Capitol by Donald R. Ancient and modern Rome. A poem, written at Rome in the year by George Keate. Ancient Rome Facts by Fiona Macdonald. Ancient Rome Let's See Library: Ancient Civilizations by Lucia Raatma. Ancient Rome the story of an empire that ruled the world. Monuments Past and Present by R.
Rome by Sean Sheehan. And Man Created God: Andrea Palladio architect tussen renaissance en barok by Manfred Wundram. The Annals by P. Antony by Allan Massie. Antony and Cleopatra by Adrian Goldsworthy. Antony and Cleopatra by Colleen McCullough. Roman History, I, Books Apprentice by Maggie Anton. Ara Pacis by Orietta Rossini. The Natural and the Manmade by Vincent Scully.
Are We There Yet? Legend by Robert Doherty. Arms of Nemesis by Steven Saylor. The Art of Building in the Classical World: The Art Thief by Noah Charney. The Artist, the Philosopher, and the Warrior: As the Romans Do: Brotherhood by Oliver Bowden. The Assassini by Thomas Gifford. The Assassins of Rome by Caroline Lawrence. An Atlas of Rare City Maps: Atticus of Rome, 30 B. Attila the Hun by John Man. The Audrey Hepburn Collection: Augustine Came to Kent by Barbara Willard.
Augustus by Allan Massie. Augustus by John Edward Williams. Augustus Caesar's World by Genevieve Foster. Son of Rome by Richard Foreman. An Autobiography by Edwin Muir. The Avignon papacy, Baedeker's Central Italy and Rome: Baedeker's Rome by Jarrold Baedeker. The Splendor and the Scandal: Europa by Brian Azzarello.
The Battle for Rome: Beach Music by Pat Conroy. The Beginnings of Rome: A Tale of the Christ by Lew Wallace. Die Bergwerke zu Falun by E. Hoffmann — not in English Common Knowledge. The Bernini Bust by Iain Pears. Genius of the Baroque by Charles Avery. The Best of Italy: Beyond the Sunset by Diana Bachmann.
Biblical Archaeology by G. Biblical Essays by J. Bird of Ill Omen by Simon Raven. The Birth of Classical Europe: The Birth of Venus by Sarah Dunant. The Man and Statesman by A. Black Market Truth by Sharon Kaye. Blackout by Marc Elsberg. The Bleeding Dusk by Colleen Gleason. Blood and Beauty by Sarah Dunant. Blood and Gold by Anne Rice. Blood Debts [novella] by Ashley Gardner. Blood Games by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro. The Blood Gospel by James Rollins. Blood in the Forum: The Blood of the Innocent by Julia Navarro.
Blood of the Martyrs by Naomi Mitchison. Blood Ties by C. Blue Guide Rome by Alta Macadam. The Boat of Fate by Keith Roberts. Body and Soul by Charlotte Lamb. The Book of Q: A Novel by Jonathan Rabb. Book of the Dead by Patricia Cornwell. The Book of the Maidservant by Rebecca Barnhouse. Boredom by Alberto Moravia. The Borgia Betrayal by Sara Poole. The Borgia Bride by Jeanne Kalogridis. The Borgia Chalice by Derek Wilson. Borgia Faith And Fear: The Borgias by Ivan Cloulas. The Borgias by Michael Edward Mallett.
The Hidden History by G. The Boston Castrato by Colin W. Brief Fulfillment by Jean S. Brother Cain by Simon Raven. Brotherhood of the Tomb by Daniel Easterman. Buon Appetito, Your Holiness: Bus Stop by Pepper Espinoza. By Dreams Betrayed by Sandra Marton. Cabal by Michael Dibdin. The Cabala by Thornton Wilder. A Roman Riddle by Lily Prior. Caesar Dies by Talbot Mundy. Caesar's Daughter by Edward Burton. A Biography by Christian Meier. Life of a Colossus by Adrian Goldsworthy. Un calcio in bocca fa miracoli by Marco Presta.
Caligula by Allan Massie. Caligula by Douglas Jackson. Call Me by Your Name: Profiles of six Italian condottieri by Joseph Jay Deiss. Captive of Rome by Theodora Du Bois. Cara Massimina by Tim Parks. A Novel by Christopher Peachment. Carthaginian for a day: Casa Rossa by Francesca Marciano. The case of the Empress's jewels [short story] by Wallace Nichols. Catch by Joseph Heller. A Catholic's Guide to Rome: When in Rome by Jeph Loeb. An Historical Novel by John Stewart. His Life and Times by Sarah Bradford. Changeling by Philippa Gregory. Che cosa succede quando muore il Papa?
The Chef's Apprentice by Elle Newmark. Children of the Wolf by Alfred Duggan. Christina, Queen of Sweden: Christmas on a Rational Planet by Lawrence Miles. Ciao, Baby by Elaine Dyer. Pro Caelio by Marcus Tullius Cicero. Cities of the New Testament by E. City Highlights Rom by Elke Buscher. City of Fear by David Hewson. City of God by Cecelia Holland. City of the Soul: A Walk in Rome by William Murray.
Rome by Robert Kahn. The Civil Wars by Julius Caesar. Clara Callan by Richard B. The Cleaving of Christendom by Warren H. The Cleopatra Crisis by Simon Hawke. The Climax of Rome by Michael Grant. Clodia by Robert DeMaria. The Cloister and the Hearth by Charles Reade. The Coin of Carthage by Bryher. The coinage of Septimius Severus and his family of the mint of Rome, A. The Colosseum by Peter Quennell.
The Colosseum by Keith Hopkins. Communion Blood by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro. Complete Guide to Homeopathy by Andrew Lockie. Infamous Medieval Mercenaries by David Murphy. The Confessions of Catherine de Medici by C. The Confessor by Daniel Silva. The Conformist by Alberto Moravia. A Conspiracy by John Hersey. Constantine and Rome by R. A cook's tour of Rome by Doris Muscatine. Cool Restaurants Rome by teNeues. Cool Rome by Elke Buscher. Coriolanus by William Shakespeare. Count Belisarius by Robert Graves. Counting the Stars by Helen Dunmore. The Course of Honour by Lindsey Davis.
Crocodile on the Sandbank by Elizabeth Peters. The Crusade of Darkness by Giulio Leoni. Cry to Heaven by Anne Rice. The Culture of the High Renaissance: Rome by Frances Gendlin. Da soli by Cristina Comencini. Daily life in Papal Rome in the eighteenth century by Maurice Andrieux. A Comedy by Henry James. Dancing Phaedra by Clodia Metelli. Dante's Numbers by David Hewson. The Darkest Lie by Gena Showalter. The Darkest Passion by Gena Showalter. The Darkest Surrender by Gena Showalter. The Darkness and the Dawn by Thomas B. Daughters of Rome by Kate Quinn. Dawn of All by Robert Hugh Benson.
