Mine

Winning the race to complete the next block wins you a Bitcoin prize. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'mine. See more words from the same century. See the full definition for mine in the English Language Learners Dictionary.

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Those books are mine. Words that rhyme with mine. Translation of mine for Spanish Speakers. Translation of mine for Arabic Speakers. Encyclopedia article about mine. What made you want to look up mine?

Please tell us where you read or heard it including the quote, if possible. Test Your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! Do you feel lucky? Our Word of the Year justice , plus 10 more. How we chose 'justice'. And is one way more correct than the others? How to use a word that literally drives some people nuts. The awkward case of 'his or her'. Around the 14th century, the growing use of weapons, armour, stirrups , and horseshoes greatly increased the demand for iron.

The silver crisis of occurred when all mines had reached depths at which the shafts could no longer be pumped dry with the available technology. Due to differences in the social structure of society, the increasing extraction of mineral deposits spread from central Europe to England in the mid-sixteenth century. On the continent, mineral deposits belonged to the crown, and this regalian right was stoutly maintained.

But in England, royal mining rights were restricted to gold and silver of which England had virtually no deposits by a judicial decision of and a law in England had iron, zinc, copper, lead, and tin ores. Landlords who owned the base metals and coal under their estates then had a strong inducement to extract these metals or to lease the deposits and collect royalties from mine operators. English, German, and Dutch capital combined to finance extraction and refining. Hundreds of German technicians and skilled workers were brought over; in a colony of 4, foreigners was mining and smelting copper at Keswick in the northwestern mountains.

Use of water power in the form of water mills was extensive. The water mills were employed in crushing ore, raising ore from shafts, and ventilating galleries by powering giant bellows.

Blasting was much faster than fire-setting and allowed the mining of previously impenetrable metals and ores. The widespread adoption of agricultural innovations such as the iron plowshare , as well as the growing use of metal as a building material, was also a driving force in the tremendous growth of the iron industry during this period. Inventions like the arrastra were often used by the Spanish to pulverize ore after being mined.

This device was powered by animals and used the same principles used for grain threshing. These books detail many different mining methods used in German and Saxon mines. A prime issue in medieval mines, which Agricola explains in detail, was the removal of water from mining shafts. As miners dug deeper to access new veins, flooding became a very real obstacle. The mining industry became dramatically more efficient and prosperous with the invention of mechanical and animal driven pumps.

Mining in the Philippines began around BC.

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The early Filipinos worked various mines of gold, silver, copper and iron. Jewels, gold ingots, chains, calombigas and earrings were handed down from antiquity and inherited from their ancestors. Gold dagger handles, gold dishes, tooth plating, and huge gold ornamets were also used. Some outstanding examples of Philippine jewelry included necklaces, belts, armlets and rings placed around the waist. During prehistoric times, large amounts of copper was mined along Lake Superior 's Keweenaw Peninsula and in nearby Isle Royale ; metallic copper was still present near the surface in colonial times.

In addition, obsidian , flint , and other minerals were mined, worked, and traded. In the early colonial history of the Americas, "native gold and silver was quickly expropriated and sent back to Spain in fleets of gold- and silver-laden galleons," [23] the gold and silver originating mostly from mines in Central and South America.

Chalchihuitl using stone tools before La Ronde obtained permission from the French crown to operate mines in , becoming "the first practical miner on Lake Superior"; seven years later, mining was halted by an outbreak between Sioux and Chippewa tribes. Mining in the United States became prevalent in the 19th century, and the General Mining Act of was passed to encourage mining of federal lands. With the exploration of the West, mining camps were established and "expressed a distinctive spirit, an enduring legacy to the new nation;" Gold Rushers would experience the same problems as the Land Rushers of the transient West that preceded them.

Western cities such as Denver and Sacramento originated as mining towns. When new areas were explored, it was usually the gold placer and then lode and then silver that were taken into possession and extracted first. Other metals would often wait for railroads or canals, as coarse gold dust and nuggets do not require smelting and are easy to identify and transport.

In the early 20th century, the gold and silver rush to the western United States also stimulated mining for coal as well as base metals such as copper, lead, and iron. Areas in modern Montana, Utah, Arizona, and later Alaska became predominate suppliers of copper to the world, which was increasingly demanding copper for electrical and households goods. After declines in production, another boom in mining occurred in the s.

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Now, in the early 21st century, Australia remains a major world mineral producer. As the 21st century begins, a globalized mining industry of large multinational corporations has arisen. Peak minerals and environmental impacts have also become a concern. Different elements, particularly rare earth minerals , have begun to increase in demand as a result of new technologies. The process of mining from discovery of an ore body through extraction of minerals and finally to returning the land to its natural state consists of several distinct steps.

The first is discovery of the ore body, which is carried out through prospecting or exploration to find and then define the extent, location and value of the ore body.

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This leads to a mathematical resource estimation to estimate the size and grade of the deposit. This estimation is used to conduct a pre-feasibility study to determine the theoretical economics of the ore deposit. This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work. The next step is to conduct a feasibility study to evaluate the financial viability, the technical and financial risks, and the robustness of the project. This is when the mining company makes the decision whether to develop the mine or to walk away from the project.

This includes mine planning to evaluate the economically recoverable portion of the deposit, the metallurgy and ore recoverability, marketability and payability of the ore concentrates, engineering concerns, milling and infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements, and an analysis of the proposed mine from the initial excavation all the way through to reclamation.

The proportion of a deposit that is economically recoverable is dependent on the enrichment factor of the ore in the area. To gain access to the mineral deposit within an area it is often necessary to mine through or remove waste material which is not of immediate interest to the miner. The total movement of ore and waste constitutes the mining process. Often more waste than ore is mined during the life of a mine, depending on the nature and location of the ore body.

