinable both with the definite and indefinite articles.
Outrem has only one termination. It has no plural, and takes the indefinite article. Qualquer has but one termination. It makes quaesquer in the plural, and is declined with the indefinite article. Qualquer is said both of persons and things. Quemquer has but one termination. It has no plural, and is declined with the indefinite article. It is rendered in English by any body: Quemquer is used in speaking of a person.
Todo has two terminations, viz. It is sometimes taken sub- stantively, and then it signifies the whole ; as o tddo he mayor que a sun. Tal has only one termination. It makes tdes in the plural, and it is declined with the indefinite article. It is common to the masculine and to the feminine genders ; and sometimes it is joined to qual ; as, tal qual elle he, such as it is.
Tal supplies sometimes the place of the person whose name is not specified ; as, hum tal velhdco deve sir castigddo, such a rogue ought to be punished. THE verb is a part of speech which serves to express that which is attributed to the subject in denoting the being or condition of the things and persons spoken of, the actions which they do, or the impressions they receive. The first and the most general division of Verbs is into personal and impersonal. A verb personal is conjugated by three persons. A verb impersonal is conjugated by the third person of the singular number only ; as chove, it rains, convem, it behoves.
A verb, considered in regard to syntax, is of four sorts, viz. Some of the verbs are regular, and others irre- gular. Some are also called auxiliary verbs. We shall give their definitions in their proper places. Before you begin to learn the conjugations, it will be proper to observe, that all the verbs may be conjugated with the pronouns personal, e? Su dmo I love tu dmas thou lovest elps. The auxiliary verbs are so called, because they aid the conjugation of other verbs. Colligation of the Auxiliary Verb, ter, or haver, to have. Ceu tive ou houve I had Sing. I must have, fyc.
Sing, eu havia de ter, ou haver, fyc. I was to have, 6fc. Cque eu tinha, ou hdja that I have, or that I may have Sing. It is compounded of the first preterim perfect subjunctive and the participle. It is compounded of the second preterim perfect subjunctive and the participle. See Syntax of the auxiliary Verbs. It is composed of the first future and the participle. The supine is supplied by the prepositions a or para, and the verb in the infinitive ; as, para ter, to have.
Remarks upon the auxiliary verb, ter, to have. The verb ter, to have, is an auxiliary or helping verb, which serves to conjugate other verbs: Of the auxiliary verb haver. The verb haver, with the particle de, and the verb ser, to be, after it, is an auxiliary both to the passive verbs, and sometimes to the verb ser itself; as, hei de ser feliz, I shall be happy ; O principe ha de ser respeitddo, the prince ought to be, or must be, re- spected. In the foregoing examples the verb haver may be put before the other verb ; but then it requires the particle de, and has a dif- ferent meaning ; as, in the first example, you may say, hei de darvos, I must give to you.
Observe, also, that when the indicative present of the auxiliary verb haver is auxiliary to other verbs, as in the foregoing examples, you must cut off the last letters ei from the future of the verbs ; and say darlhe-hei, ov-hei de dar-lhe ; but not darei Ihe-Mi, nor hei de darei Ihe. To express interrogation put the pronoun personal after the verb, as in English thus terei eu?
Haver is sometimes Englished by to be ; as que ha de sir de mim? Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb s6r, or estar, to be. It is compounded of the present conjunctive of the auxiliary verb te? It is compounded of the first preterimperfect sub- junctive of the verb ter 9 and its own participle. Compounded of the second preterimperfect sub- junctive of the verb ter, and its own participle sido or est ado. C qudndo eu tiver sido or estddo when I shall have been Sing. There is a considerable difference between these verbs, sir and estdr, both in Portuguese and Spanish.
In English there is no word to distinguish them, being both rendered into English by to be. The three Conjugations of regular Active Verbs. A regular verb is such as is confined to general rules in its conjugation. The regular Portuguese verbs have three different terminations in the infinitive ; viz. An easy Method of learning to conjugate the Portuguese Verbs.
I have reduced all the tenses of the Portuguese verbs to eight ; four of which are general, and have the same terminations in all the verbs ; and the other four may be likewise made general by changing some letters, and all the conjugations reduced to one. The general tenses are, the future indicative, the first and second preter imperfect subjunctive, and the first future subjunctive.
