He was instrumental in the formation of the CPGB in and was its first Chairman, as well as being a member of the executive committee of the Third International. On his death from illness, his ashes were interred in the wall of the Kremlin in Moscow in recognition of his role as a pioneer of communism. Austrian physicist and philosopher who established important principles of optics, mechanics, and wave dynamics and who supported the view that all knowledge is a conceptual organisation of the data of sensory experience.
Mach is widely regarded as the leader of the extreme subjectivist school of positivism of the late nineteenth century, but even Einstein acknowledged a debt to Mach for his persistent exposure of the unstated assumptions of physical science. Mach was educated at home until the age of 14, and entered the University of Vienna at the age of 17, received his PhD in physics at the age of 22 and was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the University of Graz in Positivism was already the dominant philosophical current in Europe and around this time, with Ernst Mach very much at the forefront, the centre stage of philosophical struggle moved to analysis of the physiological mechanisms of sensation in order to resolve the age-old problems of perception and the nature and validity of knowledge.
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See the essay Perception Under the Microscope. In Analysis of the Sensations , Mach held that the sole content of knowledge is sensation and material entities can be understood only in terms of the sensations present in their observation. Mach rejected as invalid, on this basis, concepts such as absolute time and space. Mach returned to the University of Vienna as Professor of Inductive Philosophy in , but he suffered a stroke two years later and retired from active research in , when he was appointed to the Austrian parliament. He continued to lecture and write in retirement, publishing Knowledge and Error in and an autobiography in Born at Pollokshaws near Glasgow, the son of dispossessed peasants.
His father, a potter, died of silicosis in Maclean worked his way through the education system, eventually obtaining an MA at Glasgow University while working as a schoolteacher.
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Joined the Social Democratic Federation in and became one of its leading propagandists in Scotland. In opposition to Hyndman and the war, he set up the newspaper Vanguard which declared in its first issue that the war 'shows that the day of social pottering or reform is past'. Imprisoned for expressing these views in , and A brilliant propagandist, he convinced many workers of the correctness of Marxist principles but was unable to intervene effectively in the enormous class battles on Clydeside during the war or to turn the syndicalist prejudices of the shop stewards in a political direction.
His courageous struggle against the war achieved international recognition and in he was made honorary Soviet consul in Glasgow. John Maclean Internet Archive. He taught at Trinity College, Cambridge from till See John MacTaggart Archive.
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Hungarian Communist who participated in the ill-fated Hungarian Soviet of Following its defeat, he moved to the Soviet Union to work in the Comintern, which eventually sent him to China on an extended mission. In he was arrested and charged in connection with the assassination of Sergei Kirov, head of the Leningrad party organization.
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Lajos ultimately died in prison in Mailly was born in Pittsburgh and moved to Scotland with his parents at age 2. He went to school in Liverpool and worked from a young age as errand boy and clerk. Mailly returned to US in July , working in the Illinois coal mines, brick yards, and railways. Thereafter he moved to Haverhill, MA. He was also named editor of the Haverhill Social Democrat in Mailly died at a young age, not quite His widow, Bertha H.
Joined the CPGB in and was a full-time party worker from the early s. Participated in Quit India movement as a schoolboy. Educated Presidency College, Calcutta. Attended BLPI conference, Split from SP with a group of anti-entry dissidents who organized around the paper, Inquilab [Revolution]. Fused with the Communist League, Leader of small groups of peasants who fought Ukranian White armies and German occupation forces during the Russian civil war. He refused to integrate his forces into the Red Army and eventually his forces were broken by the Soviet government.
Moscow landowner and leading lawyer. Member 2nd, 3rd and 4th Dumas. Ambassador of Provisional Government to Paris. A major figure in the development of Soviet education, Makarenko was especially influential in fighting for integrating democratic principles into education theory and practice. His numerous books, were widely published and translated including his work, The Road to Life An Epic of Education , the first volume being an absorbing chronicle of his years as director of the Gorky Colony for juvenile delinquents in the Ukraine in the s.
Lunacarsky, and by the works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Gorky, during the period of the first Russian revolution. Makarenko was born in the town of Beloplye, in Kharkov Gubernia, the Ukraine, the son of a painter for the railways. He began his career as a teacher at a school for railway children near where he was raised.
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In , he qualified as a secondary teacher when he graduated from the Poltava Pedagogical Institute. Three years later, he was the head of a secondary school, which was when he began his study in search of new theories of educational forms and methods. From he directed the Gorky Labour Colony, and then in was appointed head of Dzerhinsky Labour Commune, an institute for homeless children and teens.
At both places he led the staff to use a combination of physical labor and classroom instruction to teach work skills, character-building and aesthetics. Educational goals should change with society, be humanistic, and stress the power and creativity of the collective, according to Makarenko.
He also felt strongly about the importance of the home learning environment. Makarenko died suddenly in With more than books in his body of work, his work is still considered influential in the field of education. Anton Semyonovich Makarenko Archive. Tan Malaka was one of the most prominent Marxists in Indonesia. Born in West Sumatra, Tan Malaka was acquainted to Marxism while he was studying in Netherlands from , during which time the October Revolution inspired him. In December , he was elected the chairman of CPI, but had to leave his post as he was arrested by the Dutch colonial government in February and sent to exile.
In , he was named Comintern member for Southeast Asia. A prolific writer, he wrote more than 20 books and pamphlets, mostly on how to build a revolutionary organization and the communist task in national liberation movement. He was executed in , allegedly by the official Indonesian government who grew wary of his influential critics against their policy of collaboration and capitulation to the Dutch. Born in southern Italy in , into a growing mood of republicanism, Malatesta soon saw the need for a more profound change in society, and in joined the Italian section of the International, where he linked up with the anarchist faction of the International.