Waste removal and placement is a major cost to the mining operator, so a detailed characterization of the waste material forms an essential part of the geological exploration program for a mining operation. Once the analysis determines a given ore body is worth recovering, development begins to create access to the ore body.

The mine buildings and processing plants are built, and any necessary equipment is obtained. The operation of the mine to recover the ore begins and continues as long as the company operating the mine finds it economical to do so. Once all the ore that the mine can produce profitably is recovered, reclamation begins to make the land used by the mine suitable for future use.

Man rescued from coal mine faces previous mine theft charges

Mining techniques can be divided into two common excavation types: Targets are divided into two general categories of materials: Both types of ore deposit, placer or lode, are mined by both surface and underground methods. Some mining, including much of the rare earth elements and uranium mining , is done by less-common methods, such as in-situ leaching: The extraction of target minerals by this technique requires that they be soluble, e. Some minerals, such as copper minerals and uranium oxide , require acid or carbonate solutions to dissolve.

Surface mining is done by removing stripping surface vegetation, dirt, and, if necessary, layers of bedrock in order to reach buried ore deposits. Techniques of surface mining include: Most but not all placer deposits, because of their shallowly buried nature, are mined by surface methods. Finally, landfill mining involves sites where landfills are excavated and processed. Sub-surface mining consists of digging tunnels or shafts into the earth to reach buried ore deposits.

Ore, for processing, and waste rock, for disposal, are brought to the surface through the tunnels and shafts. Sub-surface mining can be classified by the type of access shafts used, the extraction method or the technique used to reach the mineral deposit. Drift mining utilizes horizontal access tunnels, slope mining uses diagonally sloping access shafts, and shaft mining utilizes vertical access shafts. Mining in hard and soft rock formations require different techniques.

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Other methods include shrinkage stope mining , which is mining upward, creating a sloping underground room, long wall mining , which is grinding a long ore surface underground, and room and pillar mining, which is removing ore from rooms while leaving pillars in place to support the roof of the room.

Room and pillar mining often leads to retreat mining , in which supporting pillars are removed as miners retreat, allowing the room to cave in, thereby loosening more ore. Additional sub-surface mining methods include hard rock mining , which is mining of hard rock igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary materials, bore hole mining, drift and fill mining, long hole slope mining, sub level caving, and block caving.

Highwall mining is another form of surface mining that evolved from auger mining. A typical cycle includes sumping launch-pushing forward and shearing raising and lowering the cutterhead boom to cut the entire height of the coal seam. As the coal recovery cycle continues, the cutterhead is progressively launched into the coal seam for The Pushbeam system can penetrate nearly 1, feet m into the coal seam. One patented Highwall mining system uses augers enclosed inside the Pushbeam that prevent the mined coal from being contaminated by rock debris during the conveyance process.

Heavy machinery is used in mining to explore and develop sites, to remove and stockpile overburden, to break and remove rocks of various hardness and toughness, to process the ore, and to carry out reclamation projects after the mine is closed. Bulldozers, drills, explosives and trucks are all necessary for excavating the land. In the case of placer mining , unconsolidated gravel, or alluvium , is fed into machinery consisting of a hopper and a shaking screen or trommel which frees the desired minerals from the waste gravel.

The minerals are then concentrated using sluices or jigs. Large drills are used to sink shafts, excavate stopes, and obtain samples for analysis. Trams are used to transport miners, minerals and waste. Lifts carry miners into and out of mines, and move rock and ore out, and machinery in and out, of underground mines. Huge trucks, shovels and cranes are employed in surface mining to move large quantities of overburden and ore. Processing plants utilize large crushers, mills, reactors, roasters and other equipment to consolidate the mineral-rich material and extract the desired compounds and metals from the ore.

Once the mineral is extracted, it is often then processed. The science of extractive metallurgy is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the extraction of valuable metals from their ores, especially through chemical or mechanical means. Mineral processing or mineral dressing is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the mechanical means of crushing, grinding, and washing that enable the separation extractive metallurgy of valuable metals or minerals from their gangue waste material.

Processing of placer ore material consists of gravity-dependent methods of separation, such as sluice boxes. Only minor shaking or washing may be necessary to disaggregate unclump the sands or gravels before processing. Processing of ore from a lode mine, whether it is a surface or subsurface mine, requires that the rock ore be crushed and pulverized before extraction of the valuable minerals begins.

After lode ore is crushed, recovery of the valuable minerals is done by one, or a combination of several, mechanical and chemical techniques. Since most metals are present in ores as oxides or sulfides, the metal needs to be reduced to its metallic form. This can be accomplished through chemical means such as smelting or through electrolytic reduction, as in the case of aluminium. Geometallurgy combines the geologic sciences with extractive metallurgy and mining. In , led by Chemistry and Biochemistry professor Bradley D.

Smith, University of Notre Dame researchers "invented a new class of molecules whose shape and size enable them to capture and contain precious metal ions," reported in a study published by the Journal of the American Chemical Society. The new method "converts gold-containing ore into chloroauric acid and extracts it using an industrial solvent. The container molecules are able to selectively separate the gold from the solvent without the use of water stripping. Environmental issues can include erosion , formation of sinkholes , loss of biodiversity , and contamination of soil , groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes.



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In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to create space for the storage of the created debris and soil. Mining companies in most countries are required to follow stringent environmental and rehabilitation codes in order to minimize environmental impact and avoid impacting human health. Borrowed from Old French mine. This noun needs an inflection-table template. See the etymology of the main entry.

It also possibly acquired this ending through adopting the common Latin accusative inflection -inem. Compare tine , sine. Compare also Aromanian mini , Dalmatian main. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The house itself is mine , but the land is not. Mine has been a long journey.