The future indicative is terminated in all the verbs, in rii, rds, rd ; remos, reis, rao. The imperfect subjunctive, in ra or sse, ras or sses, ra or sse ; ramos, or ssemos, reis or sse is, rao or ssem.
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The second imperfect, in ria, rias, rut; riamos, rieis, rtao The first future subjunctive, in es,? I have only given the termination of the second person singular of the future subjunctive, because the first and third of the same number are like their respective infinitives of the three conjugations, which, however, keep both their last consonant GRAMMAR. As to the future indicative, you have only to add ei to the respective present infinitive of the three conjugations, in order to form the first person singular ; and if you add to the same infinitive present as, you will form the second person singu- lar of it, and so of all the rest, by adding to the infinitive present, a, emos, eis, ad.
The imperfect subjunctive has two terminations for every person, both in the singular and plural ; but if you cut off the last consonant r of the infinitive, and then add to it the terminations above mentioned, you form the imperfect sub- junctive, according to its two different termi- nations. Lastly, if you cut off the last consonant of the infinitive, and add to it the terminations above-mentioned, you will form the second imper- fect subjunctive. The present indicative of the three conjugations is formed by changing the last letters of the infini- tive, viz.
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The preterim perfect indicative is formed in the first conjugation, by changing the last consonant of the infinitive, viz. The perfect definite in the first conjugation is formed by changing the termination ar of the infi- nitive into ti, aste 6u, dmos, dstes, drab; and in the second conjugation, it is formed by changing the termination er of the infinitive into t, este, eo, emos, fates y trad.
The present subjunctive in the first conjugation is formed by changing the termination ar of the infinitive into e, es, e, emos, eis, em; and in the second conjugation, it is formed by changing the termination er of the infinitive into a, as, a, amos, ais, ao. As to the imperative mood, you have only to ob- serve, that the second person singular is always the same as the third person singular of the present in- dicative, in all the conjugations.
First Conjugation of the verbs in ar. I loved thou lovedst he loved we loved you loved they loved Preterperfeet. This tense is composed of the participle amado, and the present indicative auxiliary verb ter. This tense is composed of the participle amado and the imperfect of the auxiliary verb tir.
It may be conjugated thus, amhra, amhras, amara, amaramos, amareis, amdrao, or, t'znha amddo, tinhas amddo tinha amddo tinhamos amddo tinheis amddo tinhao amddo amarei amards amard I had loved thou hadst loved he had loved we had loved you had loved they had loved Future. It is composed of the participle amddo and the present subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ter. It is composed of the participle amado and the first preterim perfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ter. It is composed of the participle amddo and the second preterimperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ter.
It is composed of the participle amddo, and the future subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ter. The other tenses are conjugated like amdr. Regular verbs in ar. Abafdr to choke, or to smo- Agarrdr to lay hold of ther Alagdr to overflow Abaldr to shake Amaldicodr to curse.
Abandr to fan Annuldr to annul, or to make Abastdr to satiate void. Abaxdr to bring or let down Apressdr to press or hasten Abencodr to bless. Aquentdr to warm Abocanhdr to carp Argumentdr to argue Abomindr to abominate Assoprdr to blow Abotodr to button Atdr to tie Acabdr to finish Avassaldr to subdue, to con- Admoestdr to admonish quer. Before we proceed to the second conjugation, it is necessary to know that the Verbs passive, which express the suffering of an action, are nothing more than the participles of verbs active, conjugated with the verb ser y to be. Su sou amado I am loved tu is amado thou art loved Slle he amado he is loved nos somos amddos we are loved vos sois amddos you are loved elks sao amddos they are loved and so throughout the other moods and tenses.
Second Conjugation of the verbs in er. Third Conjugation, of the Verbs e? This tense is composed of the participle admittido, and the present indicative of the auxiliary verb, ter. Composed of the participle admittido, and the imperfect of the auxiliary verb ter. It may also be conjugated thus ; admittira, admittiras, admittira, admittiramos, admittireis, admittirao. Composed of the participle, admittzdo, and the present subjunctive of the verb ter. It is composed of the first preterim perfect sub- junctive of the verb ter and the participle admit Odd.