A Day in Old Rome: Day of Confession by Allan Folsom. The Day of the Jackal by Frederick Forsyth. Days near Rome by Augustus J. Deadly Election by Lindsey Davis. Death and Restoration by Iain Pears. Death Comes for the Archbishop by Willa Cather. A Death in Vienna by Daniel Silva. The Death of Caesar: Defence Speeches by Cicero.
Delucca's Marriage Contract by Abby Green. Detectives in Togas by Henry Winterfeld. The Detour by Andromeda Romano-Lax. The Devil's Triangle by Catherine Coulter. Diane Seed's Rome for All Seasons: A Cookbook by Diane Seed.
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Dictator by Robert Harris. The Dirt on Clean: An Unsanitized History by Katherine Ashenburg. Disorderly Elements by Bob Cook. Divorce Islamic Style by Amara Lakhous. Rome by Reid Bramblett. DK Eyewitness Travel Guides: Rome by DK Publishing. Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe. Doctor Mirabilis by James Blish. The Romans by Donald Cotton.
The Final Chapter by Russell T. The Dogs of Rome by Conor Fitzgerald. Dolly and the Starry Bird by Dorothy Dunnett. Domina by Paul Doherty. Don't Move by Margaret Mazzantini. Crawling From the Wreckage by Grant Morrison. The Doomsday Key by James Rollins. The Dragon Throne by Michael Cadnum. De droom van de leeuw by Arthur Japin.
The Eagle's Daughter by Judith Tarr. Early One Morning by Virginia Baily. Early Rome and Latium: Economy and Society C. Easily Distracted by Steve Coogan. Egypt's Queen Cleopatra by Iris Noble. Emily Hudson by Melissa Jones. Empire by Steven Saylor. English National Opera Guide: Tosca by English National Opera. The Epistles of Paul to the Colossians and to Philemon: An Introduction and Commentary by N.
Eromenos by Melanie McDonald. The Erotics of Domination: The Eternal City by Domenica de Rosa. A History of Rome by Ferdinand Addis. Eternal Desire by Clarissa Ross. The Eternal Ones by Kirsten Miller. Etiquette by Emily Post. The Etruscan Chimera by Lyn Hamilton. Beloved of the Gods by Morgan Llywelyn. Rome by Reise und Verkehrsverlag. Experiencing Architecture by Steen Eiler Rasmussen. Explorer Rome by Tim Jepson. Exploring Rome by Fodor's. Extinction by Thomas Bernhard. The Face of God: The Faith of a Rationalist: Faith of Our Fathers by Eamon Duffy.
Falco on His Metal by Lindsey Davis. Falco on the Loose by Lindsey Davis. Fall of the Camarilla by Russell Bailey. The Fall of the Roman Republic: Six Lives by Plutarch. The Fallen Angel by David Hewson. The Families Who Made Rome: A History and a Guide by Anthony Majanlahti. Family by Natalia Ginzburg. Family Favourites by Alfred Duggan.
Fango by Niccolo Ammaniti. Das Farnese-Komplott by Barbara Wenz. The Fight for Rome by James Duffy. La finestra sul cortile by Andrea Camilleri. The Finger of Aphrodite by Mary Reed. The Flames of Rome by Paul L. The Flamethrowers by Rachel Kushner. The Flight of the Falcon by Daphne du Maurier. The Flight of the Sorceress by Barry S. Flirting with Italian by Liz Fielding. Fodor's The Best of Italy: Fodor's Citypack Rome by Fodor's. Fodor's Citypack Rome's Best by Fodor's. Fodor's Pocket Rome by Fodor's. Fodor's Rome by Fodor's.
Fodor's Rome's 25 Best by Fodor's. Fodor's See It Rome by Fodor's. Follow That Furball by Nancy Krulik. The Food of Love by Anthony Capella. The Force of the Past by Sandro Veronesi. Foreign Affairs by Stuart Woods. Foreign Influence by Brad Thor. The Forgotten Legion by Ben Kane. Fortune's Favorites by Colleen McCullough. The Forum of Trajan in Rome: The Fountains of Rome by H.
Franz Liszt by Hedwig Weilguny. The Final Years, by Alan Walker. Free Country by Jeremy Duns. From Dawn to Decadence: From the Gracchi to Nero: Library Edition by A. Rome by Darwin Porter. Frommer's Day by Day: Rome by Sylvie Hogg. Rome by Eleonora Baldwin. Gabby and Maddox Adventures in Italy! Galileo by John Heilbron. The Archaeology of a Myth by Wade Rowland. The Garden of Evil by David Hewson. The Geneva Deception by James Twining. The Genius in the Design: The Geometry of Love: Germanicus by David Wishart.
Getting the Boot S. Giotto's Hand by Iain Pears. Giovanni and the other, children who have made stories by Frances Hodgson Burnett. Gladiator [ film] by Ridley Scott. The Gladiators by Arthur Koestler. The Gladiators from Capua by Caroline Lawrence. Glass of the Roman Empire by David Whitehouse. Gods and Legions by Michael Curtis Ford. Gold, Silver, and Bronze by Jennifer Montagu. The Golden Ass by Apuleius. The Gospel of Judas by Simon Mawer. Great Ages of Man: Imperial Rome by Moses Hadas. The Great Fire of Rome: My Own Story by Muhammad Ali. Greek and Roman [mythology] by William Sherwood Fox.
Gregory the Great, perfection in imperfection by Carole Straw. Rome and environs by Grieben-Verlag. Den grondt der edel vry schilder-const by Carel van Mander. Gumball the Official Annual Rome by Hammond World Atlas Corporation. Hand of Isis by Jo Graham. Hannibal's Children by John Maddox Roberts. Enemy of Rome by Ben Kane. Diabolical Englishman by Frances Stonor Saunders.
Heist Society by Ally Carter. Or, the Crowned Anarchist by Antonin Artaud. Historia de los Papas by Apeles Padre. Historical Whodunits by Mike Ashley. History by Elsa Morante. A History of Private Life, Volume 1: History of Rome by Michael Grant. History of Rome, books by Titus Livy. History of Rome, books by Titus Livius Livy. A History of Rome: Down to the Reign of Constantine by M. A History of the Ostrogoths by Thomas S. A History of the Roman World, B. History of the Twelve Caesars by Suetonius.
Holding the Man by Timothy Conigrave. Hounds and Jackals by Barbara Wood. House of Cards by Stanley Ellin. The House of Life by Mario Praz. The House of the Vestals by Steven Saylor. How to Be a Movie Star: Elizabeth Taylor in Hollywood by William J. Humphry Davy by Harold Hartley. The Hundredth Year by Philip Guedalla. Mathematician and Martyr by Michael A. I, Claudius by Robert Graves. The Ides of April by Lindsey Davis. Children of the Ancient World by Cobblestone Publishing. If this is Love by Anne Weale. The Illustrated History of the World Rome and the Classical West by J.
