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In his will, he made the same stipulation about his own death and funeral.
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Yet he believed in life after death and prayed every single morning and night, convinced as he wrote in The Man Who Laughs that "Thanksgiving has wings and flies to its right destination. Your prayer knows its way better than you do". Hugo's rationalism can be found in poems such as Torquemada , about religious fanaticism , The Pope , anti-clerical , Religions and Religion , denying the usefulness of churches and, published posthumously, The End of Satan and God and respectively, in which he represents Christianity as a griffin and rationalism as an angel. Although Hugo's many talents did not include exceptional musical ability, he nevertheless had a great impact on the music world through the inspiration that his works provided for composers of the 19th and 20th century.
Hugo himself particularly enjoyed the music of Gluck and Weber. Two famous musicians of the 19th century were friends of Hugo: Hector Berlioz and Franz Liszt. The latter played Beethoven in Hugo's home, and Hugo joked in a letter to a friend that, thanks to Liszt's piano lessons, he learned how to play a favourite song on the piano — with only one finger.
Hugo also worked with composer Louise Bertin , writing the libretto for her opera La Esmeralda , which was based on the character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame. On the other hand, he had low esteem for Richard Wagner , whom he described as "a man of talent coupled with imbecility. Well over one thousand musical compositions have been inspired by Hugo's works from the 19th century until the present day. In particular, Hugo's plays, in which he rejected the rules of classical theatre in favour of romantic drama, attracted the interest of many composers who adapted them into operas.
More than one hundred operas are based on Hugo's works and among them are Donizetti 's Lucrezia Borgia , Verdi 's Rigoletto and Ernani , and Ponchielli 's La Gioconda Today, Hugo's work continues to stimulate musicians to create new compositions. Remarkably, not only Hugo's literary production has been the source of inspiration for musical works, but also his political writings have received attention from musicians and have been adapted to music. When Hugo returned to Paris in , the country hailed him as a national hero.
He was confident that he would be offered the dictatorship , as shown by the notes he kept at the time.
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Throughout his life Hugo kept believing in unstoppable humanistic progress. In his last public address on 3 August he prophesied in an over-optimistic way, "In the twentieth century war will be dead, the scaffold will be dead, hatred will be dead, frontier boundaries will be dead, dogmas will be dead; man will live. His faithful mistress, Juliette Drouet , died in , only two years before his own death.
Despite his personal loss, Hugo remained committed to the cause of political change. On 30 January , he was elected to the newly created Senate. This last phase of his political career was considered a failure.
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Hugo was a maverick and achieved little in the Senate. Hugo suffered a mild stroke on 27 June On 27 June, one of the largest parades in French history was held. The paraders marched for six hours past Hugo as he sat at the window at his house. On 20 May , le Petit Journal published the official medical bulletin on Hugo's health condition. Hugo's death from pneumonia on 22 May , at the age of 83, generated intense national mourning. He was not only revered as a towering figure in literature, he was a statesman who shaped the Third Republic and democracy in France.
All his life he remained a defender of liberty, equality and fraternity as well as an adamant champion of French culture. In , aged 75, he wrote, "I am not one of these sweet-tempered old men. I am still exasperated and violent. I shout and I feel indignant and I cry. Woe to anyone who harms France! I do declare I will die a fanatic patriot. Most large French towns and cities have a street named after him. Je donne cinquante mille francs aux pauvres. Je crois en Dieu. I wish to be buried in their hearse.
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I refuse [funeral] orations from all Churches. I ask all souls for a prayer. I believe in God. Hugo produced more than 4, drawings. Originally pursued as a casual hobby, drawing became more important to Hugo shortly before his exile when he made the decision to stop writing to devote himself to politics. Drawing became his exclusive creative outlet between and Hugo worked only on paper, and on a small scale; usually in dark brown or black pen-and-ink wash, sometimes with touches of white, and rarely with colour.
The surviving drawings are surprisingly accomplished and "modern" in their style and execution, foreshadowing the experimental techniques of Surrealism and Abstract expressionism. He would not hesitate to use his children's stencils, ink blots, puddles and stains, lace impressions, " pliage " or folding e. Rorschach blots , " grattage " or rubbing, often using the charcoal from matchsticks or his fingers instead of pen or brush.