It is composed of the second pre terim perfect sub- junctive of the verb ter and the participle admittido. It is composed of the first future subjunctive of the verb ter and the participle admittido. There are in each conjugation some verbs which do not conform to the common rule, and on that account are called irregulars. There are but two of the first conjugation, which in some of their tenses depart from the rule of the verb amdr, viz.
I gave demos we gave thou gavest destes you gave he gave derao they gave Preterperfect. Of the Irregular Verbs in er. I begin with fazer, poder, and saber, because they occur oftenest in discourse. Fazer to do or make. There is no Imperative. In all which cases, it is not to be confounded with the third person sin- gular of the indicative of the verb querer. The verb querer is sometimes used with the particle se instead of the verb dever ; as, as cuusas nao se quer em feitas a pressa, things must not be done in a hurry. I shall give no other tenses of this verb than the present indicative, the imperative, and the present of the subjunctive, none but these being irregular.
This verb changes the c before o of the present indicative into d in the other persons of the same tense, as well as in the other tenses and moods, ex- cept the imperative and present subjunctive. It is conjugated in the following manner: Se me verbs of this conjugation are only irregular in the participle passive ; as escrito, from escrever ; absulto, from absolver.
The verbs ending in eyo in the present indicative, change that termination into ia in the imperfect, and into i in the preter-defmite, and are so conju- gated. I did read, fyc. You may observe that they lose the y through all the other moods and tenses. The verb ever, to be- lieve, is conjugated in the same manner. Of the Irregular Verbs in in Ir, to go.
It is composed of the participle ido and the first preterimperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ter. It is composed of the participle ido and the second preterimperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb tfr. Of the Irregular Verbs, mentir, to lie, sentir, to feel ; servir, to serve; ferir, to wound.
They are conjugated thus: The compounds, desmentir assentir, consents, dissentir, presentir, are conjugated like mentir and sentir; and also the verbs afferir, refer ir, conferir, defer v'r, differ tr, infer 'ir. These verbs change the g of the infinitive mood into j in those tenses where the g would other vvise meet with the vowel 0, as in the first person singu- lar of the present indicative afflijo ; or a as in the third person of the imperative in both numbers, in the first plural of the same tense, and in the present subjunctive.
Of the Irregular Verb seguir, to follow. The compounds are perseguir, to persecute ; conseguir, to obtain ; proseguir to pursue. Of the Irregular Verb ouvir, to hear. Of the Irregular Verb dormfr, to sleep. Of the Irregular Verb fugir, to fly away. This verb is irregular in the present indicative, and is thus conjugated: It is also irregular in the imperative mood where it is conjugated thus: The verb surgir, to arrive, or to come to an an- chor, has the same irregularity, and makes surlo, in the participle passive.
Of the Irregular Verb pedir to ask. This verb is irregular in the first person singular of the present indicative and subjunctive, as well as in the imperative, in which it changes the d into g. Of the Irregular Verb vestir, to dress. Feyjo says, that the o of this verb is to be changed into u in those tenses where the t is followed by e or a, and that it is to be kept when the t is followed byi; but in the Fabula dos Planetas we read, surtio effeyto, it took effect: Of the Irregular Verb carpir, to weep.
This verb is defective, and is only used in those tenses and persons where the p is followed by i ; as carpzmoS carpis, we weep, you weep. I did weep, fyc. Of the Irregular Verb parir, to bring forth young. Of the Irregular Verbs sahir, to go out, andcahir, to fall. Feyjo says that this verb changes the o into u in those persons where it would otherwise meet with the syllables da, de, do, Of the Irregular Verb advertir, to warn. Advertir is irregular in the following tenses, only by changing vir into ver.
It is composed of the present indicative of the auxiliary verb ter, and the participle posto. Composed of the participle posto, and the imper- fect of the auxiliary verb ter. It is composed of the participle posto, and the present subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ten, Preterpluperfect. Composed of the participle pdsto, and the first preterimperfect subjunctive N of the auxiliary verb ter.
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Composed of the participle posto, and the second preterimperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ter. Composed of the participle posto, and the future subjunctive of the auxiliary verb ter. There are, however, some verbs neuter which may govern an accusative ; as dormir hum sono profundo, to sleep soundly ; iu fui andando meu caminho, e nao disse huma palavra, I went my way, and said not a word.