Repeatedly forced into exile because of his political opinions he spent long periods in exile in various European countries, in Argentina and in the United States. In all he spent only about half his life in his native country. During the First World War he argued strongly that anarchists should not take sides between the capitalist imperaislist powers. He spent the last 5 years of his life under house arrest.
See Errico Malatesta Archive. French Socialist, one of the founders and theoreticians of reformism. In a member of the First International.
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In a member of the Commune ; after its fall he fled to Switzerland. English economist who became famous through his book, Essay on Population. He there developed the idea that population increases faster than the means of sustenence. Engels in a letter to Nikolai Danielson 9 January remarks that the opposite is the case — the means of sustenence must exist before population can grow.
Marx noted that Darwin had transposed the Malthusian theory of population from human society to the world of plants and animals. See his letter to Engels of 18th June In general, Marx always regarded Malthus as a reactionary.
See for example his letter of 18th March , but he also gave distinguished between Malthus who had made real discoveries, and his followers who used his ideas solely for reactionary ends. French Radical Socialist, was minister of the interior from , when he was charged with negligence and exiled for five years, to Spain. In he was reelected to the Chamber of Deputies.
His experience in both milieus strongly informs his novels. Drawn into politics while a high school student during the Quit India movement. Arrested, ; released and arrested again, March ; jailed Joined Bolshevik Mazdoor Party. Joined Bolshevik Leninist Party of India , Delegate to SP Convention, Ernest Mandel joined the Belgian affiliate of the Fourth International FI, founded by Trotsky in when he was seventeen and has been a member of the Central Committee of this organization since He was active in the anti-Nazi resistance and was arrested and sent to a German prison camp in The Second World Congress of the FI, held after the war, elected him to a leadership position, which he has since maintained.
During the s and s, when the Trotskyists operated within the Belgian Socialist Party, Mandel worked in the Economic Studies Commission of the Belgian Trade Union Federation, writing a report on economic concentration.
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He was expelled from the Socialist Party for opposing its coalition with the Christian Socialists and its acceptance of antistrike legislation. Mandel has been barred at various times from entering the United States, France, Switzerland, and Germany, where he nonetheless earned a doctorate in political economy at the Free University of Berlin.
In addition to his prolific activity as an editor and writer for the Trotskyist and other leftist press, Mandel has published several volumes of political essays. His main contributions have been the two-volume Marxist Economic Theory and the massive Late Capitalism The former aims to show that it is possible, on the basis of the scientific data of contemporary science, to reconstitute the whole economic system of Karl Marx.
It thus consists, on the one hand, of the compilation of an enormous mass of data and descriptive material bearing on the nature and history of capitalism and, on the other, of an attempt to integrate parts of bourgeois economics along with elements of the many conflicting Marxist schools into one comprehensive theory. Late Capitalism more particularly strives to explain the contemporary history of capitalism by its immanent laws of motion.
Despite these modifications, however, capitalism remains under the sway of the crisis tendency diagnosed by Marx.
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He acted as a stimulus for the formation of the Victorian Socialist Party. While advocating revolutionary socialism, it still remained inside the ALP. Mann was invited to Broken Hill, and won the craft unionists to the policy of industrial unionism. On his return to Britain, took a pacifist position on the war; became a founding member of the British Communist Party in The burial committee had La Protesta In the s immigration to the Argentine Republic increased rapidly.
The many poor newcomers were receptive to socialist and Bomb in Barcelona On June 7, , a bomb exploded amidst a religious procession in Cambios Nuevos, Barcelona, which caused a drummer corporal and They were accused of murder in the The Italian Luce Fabbri, the La Tramontana Anarchists in Catalonia in founded the satirical magazine La Tramontana, named after a local wind.
This wind, according to Terrorism and Anarchism In February a bomb placed by an anarchist in Paris created an enormous fear of anarchism. This was the background for Idealistic film makers and photographers like Max Nettlau In well-informed circles, Max Nettlau was known as the 'Herodotus of Anarchy', the first and greatest historian of the anarchist Kropotkin's Funeral The funeral of the famous anarchist Peter Kropotkin in Moscow on 13 February grew into a monumental demonstration.
This woman was Emma French Revolutionary Songs Every revolution has its own songs. In France, the birthplace of revolution, the tradition of protest songs has been strongly For the first time in history, they aimed Nestor Makhno, who had been the Little Italy in Egypt The construction of the Suez Canal required large numbers of Italian workers before being completed on 17 November There are so many it would take me weeks to find our correspondence Reading Anarchism Reading Anarchism is a series of events that examine the anarchist theoretical tradition.
Reading Anarchism is part of an On 31 October of that same Hypocritical The French adventurer and anarchist Zo d'Axa exposed all kinds of misbehaviour in his magazine l'Endehors. Modern School Francisco Ferrer Guardia was a freemason, an atheist and a radical educational reformer who felt affinity with Deported to Holland Rudolf Rocker, born in in Mainz of Catholic parents, became an anarchist and settled in London at the end of the nineteenth Mounted police horses get LSD The Provos, Amsterdam anarchists, became widely known for their protests against the monarchy: She was associated with the attempt on Internationale Situationniste A group of experimental artists and intellectuals establishes the Situationist International during a two-day conference in Italy In well-informed circles, Max Nettlau was known as the ' There he was active in the underground during the The burial committee had La Protesta In the s immigration to the Argentine Republic increased rapidly.
The many poor newcomers were receptive to socialist and