Sometimes he would even toss in coffee or soot to get the effects he wanted. Hugo kept his artwork out of the public eye, fearing it would overshadow his literary work. However, he enjoyed sharing his drawings with his family and friends, often in the form of ornately handmade calling cards, many of which were given as gifts to visitors when he was in political exile.
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Some of his work was shown to, and appreciated by, contemporary artists such as van Gogh and Delacroix ; the latter expressed the opinion that if Hugo had decided to become a painter instead of a writer, he would have outshone the artists of their century. They lived together for nearly 46 years until she died in August From February until her death in , Juliette Drouet devoted her whole life to Victor Hugo, who never married her even after his wife died in He took her on his numerous trips and she followed him in exile on Guernsey.
There Hugo rented a house for her near Hauteville House , his family home. She wrote some 20, letters in which she expressed her passion or vented her jealousy on her womanizing lover. He left his children a note reading as follows:. She saved my life in December For me she underwent exile. Never has her soul forsaken mine. Let those who have loved me love her. Let those who have loved me respect her. She is my widow. Both were caught in adultery on 5 July Hugo, who had been a Member of the Chamber of Peers since April, avoided condemnation whereas his mistress had to spend two months in prison and six in a convent.
Many years after their separation, Hugo made a point of supporting her financially. Hugo gave free rein to his sensuality until a few weeks before his death. He sought a wide variety of women of all ages, be they courtesans, actresses, prostitutes, admirers, servants or revolutionaries like Louise Michel for sexual activity. Both a graphomaniac and erotomaniac , he systematically reported his casual affairs using his own code, as Samuel Pepys did, to make sure they would remain secret.
For instance, he resorted to Latin abbreviations osc. Analogy also enabled him to conceal the real meaning: A woman's Suisses Swiss are her breasts — due to the fact that Switzerland is renowned for its milk. After a rendez-vous with a young woman named Laetitia he would write Joie Happiness in his diary. If he added t. Ville avec le pont de Tumbledown , "Town with Tumbledown Bridge" , Pieuvre avec les initiales V. Le Rocher de l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire "Ermitage Rock in an imaginary landscape".
Gavroche a onze ans , " Gavroche at eleven years old". The house where he stayed in Vianden , Luxembourg, in has also become a commemorative museum. Avenue Victor-Hugo , located in Shawinigan , Quebec, was named to honour him.
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Victor Hugo is the namesake of the city of Hugoton, Kansas. British Railways perpetuated this memorial, naming Class 92 Electric Unit after him. According to religious records, he was assigned by God to lead the foreign mission as part of God's Divine hierarchy. In all heavens, beauty reigns, Its beings possess much of divinity. Peace and harmony rule these realms, Their beings know not the word 'war'. Poems of Victor Hugo. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Victor Hugo disambiguation.
Peer of France — History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory. Democratic capitalism Liberal bias in academia. Le phare "The Lighthouse". A Realistic Biography of the Great Romantic. Jorge Pinto Books, Inc. Je suis une force qui va by Max Gallo, pub. Archived from the original on 14 July History of the Theatre.
Retrieved 3 April Guinness Book of World Records: State Library of Victoria. Retrieved 31 January Retrieved 19 July Retrieved 3 April — via Google Books. Report of the proceedings of the second general Peace Congress, held in Paris on the 22nd, 23rd, and 24th of August, Compiled from authentic documents under the superintendence of the Peace Congress Committee.
Les Pionniers du Spiritisme en France: Documents pour la formation d'un livre d'Or des Sciences Psychiques. Les tables tournantes de Jersey. Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba. The Disturbing Demises of the Famous and Infamous. Archived from the original on 9 May Retrieved 13 April Archived from the original on 29 April Hugo, Actes et paroles: Books and Writers kirjasto.
Archived from the original on 24 March The Divine Eye and the Diaspora: Vietnamese Syncretism Becomes Transpacific Caodaism. Retrieved 8 May United States Government Publishing Office.