It is necessary to be acquainted with the nature of a verb neuter, to avoid mistakes in the participle, as may be seen in the Syntax of Participles. In re- gard to the infinitive, we may say, he necessdrio ar- repender-se dos peccados, it is necessary to repent of sins ; he necessdrio lembrdr-se, it is necessary to re- member ; and not se arrepender, or se lembrdr. But the present infi- nitive may be preceded by the particle para which forms the Portuguese supine , and then the pro- noun conjunctive may be placed either before or after it ; and we may say, para lembrdr-se, or joara se lembrdr, to remember, or in order to re- member.
But when the first preterimperfect is not preceded by any particle, then you must place the pronoun con- junctive after it ; as, arrependerame eu disso, I wish I repented it. In the future you must always place the pronouns conjunctive before it ; thus, qudndo eu me lembrar, when I shall remember: Note, all the verbs active may become recipro- cals. Conjugation of the Reciprocal Verb ir-se, to go away. Mo gone away Future.
This verb is also used in speaking of vessels to signify their being leaky ; as vdi-se a cuba, the tub leaks. It is also used before the gerunds ; as, o in- verno vdi-se acabando, the winter is drawing towards an end ; elks vao-se prepardndo, they are preparing themselves: Of the Reciprocal Verb vir-se, to come away. Of the Reciprocal Verb avir-se, to agree. There are three sorts of verbs impersonal, which have only the third person singular.
The first are properly impersonals of themselves ; as, succede it happens bdsta it is enough, or it suffices chove it rains troveja it thunders The second are derived from verbs active, fol- lowed by the particle se, which renders them im- personal ; as, ama-se, they love ; diz-se, they say ; nota-se, it is noted.
They are also called passive impersonals. The Impersonal Verbs of themselves are, conv6m, it is convenient succede, it happens, or it falh out esld-me hem, it becomes me hdsta, it is enough hd-se, it is necessary chovisca, it misles chove, or cake pedra, it hails gta it freezes neva, it snows fuzila, or relampaguea, it lightens importa, it matters, it concerns parece, it seems GRAMMAR. In like manner all the verbs active may become impersonal. In regard to these verbs, observe, that when the noun that follows them is in the singular number, you must put the verb in the singular ; if the noun be in the plural, you must put the verb in the plural.
Louva-se o capitao, they praise the captain. Louvao-se os capitals, they praise the captains. Fe-se hum homem, they see a man. Vem-se homens, they see men. When Ihe is used after the word se, then the is to be rendered into English by his or her ; as, Wiwa- se-lhe o valor, they praise his or her courage. The verb ser is also used as an impersonal, as will be seen in the following examples: You may observe that que is not relative in the last examples, and that it is left out in English. Of the Verb haver, when it is impersonal.
It is to be thus conjugated. I have explained them at large in the following con- jugation. There is of it There is not of it Is there of it? Is there not of it? There was of it There was not of it Was there of it? Was there not of it? There shall be of it There shall not be of it Shall there be of it? Shall there not be of it? That there may be of it That there may not be of it That there were of it That there were not of it There would be of it There would not be of it Would there not be of it? If there had been of it If there had not been of it Had there been of it P Had there not been of it?
There would have been of it There would not have been of it Would there have been of it? Would there not have been of it? When there will be of it When there will not be of it ha la disso nao ha la disso ha la disso? For there having been too por ter havido Id demasiada- much of it mente disso In there having been too little tendo havido Id muito pouco of it disso Most sentences beginning with the word some, and the verb to be, are expressed in Portuguese by the impersonal ha; as, some friends are false, ha am't- gosfalsos; some Christians are unworthy of that name, ha Christdos que nao sao dignos de tal nome.
Observe, that ha comes before a substantive even of the plural number. The question of space is asked thus, gudnto ha de Parts a Londres? Of the impersonal Verb ha-se, it is necessary ', or must. This verb answers to the Italian bisogna, and to the French il faut, and always requires after it the particle de, and the infinitive. Hd-se de hir, I or you, or we, or somebody must go- Sometimes the verb coming after this impersonal, is Englished by the passive voice ; as, hd-se defazer isto, this must be done.