The Immaculate Deception by Iain Pears. The Imperfectionists by Tom Rachman. Rome under Napoleon by Susan Vandiver Nicassio. Imperial ideology and provincial loyalty in the Roman Empire by Clifford Ando. In at the Death by David Wishart. In Catilinam by Marcus Tullius Cicero.
Bibles Before the Year by Michelle Brown. In the Company of the Courtesan by Sarah Dunant. Incontinent on the Continent: Innocent Blood by James Rollins. The Innocents Abroad by Mark Twain. Inside Out Rome by Compass Maps. Inside Rome by Paolo Fontana. Invictus by Ryan Graudin. The Invitation by Lucy Foley. The Iron Legion by Pat Mills. Island of the World by Michael D. Istanbul, Rome and Jerusalem: Italian Cities by Christopher Hibbert. Italian Days by Barbara Grizzuti Harrison. The Italian Quarter by Domenica de Rosa. The Italian Teacher by Tom Rachman.
Jack by Francine Mathews. Books by Elizabeth Peters.
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A Jew Among Romans: The Jew of Rome by Lion Feuchtwanger. Josephus and the Emperor by Lion Feuchtwanger. Journey by Moonlight by Antal Szerb. Journey for a Princess by Margaret Leighton. The Judgment of Caesar by Steven Saylor. Juliette by Marquis de Sade. Julius Caesar by Michael Grant. Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare. Just Biggins by Christopher Biggins. Juvenal and Persius by Juvenal. Die Kaiserin by Thomas R. Keepers of the Keys: A History of the Popes from St.
The Key by Benita Kane Jaro. The King in the North: The King of Athelney by Alfred Duggan. King of Rome by Dave Sudbury. The King's Diamond by Will Whitaker. A Kiss in Rome by Barbara Cartland. Kissing Under the Mistletoe by Bella Andre. Kleopatra by Karen Essex. Rome by Knopf Guides. Die Kunst des Clusterns: L'image de l'homme dans les arts primitifs: Preistorico Etnografico Luigi Pigorini, Rome: L'imperio by Federico De Roberto. Ladies of the Court by Michael Mewshaw.
Lady Oracle by Margaret Atwood. Lands and Peoples Volume 2: Last Act in Palmyra by Lindsey Davis. The Last Judgement by Iain Pears. The Last Patriot by Brad Thor. Last Rites by David Wishart. Last Seen in Massilia by Steven Saylor. Lavinia by Ursula K. Law and life of Rome by J. Las legiones malditas by Santiago Posteguillo. Lekcja angielskiego by Wilhelm Dichter. Leonardo and the Last Supper by Ross King. Let the Games Begin by Niccolo Ammaniti. The Letters by Pliny the Younger. Letters to her sister: Dark Origins by Anthony E.
Life in Ancient Rome by Lionel Casson. Life of a Good-for-Nothing by Joseph von Eichendorff. Life of Luther by Julius Koestlin. A Life of Picasso, Volume 3: Light of the World: Lightning Strikes Twice by Denise Robins. The Lock by Benita Kane Jaro. Mit Extra Cityplan by Duncan Garwood. Lonely Planet Roma by Martin Hughes.
Lonely Planet Rome by Duncan Garwood. A Long Finish by Michael Dibdin. Lord of the Desert by Barbara Faith. Lord of the World by Robert Hugh Benson. Love in Ancient Rome by Pierre Grimal. Love Match by Roberta Leigh. Love, Lucy by April Lindner. The Loved and the Feared by Violet Winspear.
Lucretia by David Krae. Lucrezia Borgia by John Faunce. The Lure of Italy: Lustrum by Robert Harris. Luther on Education by F. Biography of a Reformer by Frederick Nohl. Madonna of the Seven Hills by Jean Plaidy. Magicians of Quality by Patricia C. The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire by Lawrence Keppie. Map of Bones by James Rollins. MapEasy's Guidemap to Rome by Inc. The Marble Faun by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam by Barbara W. Marcus Brutus, by Max Radin. Selected Writings by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.
Gallia Invicta by S. The Mark of Athena by Rick Riordan. Marriage and Babies Bundle 4-in-1 by Kate Walker. Mars the Avenger by Alan Scribner. Marvel Masterworks, Volume Marvels of ancient Rome by Margaret R. La maschera della tolleranza. Epistole 17 e Testo latino a fronte by Ambrogio da Milano.
The Masks of Rome by Caroline Llewellyn.
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Master and God by Lindsey Davis. The Medici Giraffe by Marina Belozerskaya. The Medieval World I: Mediterranean Cruise of the U. Medusa by Michael Dibdin. The Medusa Amulet by Robert Masello. Lo mejor de Roma by Abigail Blasi. Memoirs of a Gnostic Dwarf by David Madsen. Memories, Dreams, Reflections by C. Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling by Ross King. Mightier than the sword [short story] by John Maddox Roberts. Home Sweet Rome by Marissa Moss. Miranda the Great by Eleanor Estes. A Novel by April Bernard. Missing at Sea by Rita Lee Chapman. A Mist of Prophecies by Steven Saylor. Mistress of Rome by Kate Quinn.
Mitt romerska lejon by Renata Wrede. A Moment of Anger by Patricia Wilson. The Monks of War by Desmond Seward. Monsters, Gods, and Heroes: Approaching the Epic in Literature by Timothy B. Moon Metro Rome by Avalon Travel. Darcy, Vampyre by Amanda Grange. Palomar by Italo Calvino. Mrs Craddock by W. Murder at the National Gallery by Margaret Truman. Murder on a Monument by E. My First Two Thousand Years: My Home Sweet Rome: Mysteries of History by Robert Stewart. Mysteries van de Bijbel by Steven Borgerhoff. Mystery of the Roman Ransom by Henry Winterfeld.
The Myth of Catholic Scholarship: Myths of Greece and Rome by H. Myths of Greece and Rome by Thomas Bulfinch. The Naked Sword by F. Rome by National Geographic. Rome by Sari Gilbert. The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome by J. Central to this process is the shift from the historical categories of racism to a new conceptualization of blackness that invests the very idea of Italianness. The work of writers such as Pap Khouma and Igiaba Scego, of Senega- lese and Somali origins respectively, exposes the sense of uneasiness generated for white Italians by the association of blackness with Italianness.
These terms are often conceived as incompatible, and therefore, mutually exclusive see Romeo in this volume. Postcolonial writ- ing in Italy is often haunted by the denial of political and cultural citizenship, as the legal principle for its acquisition is still caught in the ambiguity of racialist and biologist definitions of Italianness. In ways similar to those pursued by Said and others with regard to the British literary and cultural canon, a postcolonial critique of Italian cultural modernity reveals the complic- ity of the national culture with imperialism. The English novel, Said states, had no real European equivalent precisely because its position mir- rored the unquestionable strength of the British empire.
