The Odd Eye Sees

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The page you are attempting to access contains content that is not intended for underage readers. This item has not been rated yet. A collection of poems inspired and based upon Homer's Odyssey, The Odd Eye Sees explores the human psychology and modern vice upon the Greek epic classic. Nicholson was born on the outskirts of Los Angeles where he explored the greater area from a cluttered outpost amongst its vast valleys.

Unpublished on paper but willing to try new things, he is survived by a Parker click-retractable pen. How can I use this format?

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Learn more about ebook formats and e-readers. In order to best capture different wavelengths of light, cones should be evenly spaced across the spectrum of light visible to humans, which is about nmnm. When we look at the cone spacing of the bumblebee Figure 1 , which is also trichromatic, we can see that even spacing is indeed the case. But this is not exactly how our own vision works. Our own vision does not have this even spectral spacing Figure 3. In humans and other catarrhines, the red and green cones largely overlap. This means that we prioritise distinguishing a few types of colours really well — specifically, red and green — at the expense of being able to see as many colours as we possibly might.

Why do we prioritise differentiating red from green? Several explanations have been proposed.

Perhaps the simplest is that this is an example of what biologists call evolutionary constraint. The gene that encodes for our green receptor, and the gene that encodes for our red receptor, evolved via a gene duplication.

It is likely that they would have originally been almost identical in their sensitivities, and perhaps there has just not been enough time, or enough evolutionary selection, for them to become different. Another explanation emphasises the evolutionary advantages of a close red-green cone arrangement. Since it makes us particularly good at distinguishing between greenish to reddish colours — and between different shades of pinks and reds — then we might be better at identifying ripening fruits, which typically change from green to red and orange colours as they ripen.

There is an abundance of evidence that this effect is real, and marked. Trichromatic humans are much better at picking out ripening fruit from green foliage than dichromatic humans usually so-called red-green colourblind individuals. More importantly, normal trichromatic humans are much better at this task than individuals experimentally given simulated even-spaced trichromacy. In New World monkeys, where some individuals are trichromatic and some dichromatic, trichromats detect ripening fruit much quicker than dichromats, and without sniffing it to the same extent.

As fruit is a critical part of the diet of many primates, fruit-detection is a plausible selection pressure, not just for the evolution of trichromacy generally, but also for our specific, unusual form of trichromacy. A final explanation relates to social signalling. Many primate species use reddish colours, such as the bright red nose of the mandrill and the red chest patch of the gelada, in social communication. Similarly, humans indicate emotions through colour changes to our faces that relate to blood flow, being paler when we feel sick or worried, blushing when we are embarrassed, and so on.

Perhaps detection of such cues and signals might be involved in the evolution of our unusual cone spacing? Recently, my colleagues and I tested this hypothesis experimentally. We took images of the faces of rhesus monkey females, which redden when females are interested in mating. We prepared experiments in which human observers saw pairs of images of the same female, one when she was interested in mating, and one when she was not.

Participants were asked to choose the mating face, but we altered how faces appeared to those participants. In some trials, human observers saw the original images, but in other trials they saw the images with a colour transformation, which mimicked what an observer would see with a different visual system.