It is very often joined with mister ; as, hd-se de mister dinheiroparademdndas, one must have money to go to law ; hd-se de mister hum bom amigo para fazer fortuna no mundo, to push one's fortune in the world, one must have a good friend. In the conjugation of this verb, you must use the verb to be with the word necessary, as I have already said.
Present, hd-se, it is necessary. Imperfect, havia- se, it was necessary ; and so through all the tenses and moods. Sometimes the infinitive that follows the particle de is placed between this impersonal and its particle se ; as, hd-de achdrse, it will be found ; and some- times the infinitive precedes the impersonal, and this follows the particle se ; as, achdr-se-hd, it will be found; in this case you must not join the particle de to it. Observe, that the infinitive may be also placed between the imperfect tense of this impersonal verb and its particle se ; as, havia de achdr-se, it was to be found ; but when the infinitive precedes both the impersonal and its particle se, then you must put the particle se before the impersonal, and make use of the imperfect hia, and not havia; thus we must say, achdr-se hia, and not achdr-se havia.
The verb carpir is used only in those tenses and persons where the p is followed by an i; as, carpt- mos, carpis, we weep, you weep. The verb soer is only used in the third persons of the present indicative of the preterimperfect of the same mood, and in the gerund ; as, elk sbe, he is wont; elks soem, they are wont.
Gerund, soendo, being wont. THE participle is a tense of the infinitive, which serves to form the preterperfects and preter- pluperfects of all the verbs ; as, tenho amado, L have loved ; tinha amado, I had loved. Amado is likewise a noun adjective. Homem amado, mother amada ; livros amddos, letras amadas. Some participles are frequently abridged ; as, envdltOy or envolvido, corrupto, or corrompido, enxhto or enxugddo ; and several others, which the use of authors will point to you.
The passive participles are of the same nature as those called absolute in Latin ; and you must observe, that having and being are often left out in Portuguese. Feito tsto, having done this. Dzto zsto, having said so. Acabada a cea, after he or they have supped. The auxiliary and participle are not always im- mediately joined together in compound tenses ; as, Nos temos, com a grdga de Deos, vencido os nossos inimigoS we have, by the grace of God, overcome our enemies.
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THE adverb is that which gives more or less force to the verb. The adverb has the same effect with the verb as the adjective with the substantive: Adverbs of time; as, at present, presentemente ; now, agora ; yesterday, ontem ; to day. Adverbs of place ; as, where, onde ; here, aqui ; from whence, dunde; there, alt; from hence, da- qui ; above, em chna, below, e? Adverbs of quantity; as, how much, qudnto, how many, qudntos ; or qudntas ; so much, tdnto ; much, muito ; little, pouco. A great many adverbs are formed from adjec- tives, changing o into amente ; sdnto, santamente, holily ; rko, ricamente, richly ; douto, doutamente, learnedly.
Every preposition requires some case after it, as you will see in the following collection ; Genitive. Antes do dia, before day-break Didnte de Deos, before God Dentro da igreja within the church De trdz ao paldcio, behind the palace Debdxo da mesa, under the table Em cima da mesa, upon the table Alem, besides A lent dos mares, on that side of the seas Alem disso, besides that;, moreover Alem de que, idem Aquem, or ddquem dos mares, on this side of the seas Ao redor, or em contorno da ciddde, round about the city Perto de Londres, near London Acerca da quelle negocio, concerning that affair For a da cdsa, out of the house Fora de perigo, out of danger Fora de si, out of one's wits This preposition governs also a nominative; as, fora seu irmao, except his brother, or his brother excepted.
Defronte de minha cdsa, over-against my house. Defronte da igreja, facing the church Despois de cea, after supper Dative. Per ante ojuiz, before the judge. Plntre, between, among, or amongst E'ntre os homcns, among men Sobre a mesa, upon the table Conforme, or segundo a ley, according to the law Por amor de Deos, for God's sake Pelo mundo, through the world Pela rua, through the streets Pelas terras, through the lands Por grdnde que seja, let it never be so great Contra elles, against them Traz do templo, behind the temple Durante, during ; as, durante o inverno, during the winter We shall be more particular about prepositions when we examine their construction.
A Conjugation is an indeclinable part of speech which serves to join the members and parts of speech together, in shewing the dependency of relation and coherency between the words and sentences. Some conjugations are copulative, which join, and, as it were, couple two terms together ; as, e, and: Portugueses e Ingleses, Portuguese and English.