Postcolonial Studies in Italy Postcolonial studies in Italy is a recent scholarly phenomenon set in motion pre- dominantly in departments of English and American studies through the pub- lication of path-breaking edited collections and monographs from the end of the s onward Chambers and Curti ; Albertazzi ; Mellino These translations had the great merit of introducing postcolonial theory and literature to Italian academicians working outside English and American studies departments and to the general public.
As a result, the idea that a postcolonial discourse had no reason to develop outside an Anglophone environment was reinforced, by implying that in Italy there was no postcolonial condition to speak of. Significantly, during the same period Italian critics—some of whom were operating on both sides of the Atlantic—were focusing on the study of migrations to Italy Parati , ; Gnisci , , At the same time, these studies examined the legacy of Italian colonial history, its political implications, and the insufficiently studied cultural production of Italian colonial societies.
The year saw the publication of two volumes Ponzanesi; Morosetti that marked a turning point in Italian postcolonial studies. At the same time, it casts light on the intersection of postcolonial theory with feminist theory by analyzing how gender complicates postcolonial power relations.
Different trajectories of analysis and research developed around the same time and contributed directly or indirectly to an in-depth analysis of the Italian post- colonial condition. In the field of migration literature and film, Jennifer Burns and Loredana Polezzi identify international emigration and immigration, as well as intranational migrations, as crucial moments in the process of forming an Italian national identity and culture Graziella Parati employs a cultural studies approach to examine multicultural Italian society at present along with its literary production Parati ; Orton and Parati Daniele Comberiati b explores migration literature in Italy from to , structuring his analysis around the geographical origins of the authors and the cultural influences that such origins bring to bear on the literature they produce; he also devotes a chapter to the postcolonial relationship between Italy and Albania and to post- colonial Albanian Italian literature.
Although these volumes focus on migrations to Italy and they address the Ital- ian postcolonial condition to some extent, at present a postcolonial theoretical frame is not consistently employed in the analysis of Italian literary and cultural production. This critical discourse provides a reflection on the position of Italy and Italian identity within a new European and global scenario in relation to the Mediterra- nean Sea—its history as a geopolitical unity, the colonial legacy, and the impor- tance that it holds for contemporary transnational migrants Chambers An important sign of the general interest in the critical methodology of post- colonial studies in Italy is evident in the publication of an introductory volume intended as an academic textbook for a nonspecialized audience Bassi and Sirotti This collection of essays has the great merit of bringing together scholars who work in this field in Italy and of clarifying central issues and theoretical ques- tions posed by postcolonial studies around the world.
For Real: Edizione italiana (Italian Edition)
Yet since an analysis of cul- tural production in Italy is confined to the last chapter, the volume also reinforces the notion that these studies are disconnected from—or only partially connected to—Italy itself. Much work still remains to be done in the field of Italian postcolo- nial studies; it is important to acknowledge nonetheless that many useful interven- tions have emerged in recent years that have laid the ground for a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of postcolonial Italy. Methodology and Scope Our volume adopts a combination of critical methodologies that weave together postcolonial studies and cultural studies, race theory, and gender studies.
In our understanding, race is constructed at the intersection of different categories of analysis such as gender, class, sexuality, religion, nationality, and citizenship and, in turn, racism intersects with other forms of discrimination, such as social exclusion, sexism, xenophobia, religious intolerance, economic exploitation, and legal discrimination. In the United States and Britain, race and racism are fields of scholarly research that have institutional and academic visibility and are rap- idly changing to encompass a broader range of critical perspectives and disciplin- ary realms, including queer theory and whiteness studies.
This is less the case in continental Europe. Influential sociological works, with few exceptions,30 first linked the rise of rac- ism in contemporary Italy to the arrival of immigrants and the implementation of restrictive immigration policies Balbo and Manconi , Reflections on Ital- ian whiteness have been strongly influenced by studies on the racialization of Ital- ian immigrants in the United States Orsi ; Vecoli ; Thomas Guglielmo ; Jennifer Guglielmo and Salvatore Salerno Despite the proliferation of such interventions, race studies in Italy still has no institutional existence or academic visibility.
For decades, Italian gender studies has not embraced intersectionality to any significant extent, and when it has, it has not applied this methodology to the Italian context. As a result, different categories of oppression have often been examined independently of one another, which in turn has weakened the analysis of all categories of oppression, including gender. Feminist scholars working both in Italy and abroad have explored the relationship between Italian feminism and migrant women as well as the intersection of race, whiteness, and gender in Italy Pojmann ; Merrill ; Giuliani ; Mar- chetti ; they have highlighted the conjunction of feminist studies and postco- lonial studies Demaria ; Curti ; Romeo ; they have probed issues of globalization and migration in relation to discourses of ethnicity Campani , labor, and precariousness Bertilotti et al.
Structure and Chapters The chapters that follow are organized into four sections. The structure and orga- nization of the volume reflect the methodologies employed. Rather than subdivid- ing the book along the lines of disciplinary approach or medium of production, we identify important junctions, contact zones, and convergences among method- ologies and disciplinary perspectives. His essay serves nonetheless to remind us of the ways in which various elements within the Italian Left offered material and symbolic support to anticolonial struggles around the world from the end of World War II through the s.
This is enacted through the creation of affiliations with other postcolo- nial and global contexts, while at the same time looking diachronically at Italian history and culture as founded on phenomena such as transatlantic and trans- Mediterranean emigration, the racialization of southern Italians, and contempo- rary immigration. Both Sandro Mezzadra and Miguel Mellino scrutinize the Ital- ian postcolonial condition through a combination of approaches that privilege political theory and cultural analysis, focusing on racism as the vantage point from which their chapters are developed.
Mezzadra emphasizes how contemporary rac- ism is enforced through a new migratory regime, that is, a form of governability that implements new mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion through a recon- figuration of space, mobility, and labor. Mellino analyzes postcolonial Italy from the perspective of four basic points of departure: Sandra Ponzanesi contextualizes Italian postcolonialism within a European perspective through an analysis of the postco- lonial condition in different countries and reflects on the construction of a Euro- pean identity in light of the common, silenced past of colonialism, a commonality that contributes to the structure of European contemporary societies.
Derobertis high- lights the connection between the subaltern position of Italian southern peasants and the resulting pattern of massive emigration and that of colonized subjects in Italian East Africa. He further analyzes how global capitalism has created new forms of exploitation in the rural South, where recent illegal migrants have now taken up the position in the social hierarchy previously occupied by peasants.
The chapters included here prompt the reader to consider the dynamics of interracial encounters and to interrogate what these intimacies pro- duce in contemporary life and culture. Cristina Lombardi-Diop opens the section with an interpretation of postcolonial Italy as a postracial society where dis- courses around race are most often diffused and deflected. Through the advertising market, the idea of hygiene and whiteness infiltrated postwar Italian popular culture and reached contemporary Italy, where the normativity of Italian whiteness affirms itself silently and yet most potently.
Caterina Romeo examines how African Italian postcolonial writers defy the lack of critical acknowledgment of race and racism by deploying blackness as a critical and theoretical tool and defin- ing it as an inherent part of their Italian national identity. Her chapter extends its analysis to the ways in which postcolonial women writers represent the difficult relations between black and white women in Italy, thus questioning the notion of global sisterhood. Alessandro Jedlowski opens this section with a chap- ter that examines the emerging phenomenon of Nollywood films in Italy, most of which are produced, distributed, and consumed within Italy but are not aimed at Italian nationals.
Their cinematic aesthetics enacts an unprecedented de-centering of the paradigm of national cinema. Through her analysis of the work of filmmak- ers Haile Gerima and Isaac Julien, Shelleen Greene emphasizes the epistemic and aesthetic gap between official versions of colonial history and these contemporary counter-narratives, which posit continuity rather than separation between the his- tory of Italy and Africa. Nigerian Sex Workers at Home and Abroad. Allen, Beverly, and Mary Russo, eds.
National Identity and Global Culture. University of Minnesota Press, Gender, Migration and Domestic Service: The Politics of Black Women in Italy. Continental Europe and Its Empires. Edinburgh University Press, Andall, Jacqueline, and Derek Duncan, eds. Hybridity in Italian Colonial and Postcolonial Cultures. Andall, Jacqueline, and Nirmal Puwar, eds. Questions of Home and Migration. Televised Identities in the Age of Globalisation. Balbo, Laura, and Luigi Manconi. The Liberal and Early Period — Bassi, Shaul, and Andrea Sirotti, eds.
University of California Press, Ben-Ghiat, Ruth, and Mia Fuller, eds. Il viaggiatore come autore. Discriminazioni di razza e di genere nella narrativa fascista. Stanford University Press, Memoria e rappresentazioni del colonialismo italiano. Storie in movimento 23 Baldini Castoldi Dalai, Brunetti, Bruno, and Roberto Derobertis, eds. Migrazioni, condizioni postcoloniali, linguaggi letterari.
Nel nome della razza. Burns, Jennifer, and Loredana Polezzi, eds. Calchi Novati, Gian Paolo. How to Forget Colonialism. Una storia coloniale e postcoloniale. Il nipote del Negus. Genere, etnia e classe: Castles, Stephen, and Mark J. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. New York and London: La menzogna della razza. Gramsci, Said, e il postcoloniale. The Politics of an Interrupted Modernity. Duke University Press, Common Skies, Divided Hori- zons.
Cieli comuni, orizzonti divisi. The Making of Italy Abroad. Harvard Univer- sity Press, Asmara, Mogadiscio, Addis Abeba. La letteratura degli immigrati in Italia — Curcio, Anna, and Miguel Mellino, ed. In the Ruins of Imperial Culture 6 Curcio, Anna, and Miguel Mellino. The Rise and Challenge of Ital- ian Racism. Scritture ibride tra femminismo e postcoloniale. Cornell University Press, Dawson, Ashley, and Patrizia Palumbo. De Donno, Fabrizio, and Neelam Srivastava, eds.
Colonial and Postcolonial Italy. Gli italiani in Africa Orientale. Femminismo, critica postcoloniale e semiotica. Percorsi del femminismo postcoloniale. Percorsi postcoloniali nella letteratura italiana. Edward Said e i Sud: La letteratura postcoloniale italiana. Strategie di auto-rappresentazione in tre scrittrici africane-italiane. Dossier Statistico Immigrazione Caritas-Migrantes: Queering Straight Migration to Italy. La linea del genere negli studi postcoloniali. Fogu, Claudio, and Lucia Re. A New Critical Topog- raphy. Per una critica della letteratura postcoloniale e migrante in Italia.
Colonial Inertia and Postcolonial Capital in Asmara. University of Washington Press, Regina di fiori e di perle. Tutti i colori del bianco. Prospettive teoriche e sguardi storici sulla whiteness. Giuliani, Gaia, and Cristina Lombardi-Diop. Le Monnier, forthcoming Geografia e antologia della letteratura della migrazione in Italia e in Europa. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. The Politics of Recognizing Difference: Guglielmo, Jennifer, and Salvatore Salerno, eds.
How Race Is Made in America. Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, — Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, Migration and Cultural Encounters in Southern Europe. Liverpool University Press, In marcia verso Adua. A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. Dinamiche coloniali e postcoloniali. Storie in movimento 8 Slavery, the Mediter- ranean, and the Atlantic. Annalisa Oboe and Anna Scacchi. Nineteenth Century Italian Explorers in Africa. African Autobiographies in Italy. Italian Women in Colonial Africa, — New York University, Scienza italiana e razzismo fascista.
La Nuova Italia, E se gli altri foste voi? Rub- bettino Editore, Le ragazze di Asmara. Lavoro domestico e migrazione postcoloniale in Italia. Paid Domestic Labour and Postcoloniality: Bridging Continents and Cultures. Matteo, Sante, and Stefano Bellucci. Due continenti si avvicinano. Santarcan- gelo di Romagna: Italiani e stranieri a confronto nella letteratura italiana contemporanea. Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Context.
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- Life , Thoughts and My Sacrifices?
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An Alliance of Women: Immigration and the Politics of Race. Storia e politica nel presente globale. Immagine coordinata per un impero: Gruppo Editoriale Forma, Rapporto sul razzismo in Italia. Memorie di una principessa etiope. Reimagining the Voyage to Italy. Deconstructing African Femininity in Italian Film. Orton, Marie, and Graziella Parati, eds.
Multicultural Literature in Contemporary Italy. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Il regime e il libro di massa. Editori Riun- iti, A Place in the Sun: Berkeley and Los Angeles: Margins at the Center: Migration Literature in Italy. Univer- sity of Toronto Press, Pezzarossa, Fulvio, and Ilaria Rossini. Leggere il testo e il mondo. Jacqueline Reich and Peter Garofalo. Indiana University Press, Italian Advertising under Fascism. A Historical Companion to Post- colonial Literatures: Edinburgh Univer- sity Press, Sensibili alle foglie, Immigrant Women and Feminism in Italy.
Paradoxes of Postcolonial Culture: State University of New York Press, Ponzanesi, Sandra, and Bolette B. London and New York: Ponzanesi, Sandra, and Daniela Merolla, eds. Ponzanesi, Sandra, and Marguerite Waller, eds. Notes on the Discourse on Race in Italy. Paola Boi and Sabine Broeck.