Some are disjunctive, which shew separation or division ; as, nem, nor, neither ; ou, either, or. Example ; nem este, nem aquelle, neither this, nor that ; ou este, ou aquelle, either this or that ; nem mdis, nem menos, neither more nor less ; quer o faga, quer nao, tudo para mini he o mesmo, it is all one to me whether he does it, or no ; quer seja verdade, quer nao, whether it be true, or not; nem se quer hum, not even one. The concessive, which shew the assent we give to a thing ; as, embora, or seja embora, well and good ; est a feito, done, agreed.
The causal shew the reason of something; as, porque, for, or because, or why. The concluding denote a consequence drawn from what is before ; as, logo or por consequencia, therefore, then, or consequently. The transitive, which serve to pass from one sen- tence to another; as, alem disso, moreover, or besides that; sobre tudo, or em summa, after all, upon the whole, in the main; a propbsito, now I think of it, or now we are speaking of that. To the above-mentioned parts of speech gramma- rians have added Interjections, which are particles serving to denote some passion or emotion of the mind; but there is another sort, which maybe called demonstrative: O, O Id, ahi!
For making people go out of the way, or stand away. Have a care, clear the way, or stand away! Of cursing and threatening. Some Abbreviations used in the Portuguese Language. Vossa excellencia Your Excellence V. Vossa senhoria - Your Lordship V. Vossa altesa Your Highness V. Vossa paterniddde Your Paternity V. Mag de Vossa magestdde Your Majesty S. It is divided into three sorts ; the first, of Order or Arrangement ; the second, of Concordance ; the third of Govern- ment.
The Syntax of Order or Arrangement, is the fit disposition of words in a sentence. The Syntax of Concordance, is when the parts of speech agree with one another, as the substantive with the adjec- tive, or the nominative with the verb. The Syntax of Government, is when one part of speech governs another. For the sake of those who, perhaps, have not a grammatical knowledge of their own language, I shall lay down some general rules of Portuguese construction. The nominative is that to which we attribute the action of the verb, and is generally ranged in the first place ; it may be either a noun or pronoun, as, Francisco escr eve, Francis writes ; eufdllo, I speak.
When the action of the verb is attributed to many persons or things, these all belong to the no- minative, and are ranged in the first place, together with their conjunction ; as, Pedro e Paulo lent, Peter and Paul read. The adjectives belonging to the nominative substantive, to which the action of the verb is attri- buted, are put after the substantive, and before the verb ; as, os estuddntes morigerddos e diligentes estu- dao, the obedient and diligent scholars study.
If the nominative has an article, this article always takes the first place.
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Sometimes an infinitive is put for a noun, and stands for a nominative ; as o dormir faz hem, sleep- ing does one good ; and sometimes a verb with its case ; as, he dcto de humaniddde ter compaLvdo dos afflictos, to have compassion on the afflicted is an act of humanity. The nominative is sometimes understood ; as, dmo, where you understand eu ; and so of the other persons of the verb.
After the nominative you put the verb ; and if there is an adverb, it is to be placed immediately after the verb, whose accident and circumstances it explains; as, Pedro dmapor extremo a gloria, Peter is extremely fond of glory. The cases governed by the verb are put after it ; they may be one, or many, according to the na- ture of the action ; as, eu a mo a Pedro, I love Peter.
Pago presente de hum Uvro a Paulo, I make a present of a book to Paul. The preposition is always put before the case it governs ; as, perto de casa, near the house. The relative is always placed after the ante- cedent ; as, Pedro o qual estuda, Peter who studies. When two or more substantives singular come together, the adjective belonging to them must be put in the plural ; as, tdnto el rey como a rainha montddos a cavallo parecem bem, both the king and the queen look well when they ride. If the substantives happen to be one in the singular and the other in the plural, or to be of different genders, the adjective common to both agrees in number and gender with the last ; as, elle tinha os blhos e a bdca abtrta, or elle t'mha a buca e os olhos abertos, his eyes and mouth were opened.