Grillo and Pratt 25— Rapporto italiani nel mondo —Fondazione Migrantes. Rocco e i suoi fratelli. Anna Frabetti and Walter Zidaric. Sabrina Marchetti, Jamila M. Mascat, and Vincenza Perilli. Gender and Reggae Music inna Babylon. From Futurist Excess to Postmodern Impasse. Orientalism in One Country. A Report from the 41st Parallel.
Percorsi confinati di migranti in Europa. Antropologia, discorso giuridico e politiche sessuali interraz- ziali nella colonia Eritrea — Spazi di confinamento e strategie di esistenza. Srivastava, Neelam, and Baidik Bhattacharya, eds. Italiani in Africa Orientale. Una storia di genere. Storia della letteratura coloniale italiana.
La letteratura coloniale italiana dalle avanguardie al fascismo. The Globalization of Prostitution in Italy. Migrations and Multiculturalism in Contemporary Europe. Gerald Pirog and Caterina Romeo. The Colonial Legacy in Somalia: Hybrid Memories of Postcolonial Italy. Studi gramsciani nel mondo. Per una cartografia della scrittura coloniale e postcoloniale italiana. Wu Ming 2, and Antar Mohamed. Although Italians abroad which often means people of Italian ancestry who do not have a strong relationship with Italy and do not speak the lan- guage have been allowed to vote in Italian political elections since , documented migrants who live, work, and pay taxes in Italy do not have the right to vote, not even in local elections.
Nicola Labanca divides Italian migrations to Africa into three groups Oltremare — Labanca points out that in there were Italian civilians in Eritrea and fewer in Somalia Oltremare Libya immediately attracted a larger number of Italians; however, in the early s there were approximately 17, Italian civilians in the country, a small number in comparison with the 80, Italian residents in Tunisia at the turn of the century.
For a fruitful analysis of Italian Orientalism as an important strain of European thought also see Dainotto, Europe In Theory , — For a discussion of colonial migrations, the guest worker system, and permanent migrations to Europe in the postwar period, see Castles and Miller, 68— Migrations between Italy and the Horn of Africa between and , though sparse, took opposite directions. As a consequence of the Italian defeats on the Afri- can front, by the end of the s, more than two hundred thousand Italian refugees arrived in Italy from Libya, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia, while between and , in a countermovement of colonial subjects, those who had been arrested and detained in Italy during the Fascist regime, returned home to Ethiopia.
For further details see Del Boca, Nostalgia. Igiaba Scego is one of the most prolific and visible postcolonial writers in contemporary Italy. The partnership between Italy and Somalia continued after the proclamation of the independent Republic of Somalia in During the s and s, Somalia saw rampant corruption among its political leaders and in government administration, as well as violent political instability.
Meanwhile, Italy continued to be one of the main donors of financial aid and, in the course of the s, became one of the main provid- ers of weapons and ammunitions. The news of the killing of fifty-four Italian civilians that occurred in Mogadishu in January reached Italy only three days after the events and without much media exposure. Central to the fostering of the symbolic imaginary of Somali nationalism, this violent retaliation against Italians continues to have little resonance in postcolo- nial Italy Del Boca For the most comprehensive study of this event, see Calchi Novati See Rochat , Del Boca , and Labanca , b.
See von Henneberg and Triulzi for an illuminating reading of the link between colonial monuments and postcolonial memory. For biographical details and extensive interviews with these authors, see Comberiati As stated in the Rapporto italiani nel mondo , it is not entirely possible to determine how many Italians live abroad and how many emigrate each year. The enrollment to AIRE, however, is elective, and therefore the figure is not entirely representative On Italian multiculturalism, see Grillo and Pratt As of December 31, , there were 4,, foreign residents in Italy, constituting 7.
Eritrea occupies the thirty-ninth position 13, , Ethiopia the forty-ninth 8, , Somalia the fiftieth 8, , and Libya the ninety-fourth 1, For the nexus colonialism-nationalism in relation to Italian modernity see Ben-Ghiat Fascist Modernities. On colonial novels written during the Fascist period by both male and female authors, see Lombardi-Diop Writing , Bonavita and, more recently, Venturini.
More recently, publishing houses such as Ombre orte based in Verona and Derive- Approdi based in Rome have produced texts directly related to postcolonialism or linked to postcolonial discourse. The journal Studi culturali has made a significant contribution to the field of postcolonial studies in Italy, publishing new scholarship as well as classic texts with a marked focus on issues of gender, race, ethnicity, and citizen- ship in postcolonial and multicultural contexts. Rivista di scambi interculturali, a journal published by the Italian department of the University of Bolo- gna, focuses on cultural production associated with migrations, transcultural move- ments, and the postcolonial condition of contemporary Italy.
Storie in movimento has published two issues on Italian colonialism and postcolonial- ism: Dinamiche coloniali e post-coloniali and Brava gente. Memoria e rappresentazioni del colonialismo italiano While in the United States these studies were inaugurated as an extension of the field of Italian studies, in Italy they began in comparative literature programs. This testifies to the reluctance of the field of Italianistica in Italy to consider migration and post- colonial literatures and cultures as part of Italian culture at large and to the continu- ous attempt, still pervasive in numerous Italian departments, to protect the notion of national culture by characterizing this production as non-Italian.
The second volume was published in Italy first and then in the United States Matteo , but it is part of the work done by Italian scholars abroad. For a reading of colonial and postcolonial texts in Italian literature, see also Fracassa. The first issue of the academic online journal California Italian Studies, published in , is entirely dedicated to Italy and the Mediterranean.
See Fogu and Re. The path-breaking volume Nel nome della razza. Young Similarly dispersed, porous, and commingled is private life. What distinguishes Naples from other large cities is something it has in common with the African kraal: To exist—for the Northern European the most private of affairs—is here, as in the kraal, a collective matter.
Just as the living room reappears on the street, with chairs, hearth, and altar, so—only much more loudly—the street migrates into the living room. The different European absorptions of and responses to the postcolonial are an example of the kind of heterogeneity which is often invoked in postcolonial discourse itself. What different, interrelated cultures, the cultures of old imperial Europe after all, have made of the postcolonial is itself a subject of historical inter- est for postcolonial critics.
The variety is enormous, but there have, I think, been three main reactions, and none of them has reduplicated the forms of the post- colonial in India, Britain, or the United States which are themselves in turn all distinct. YOUNG there is currently scant reflection on Spain as an imperial power or of the appall- ing history of the Spanish invasion of the new world.
Given that they lost most of their empire successively roughly a hundred and two hundred circa years ago, perhaps it is not surprising that Spain is not riven by postcolonial guilt or melancholia. France too remains largely in denial of its colonial past. Those for whom those issues were central—Bourdieu, Derrida—have gone. That together with a fierce resistance to interdisciplinarity means that in France the academic area which could be designated as postcolonial studies, whether Fran- cophone or Anglophone, actually involves something more like an old Common- wealth literature approach, focusing narrowly on the work of individual writers around the world.
Italy, on the other hand, is developing in a completely different direction, and one which is altogether the most interesting among what is happening in this field anywhere in Europe, Britain included. In the first place, Italy still has a living cul- ture of the socialist and anarchist left and remains haunted by the continued long- term effects of the political turmoil of the s.
In the second place, it has been producing some of the most dynamic work in political theory—Giorgio Agamben and Antonio Negri are themselves testimony to that. In the third place, its posi- tion in the front line of the migration flows from Albania, Eastern Europe, North Africa, Latin America, and South Asia—witness the frequent publicity surround- ing the arrival of boatloads of illegal migrants on the tiny island of Lampedusa, just a hundred kilometers from the Tunisian coast—means that the twenty-first century has witnessed the transformation of Italian cities, an explosion of inter- est in issues of migration and multicultural matters, and the production of new writing by African and other migrants to Italy.
The street migrates into the living room. Fourthly, a productive environment exists for the analysis of these develop- ments, given that Italy was the European country perhaps most sympathetic to the anticolonial movements after World War II. This link goes back much further to the fact that the Italian Risorgimento was itself—and seen as such round the world—the first major national anticolonial struggle in modern times.
In the centre of Havana, for example, stands a statue of Garibaldi. This legacy remains evident in the work of Antonio Gramsci and accounts for the fact that he was the only major European Marxist thinker for whom anticolonialism formed a major part of the political struggle. It seems to have been the combination of these factors that has led to an extraordinarily serious, political, and committed response to the postcolonial in Italy by intellectuals such as Sandro Mezzadra, Federico Rahola, Carla Pasquinelli, Iain Chambers, Miguel Mellino, Cristina Lombardi-Diop, and many others.
What is particularly noticeable about this formation in Italy is that this interest in the postcolonial has far more often emerged in departments of anthropology and sociology than in literature, and in a complementary way, it is striking that many of the books in this area in Italian have been published by the remarkable publishing house Meltemi, run by Luisa Capelli, a former Partito Comunista Italiano PCI; Italian Communist Party activist, whose list, centered in anthropology and sociology, has shown itself to be particularly alert to what is going on outside Italy intellectually and politically as well as to the most interest- ing areas that are developing within the country, despite or perhaps because of the ossified institutional state of the Italian academy.
And so it was that I found myself dragging my colleague Emily Apter late one stormy afternoon, down past the Colosseo and the Foro to the charmingly named Via delle Botteghe Oscure, to look at the old headquarters of the PCI. Typical, she said, that of all the sights of Rome, this is the one you want to see.
When we found it, by that time in the middle of a revolutionary thunderstorm, it proved to be a vast building that could not be described as anything other than a pukka palazzo, the staggering size of which made me realize how the PCI could so easily have generously offered the Algerian National Liberation Front FLN a permanent office inside during the war of independence. I wanted to see the communist palazzo not because of the PCI as such, but because it was there, at the FLN office somewhere deep inside that vast building built on a mass of colossal blocks of stone, that Frantz Fanon used to stay on his frequent visits to Rome it was in Rome that the French Secret Service almost succeeded in assassinating Fanon by blowing him up with a car bomb.
And it was to this same building that Jean-Paul Sartre would come on a plane from Paris to visit him for their long, passionate, and intense talks that went on right through the night into the morning. Strange status of place, to all appear- ances now indifferent to its past, and to the invisible haunting memories of those unyielding doors that had seen Fanon and Sartre walking through them. The Italian postcolonial can be tracked down to such monuments, but rather like the otherwise forgotten island of Lampedusa, you find it also in the most unexpected places.
Returning to America, I dropped off my bags in New York and took the train to the capital to participate in a very different professional milieu, the annual conference of the Modern Language Association of America. When I got to Washington, I took a cab to the hotel. The driver was talking away into an earphone attached to his cell phone—a distinctive feature of all US taxi experi- ences. YOUNG he was talking intrigued me. So, during a break in his conver- sations, I asked him what language he was talking in.
I got it on the third go—it was Somali. He had come about 18 years ago, he told me, in the first wave of Somali emigrants at the beginning of the civil war, long before the many more recent refugees from the war. He asked me what languages I spoke, and when I mentioned Italian, he immediately broke into perfect Italian.
Somalia is a former Brit- ish and Italian colony with an unusual history—the British occupied the North, and resistance was so strong that in they abandoned it to the Italians, who had occupied the South. The Italians, who were much more popular with the Somalis, were allowed to stay, and in the British gave up the country a second time, an event which must be unique in British colonial his- tory, handing it over to Italy once more for a ten-year trusteeship.
The history of Somalia since independence in is probably as complicated and troubled as any postcolonial country on earth, and I will not try to rehearse it here. One result has been that Somalia now has probably the largest diasporic population of any country in Africa.
What fascinated me though in my conversation with my Somali taxi driver was how he showed the enduring power and porosity of the colonial effect: Notes A previous version of this essay can be found on Robert J. The chapter has been expanded and reprinted cour- tesy of the author. Walter Benjamin, Selected Works, Vol. Marcus Bullock and Michael W. Harvard University Press, — Once only a few of us would call Italy our fatherland. Today the majority of us do. Alleanza Nazionale, slogan for the Spring election campaign L et us remember the slogan—quoted above—adopted by Alleanza Nazionale National Alliance , the ideological successor of the neofascist Movimento Sociale Italiano Italian Social Movement during the election campaign of Spring To say that this slogan contained a grain of truth—like any effective ideological statement—is hardly a provocative claim.
In recent years, a sense of national belonging has been revived as a fundamental public value not only by the political right in its tense relationship with the secessionist movements in the North, which found a voice and gained political legitimacy through the Lega Nord Northern League. From this point of view, the seven-year presidency of Carlo Azeglio Ciampi — promoted and legitimized a process that was already in full swing. How indeed could one forget the increase in political rhetoric that accompanied the involvement of the Italian armed forces in military interventions during the s?
I believe that the new nationalism—outlined above in a few broad stokes— provides the essential context for a critical assessment of the shifting patterns of contemporary racism, which is the topic of the present chapter. This phenomenon is scarcely unique to Italy: Although it may seem paradoxical, my thesis is that the new nationalism is symptomatic of the crisis and transformations of the nation-state.
It is thus important to empha- size that the debate on this topic has already discarded the hypotheses and the rhetoric that had previously characterized it, namely, the idea that globalization corresponds to the gradual phasing out of the nation-state or to a sort of extinc- tion Ohmae. Taking shape in specific ways that cannot be disregarded either on the global or on the European level, these processes lead to profound changes in the political and juridical space,1 which seem to dispense with the assumption of territorial homogeneity that characterized the modern logic of sovereignty.