As lagdas e rios estdvao congelados, the ponds and rivers were frozen. But when there is one or many words between the last noun and the adjective, that adjective com- mon to all agrees with the noun masculine, though the last noun be feminine ; and if the nouns are in the singular, then the adjective common must be put in the plural number and masculine gender ; as, o rio e a lagua estavao cogelados ; the pond and river were frozen. O trabalho, a industria, e a fortuna uriidos ; pains, industry, and fortune joined together. Every verb personal agrees with its nomina- tive, expressed or understood, both in number and person.
The question and answer always agree in every thing ; as, a quesenhdra pertence v? Hie respondeo, pertenco a ra'mha: To what lady do you belong, sir? Of the Dependence of the Parts of Speech on one another, 1. The nominative being the basis of the sen- tence, the verb depends on it, as the other cases depend on the verb. The adjective depends on the substantive that supports it ; and the adverb on the verb whose accidents it explains.
The genitive depends on a substantive, ex- pressed or understood, by which it is governed. The accusative depends either on a verb ac- cusative, or on a preposition. The ablative depends on a preposition by which it is governed ; as, par to de Roma, I go from Rome. The dative and vocative have, strictly speak- ing, no dependence on the other parts: BEFORE we come to the syntax of the articles, remember that o, a, os, as, are articles only when they precede the nouns or pronouns, but not when joined to the verbs.
Those who understand Latin will quickly per- ceive the difference, if they take notice that every time they render o, a, by ilium, Mam, Mud ; or by eum, earn, id ; and os, as, by iilos Mas, Ma ; or by eos, eas, ea ; they are relative pronouns.
The article is used before the names of the species or things which can be spoken of; therefore nouns of substances, arts, sciences, plays, metals, virtues, and vices, having no article before them in English, require the article in Portuguese ; as, ouro e a prdta nao podem fazerfeliz ao homem, gold and silver cannot make the happiness of man.
A virtude nao he compativel com o vieio, virtue cannot agree with vice. A philosophia he huma sciSncia muito nobre, philo- sophy is a very noble science. Joguemos as cartas, let us play at cards. The article is not placed before a substantive which is followed by the adjective of number that stands for a surname, or. O placed before que signifies what or which ; as, fdga o que quiser, let him do what he likes ; o que eujiz, which I did. The article is never made use of before proper names of men, women, gods, goddesses, saints.
The article is not used in Portuguese before the pronouns possessive relative ; as, de quern he esta cdsa? The noun of the measure, weight, and the number of the things that have been bought, re- quires the articles ; as, o trigo vende-se a tdnto o al- queire, wheat sold so much a peck, three quarts and one pint. A manteiga vende-se a tdnto o arratel, butter cost so much a pound.
Os ovos vendem-se a tdnto a duzia, eggs are sold so much a dozen. No article is used with proper names of per- sons and planets, except a terra, the earth ; a sol, the sun ; a lua, the moon. When proper names are used in a determinate sense, that is, when they are applied to particular objects, then they take the article ; o Deos dos Chris- tdos, the God of Christians; o Archimedes de Ing- laterra, the Archimedes of England.
The indefinite article de is used before nouns following one of this, sorte, especie, genero, and any other noun of which they express the kind, charac- ter, quality, and nature: Sometimes the English adjective may be made an adjective in Portuguese, as in the last example hum fallar tolo, a foolish speech ; but not unfre- quently the Portuguese express the English ad- jective by a substantive of the same signification with de before the other noun, though they have an adjective of the same nature as the English ad- jective ; as, o diabo de minha mother, my devilish wife ; and sometimes the adjective is used by them substantively, or the substantive is understood ; as, o velhaco de meu filho, my rascally son ; a velhaca de sua may, his or her rascally mother.
Nouns are used without article in the fol- lowing cases: At the title of a performance, and in the middle of sentences, where they characterise in a particular manner the person or thing spoken of, in which case the English use especially the particle a ; as, Discurso sobre as obrigacoens da religiao natural, a discourse concerning the obligations of natural religion. Primeira parte, the first part.
An- thony ; a ninety gun ship. Would you like to make it the primary and merge this question into it? Merge this question into. Split and merge into it.
Nome do seu primeiro filho. Qual o nome de seu primeiro filho? What's the name of your first son? Qual o nome do seu pai? What is you fathers name? What does this mean Qual o nome do seu pai?