The same new nationalism that confronts us in both Italy and Europe must be understood in the context of these transformations, that is, by looking at its articu- lation with new assemblages that are emerging outside the national order. It seems particularly appropriate to consider this new nationalism both as a symptom of the limits of the pathologies of the process of European integration itself and especially as indicative of an emerging European citizenship Melossi; Mezzadra, La condizione. Racisms There are, of course, many points of view from which racism can and should be analyzed, and it is also true that many forms of racism exist.
So let us consider racism in relation to the shifting configurations in the rela- tionship among the state, sovereignty, and citizenship in modern history, and let us keep in mind the essential role that nationalism has played in these configura- tions since the period around the turn of the nineteenth century, when the nation first presented itself as the basic cornerstone of this articulation. One must also add that evidently not even the nation is a fixed, static form. Its transformations, which are inextricably linked to the history of Euro- pean colonial and imperialist expansion among other things, provide an extremely effective interpretive key for understanding the shifting manifestations of racism.
Once again, there are multiple points of view from which the transformations of the nation-form can be examined. It seems to me that the type of relation- ship of domination that the nation establishes and sustains with its own space by marking it as its territory is a useful consideration in this context. It is helpful to underline the semantic complexity of the terms space and territory by using them at least in more than one way. Thus space is composed of intersections of mobile elements.
By and large, one may argue that the labor market is made possible by a mass of political and juridical devices that aim, among other things, to establish a specific mixture of mobility and immobility of labor of working bodies , and that even this mixture is historically mutable: For example, one could apply this insight to the emergence of antisouthern racism in the early decades of the unified Italian state, when the very existence of a national labor market in Italy was a matter of debate Teti.
This concept was adopted and used by the United States census officials to question the white- ness of southern Italians, and thus it became one of the devices that made race and ethnicity dispositifs of citizenship and the labor market in the United States Guglielmo and Salerno. The colonial racism that culminated in the war of extermination conducted by the fascist regime in Ethiopia —36 along with the violent anti-Semitism expressed in the anti-Jewish laws of —two phenomena that a new generation of scholars has begun to study concurrently5—can be interpreted in turn as extreme versions of trends already fully present in Italy under the liberal government, and which became particularly virulent due to the consequences of the crisis.
This phenomenon has precise parallels in other European situations. On the other hand, this turbulence poses radical challenges to the classical models of migration management, in some ways anticipating the con- temporary debates about the necessity of identifying more flexible plans for the management and governance of mobility.
The growing pressure exerted by migrations from the East and the global South thus intersected with the processes of economic and social restructuring that arose in response to the social practices indicated above. Indeed, we must again underline the subjective aspect imprinted on this crisis by the move- ments of the s and s, by the demands for flexibility, framed as a quest for freedom and not as a technique of control over labor,10 and also by the new prac- tices of mobility into which those demands have been translated.
A consideration of the crisis of citizenship from the point of view offered by migrations prompts us to focus on an aspect that is often overlooked: It is worth reiterating all the consequences that flow from this: A new mixture of mobility and immobility of labor had to be produced at this point, and migration policies attempted to confront precisely this problem, in Italy as well as in other European countries.
As a result of the growing struggle for prominence on the part of different European organizations and agencies, a completely new European migratory regime simultaneously took shape, at least in its general outline. We should also add that, in general, this regime constitutes a privileged point of view from which to study the origin and transformations of European institutionalism: It is obvious that this link becomes especially important when a new form of citizenship is in the mak- ing, as is the case in Europe today.
In so doing, the EU member states share one of the key competencies in the definition of modern sovereignty, con- firming that, even if the logic of sovereignty is far from the point of disappear- ing in our global present, the subjects, methods, and spaces of its application are undergoing radical transformations Sassen Given these considerations as a whole, it is possible to speak in terms of a progressive deterritorialization of the border. Third, the external frontiers of Europe today are essential junctures in the articu- lation as well as in the process of external and internal projection of governmen- tal tactics directed specifically at immigrants, quite distinct from the techniques that we customarily associate with a de jure state and citizenship.
Far from functioning like the wall of a hypothetical fortress, the border explicitly reveals its nature as a government device in the Aegean, as deterrent and obstacle to mobility. More and more often, a stay in a camp in the Aegean is an entrance ticket to the space of Europe rather than the prelude to expulsion Panagiotidis and Tsianos A constituent of the colonial experience, the temporal border thus comes to be redrawn within the space of Europe, as it serves to determine the figure of its postcolonial heterogeneity.
De Certeau defines the latter term as follows: A place is thus an instanta- neous configuration of positions. On the other, the new European migratory regime ends up reinscribing the boundary within the same space as citizenship, promot- ing a process of selective and differential inclusion of immigrants and of migrant labor in that space. What results is the production of a number of juridical posi- tions and a new hierarchical stratification around which citizenship and the labor market are currently being reorganized. One could continue analyzing the new European migratory regime at greater length.
One might also mention, for example, a tendency that has become increasingly obvious in recent years to treat the external frontiers to the east and south of the EU in contrasting ways, favoring processes of selective openness with respect to the east, and of closure with respect to the south Gambino; Sacchetto In Europe that is, within the space of European citizen- ship , the contrasting positions occupied by immigrants from the two frontiers clearly reflects this tendency, the motivations of which, though certainly complex, have the effect of privileging white migrations over those of color.
This observation allows us to return, in conclusion, to a consideration of the shifting forms of racism. It seems evident that this topic must be approached in the context of the processes I have briefly described above. As a result of these pro- cesses, the color line is being inscribed—for the first time in Italian history, though the situation is otherwise in countries like Great Britain and France—within Ital- ian and European society.
This is certainly not the only perspec- tive from which one might analyze contemporary racism in Europe. It also allows us to materially anchor our analysis of both the devices of stigmatization and repre- sentation in which racism finds expression and the forms in which it is articulated, which are certainly not exclusively institutional popular. It also offers important insights on how racism might be combated. They are prepar- ing the way so that the citizenship crisis—against the backdrop of which the new racism is being enacted—can become an opportunity for a profound reconsidera- tion of the forms and norms of societal life, starting with a radical reinvention of the synthesis of liberty and egalitarianism.
Far from presenting itself as a desired objective that would offer a solution to the problems of migrant men and women, European citizenship appears more like a battleground on which an antiracist policy appropriate to our times must take up position, articulating itself on multiple levels. Inside and against the designated space of European migratory politics, a new antiracist policy can be a decisive element in the invention of a new European space, a space traversed by practices of protest and cooperation capable of keeping the constant critique of the institu- tional boundaries of European citizenship structurally open.
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